UCSP 11 1st Semester Midsem Exam Reviewer

Ethnicity, Nationality, and Language

• Nationality is linked to being part of a nation, established through birth or legal means like naturalization.
• Ethnicity signifies self-consciousness among people sharing common experiences, transcending mere racial definitions.
• Race categorizes humans based on shared physical or social attributes, not strictly linked to culture.
• Cultural variations highlight diversity and the presence of ethnocentrism, where one's culture is seen as a standard.
• Ethnocentrism leads to forming in-groups and out-groups, fostering prejudice and identity conflicts.
• Cultural relativism promotes understanding cultures from their own perspectives.
• In the Philippines, ethnolinguistic minorities represent smaller cultural communities, with Filipino Sign Language as a unique non-spoken language.

Religion, Belief System, and Socioeconomic Status

• Religion derives from Latin "religo," indicating a binding to a set of beliefs about life’s mysteries.
• Emile Durkheim: distinguishes between the profane (everyday life) and the sacred (which is revered).
• Karl Marx described religion as the "opium of the people," serving to sustain class inequalities.
• Max Weber posited that religion influences societal behaviors, acting as a potential agent for social change.
• Various religious patterns include supernaturalism, animism, totemism, theism, polytheism, and monotheism.
• Religion correlates with factors like social class, political views, education, and attitudes toward societal issues.

SOGIE (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression)

• LGBTQ terminology has evolved over centuries, with "Lesbian" recognized since the 17th century through the works of Sappho.
• "Gay" was first labeled by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in the 19th century, advocating for recognition of same-gender attraction.
• "Transgender" emerged in the 1960s, distinguishing sex from gender, led by activists like Virginia Prince.
• "Queer" is a more recent addition reflecting a spectrum of identities, originally used in the early 20th century.
• Persecution of the LGBTQ community has included social condemnation and systemic exclusion.
• The Stonewall Riots in 1969 represent a pivotal moment in the fight for LGBTQ rights, igniting activism and community organization.

LGBTQIA+ Community in the Philippines

• Pre-colonial gender crossers, such as babaylans, held respected roles before colonial influences imposed patriarchal norms.
• Spanish colonial times introduced rigid gender roles, undermining indigenous practices of gender fluidity.
• The American colonial period enforced Western ideas of gender and sexuality in education systems.
• Justo Justo founded the Home for the Golden Gays in 1975, addressing the needs of elderly LGBTQ individuals in the Philippines.
• The lesbian community gained recognition in the 1980s-1990s, pushing for visibility in broader feminist and gay rights movements.
• The emergence of LGBTQIA+ organizations in the 1990s included groups like CLIC and UP Babaylan, advocating for rights and visibility.

Political Affiliations & Belief Systems

• Political affiliations reflect an individual's stance on the political spectrum, typically categorized as left or right.
• Belief systems encompass principles forming the foundation of religion, philosophy, or moral codes.
• Pre-colonial Filipinos practiced animism, blending spirituality with everyday life, impacting political leadership.
• During Spanish rule, there was no separation of church and state; religious leaders influenced political matters.
• The Malolos Constitution marked Philippine independence in 1898, emphasizing the separation of church and state principles.

Prepare for your UCSP 11 exam with this comprehensive midsemester review, covering key topics such as ethnicity, nationality, language, and political affiliations. Dive into different belief systems and understand their influence on socioeconomic status and identity. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of these critical social concepts.