Philippine History PDF

**I. Pre-Colonial Philippines** - **Society and Culture**: Barangays led by *datus* formed early Filipino communities. Religion was animistic, with the presence of *babaylan* as spiritual leaders. - **Economy**: Trade was vibrant, particularly with China, Indonesia, and other Asian...

**I. Pre-Colonial Philippines** - **Society and Culture**: Barangays led by *datus* formed early Filipino communities. Religion was animistic, with the presence of *babaylan* as spiritual leaders. - **Economy**: Trade was vibrant, particularly with China, Indonesia, and other Asian neighbors. Agriculture, weaving, and fishing were essential economic activities. **II. Spanish Colonization (1521--1898)** 1. **Arrival of Ferdinand Magellan (1521)**: Marked the first European contact; Magellan was killed by *Lapu-Lapu* in the Battle of Mactan. 2. **Colonial Rule and Encomienda System**: The *encomienda* system exploited local resources, benefiting Spanish colonizers. 3. **Christianization**: Introduced by Spanish missionaries, Christianity became widespread, particularly in Luzon and Visayas. 4. **Resistance Movements**: Numerous revolts, like the *Dagohoy Rebellion*, showcased Filipino resistance. 5. **Propaganda Movement**: Intellectuals like *José Rizal*, *Graciano López Jaena*, and *Marcelo H. del Pilar* advocated for reforms and inspired national consciousness. **III. Philippine Revolution and the Katipunan (1896--1898)** 1. **Katipunan's Foundation**: *Andres Bonifacio* led the secret society fighting for independence, initiating the Cry of Pugad Lawin. 2. **Phases of the Revolution**: Leadership conflicts arose between Bonifacio and *Emilio Aguinaldo*, who later took control. 3. **Declaration of Independence**: On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared independence in Kawit, Cavite, symbolized by raising the Philippine flag. **IV. American Colonization (1898--1946)** 1. **Treaty of Paris (1898)**: Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S., ending Spanish rule but starting American colonization. 2. **Philippine-American War (1899--1902)**: A struggle ensued as the U.S. imposed its authority; notable Filipino leaders like *Antonio Luna* resisted. 3. **Education and Governance**: The American period introduced public education and democratic governance practices, though Filipinos were not fully autonomous. 4. **Tydings-McDuffie Act and Commonwealth Period**: Initiated the 10-year Commonwealth period, leading to independence after WWII. **V. Japanese Occupation (1941--1945)** 1. **World War II and Occupation**: Japan occupied the Philippines, resulting in the Bataan Death March and significant suffering. 2. **Liberation**: Allied forces under General Douglas MacArthur liberated the Philippines in 1945. **VI. Post-War Republic and Independence (1946--Present)** 1. **Independence and the Third Republic**: The Philippines gained full independence on July 4, 1946, with *Manuel Roxas* as president. 2. **Martial Law and Dictatorship (1972--1986)**: Under *Ferdinand Marcos*, martial law was imposed, curtailing rights and leading to economic decline. 3. **People Power Revolution (1986)**: Peaceful protests led to Marcos's ouster, with *Corazon Aquino* restoring democratic governance. **VII. The 1987 Philippine Constitution** - **Background and Ratification**: Following the People Power Revolution, the 1987 Constitution was drafted to replace the 1973 Constitution under Marcos. Ratified in a national plebiscite on February 2, 1987, it restored democratic governance and civil liberties. - **Key Principles of the 1987 Constitution**: - **Preamble**: Emphasizes democratic and republican ideals, national unity, and social justice. - **Bill of Rights** (Article III): Ensures civil liberties, including freedom of speech, due process, and freedom from unlawful detention. - **Separation of Powers** (Articles VI-VIII): Establishes an independent judiciary, an executive led by the president, and a bicameral legislature (Senate and House of Representatives). - **Social Justice and Human Rights** (Article XIII): Protects labor rights, agrarian reform, and social welfare. - **Autonomous Regions** (Article X): Allows for the creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras, promoting local autonomy. - **National Economy and Patrimony** (Article XII): Ensures that resources are used for national development and prohibits foreign ownership of certain national assets. - **Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports** (Article XIV): Promotes education and cultural heritage. - **Amendments and Revisions** (Article XVII): Outlines the process for constitutional amendments, either by Congress or a Constitutional Convention. - **Significance**: The 1987 Constitution aims to prevent authoritarian rule by upholding democratic institutions, civil rights, and checks and balances. It emphasizes social justice and seeks to address historical inequalities. **VIII. Contemporary Issues and Challenges** 1. **Economic Challenges**: Poverty, inequality, and unemployment remain issues despite economic growth. 2. **Political Corruption**: Corruption affects governance and public trust. 3. **Territorial Disputes**: Conflicts over the West Philippine Sea remain contentious, particularly with China. 4. **Human Rights and Rule of Law**: The protection of civil liberties continues to be a critical issue, especially regarding anti-terrorism laws and extrajudicial killings.