Reviewer In Ucsp (Ist Quarter) PDF

**REVIEWER IN UCSP (IST QUARTER)** **UCSP LESSON 1** - Diversity is not about how we differ. Diversity is about embracing one another's uniqueness. -Ola Joseph - We must be able to articulate observations on human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political...

**REVIEWER IN UCSP (IST QUARTER)** **UCSP LESSON 1** - Diversity is not about how we differ. Diversity is about embracing one another's uniqueness. -Ola Joseph - We must be able to articulate observations on human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities. - Evolutionary differences- Interplay of biology, environment, and adaptation through time. - Cultural variation-the rich diversity in social practices that different cultures exhibit around the world. - Nationality- the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country. - Social differences- Gender, Socioeconomic status, political identity, and religion - Gender- refers to the socially constructed behaviors, activities, and attributes that given society considers appropriate for men and women." (WHO, 2013) - Sex- refers to the biological characteristic of humans such as male and female while gender categories are more varied. [SEXUAL ORIENTATION/PREFERENCE] - Heterosexual- Sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex. - Homosexual- Sexually attracted to a person of the same sex. - Bisexual- Attracted to both sexes. - Asexual- Incapable of being attracted to any sex. - Pansexual/Polysexual- Attracted to multiple types of gender identity. [GENDER IDENTITY] - [Transgender-] Sexual orientation is not related their genitalia. (Sexual reassignment) - [Transsexual-] - [Socioeconomic Class- ] - Determinants - Income, value of assets and savings, cultural interest and hobbies, education, peers, and relatives. - Political Identity- refers to the set of attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems and actors within his or her society. [Variations within cultures] - [Subculture-] A segment of society that shares distinctive patterns of mores, folkways and values which differ from the pattern of larger society. A culture within a culture. - Pop and High Culture - Anthropology- deals with humans and culture \- study of social change, human behavior, language, and tradition - Sociology- deals with society \- study of social institutions, organizations, structures, and processes - Political Science- deals with politics \- study of the behavior of political actors, administration, opposition, and government processes. **[UCSP LESSON 2]** [Changes in Culture and Society] - ***Culture*** is a composite or multifarious areas that comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares a member of society. - "Way of Life" - Society- a group of people interacting with each other and having a common culture; sharing common geographical or territorial domain and having relatively common aspirations. [Types of Societies] - [Hunting and Gathering-] In these societies main method of food production is collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals on a daily basis. Human gather and hunt around for foods as nomads. - [Pastoral Society-] The prevailing method food production during this period is through pastoralism, more efficient than the subsistence method. - [Horticultural Society-] These societies have learned how to raise fruits and vegetables grown in the garden plots that have provided them their main source of food. - [Agrarian Society-] Societies which applied agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area. - [Feudal Society-] As an offshoot of increased food chain, several groups become wealthy and able to acquire lands and declared these as their own domain. It is based on ownership of land. - [Industrial Society-] The production of foreign metals, silk, and spices in the market stimulated greater commercial activity in European societies. Free market and private property. - [Post-] Industrial Society- Characterized by mass production of all essential products such that the subsistence level of food production is now a thing of the past. - [Culture-] is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." [Characteristics of Culture] - Culture is Learned- The different habits, skills, values, and knowledge are acquired or learned in the course of a person's life. - Culture is Transmitted- Culture within a social group is transmitted to succeeding generations through imitation, instruction, and example, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups. - Culture is Adaptive- All culture changes. Changes in the environment are caused by inventions and discoveries. Man is capable of adjusting to his environment. Adaptation is the process of change in response to a new environment. - Culture is Gratifying- Culture provides satisfaction for man's biological and sociocultural needs, foods, clothing, and shelter for various relationships for other individuals and groups. - Culture is Symbolic- Through culture man can communicate with other people using language. Symbols must be understood by all to be an effective tool of communication; to allow people to develop complex thoughts and to exchange those thoughts with others. [Main Types of Culture] - Material/Tangible Culture- [ ] It deals with the physical culture including contemporary technology, artifacts relics, fossils and other tangible remains of cultural development past - Non-Material/Intangible Culture- [ ] It deals with the intangibles including values, norms, beliefs, traditions, and customs that collectively hold a society and shape individuals are they interact within society. [Elements of Intangible Culture] - Beliefs/Paniniwala- Man's perception about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the world his environment operates. - [Values-] the broad preferences of person on the appropriate course of action or decisions he has to take. Values are a reflection of a person's sense of right and wrong. - [Norms/Pamantayan-] are society's standard of morality, conduct, propriety, ethics, and legality. - [Folkways-] Fairly weak forms of norms, whose violation is generally not considered serious within a particular culture. They are habits, customs, and repetitive patterns of behavior. - [Ideas-] Comprise man's concepts of his physical, social, and cultural world as manifested in people's beliefs and values. - Knowledge- These are the body of facts and beliefs that people accumulate over time. - Cultural Diversity- Every society in the world is unique from one another. Everyone has his/her own cultural practices, values, and interests. Each culture has its distinct features and characteristics. - Cultural Relativism- The principle that an individual person's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. - *Cultural relativism* refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. - Ethnocentrism- It is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures, differ and each culture defines reality differently. Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. - Ethnocentrism- The belief that one's native culture is superior to or the most natural among other cultures. - Culture Shock- Feeling of surprise and disorientation that is experienced people witness cultural practices different from their own. - Xenocentrism- Opposite relative or the belief that one culture is inferior to another. - Acculturation- Process of change in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that result from the contact of two or more cultures. - Assimilation- A foreign culture which does not necessarily make you disloyal or less nationalistic to your home country. - Amalgamation- The process of mixing cultures, and as such has been as a more balanced type of cultural interaction. HANNGANG LESSON 3 LANG MUNA PO! \*Nasend ko na sa inyo. Goodluck Kayang kaya yan! 😊 ADVANCE READINGGG UCSP LESSON 4 Human Biocultural and Socio Political Evolution- **Socialization**-Socialization defines the way on how people understand social norms (the standard of behavior), to accept beliefs, and to be aware of values. (PAKIKISALAMUHA) -A sociological process that occurs through socializing. TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION 1. **Primary Socialization-** Socialization during the earliest life of an individual. - **Gender Socialization-**Learning the psychological and social traits associated with the person's sex. - **Race Socialization-** The process through which children learn the behaviors, values, and attitudes associated with racial groups. - **Class Socialization-**Teaches the norms, values, traits, and behaviors you develop based on the social class you belong. 2. **Secondary Socialization** - refers to the process where socialization occurs through peer groups. The growing individual learns lessons in social conduct from his/her peers. Mostly starts at school. They also teach us the Hidden Curriculum-- norms, values, and beliefs. 3. **Adult Socialization** - refers to the process of role-taking. This teaches an individual to take duties and greater responsibilities such as work, raising a family, being a parent and spouse. 4. **Anticipatory Socialization** - refers to the process by which an individual learns the culture of a group with expectation of joining that group. 5. **Resocialization -** refers to the process of declining former conduct and accepting new ones as part of changes in one's life. One departs the former undesirable lifestyle and accepts new pattern for better. **SIX AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION** 1. Family 2. Peer Groups 3. School 4. Workplace 5. Religion 6. Mass Media