Unraveling the Past: A History of the Philippines PDF

ru iT.'i r Contents UNIT ONE The Philippines Before the Arrival of Spain 2 Chapter 1 Th* Importance of Primary Sources in !'iistory...

ru iT.'i r Contents UNIT ONE The Philippines Before the Arrival of Spain 2 Chapter 1 Th* Importance of Primary Sources in !'iistory 4 PRIMARY SOURCE: Letter of Andres Bonifacio to Emilio Jacinto Chapter 2 Spiritual Beliefs of the Early Filipinos 12 PRIMARY SOURCES: Relation of the Worship of the Tagalogs, their Gods, and their Burials and Superstitions Sucesos de las lslas Filipinas by Antonio Morga Relacicn de las lslas Filipinas by Miguel de Loarca Relacion de las lslas Filipinas by Padre Chirino "The Creation of the World," a Bicol Origin Myth Chapter 3 ffiarly Pitilippine Society and Culture 24 PRl|,4ARY SOURCES: Labor Evangelica: Of the Government and Political Customs of these Ct Peoples, by Francisco Colin, S.J, Relacion de las lslas Filipinas by Miguel de Loarca Philippine Chronicles by Juan Francisco de San Antonio Boxer Codex Sucesos de las lslas Filipinas by Antonio de Morga UNIT TWO Spanish Colonization of the Philippines 36 Chapter 4 Th* Ph*l*ppir:es Becomes A Spanish Colony 38 PRIMARY SOUBCES: First Voyage Round the World by Antonio Pigafetta lnstruction to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from the Royal Audiencia of New Spain Relation of the Conquest of the lsland of Luzon U Chapter 5 Intr*duetlom cf Cslonial lnstitutions 48 PRIMARY SOURCES: Decree Regulating Services of Filipinos Encomiendas Assigned by Legazpi Letter of Bishop Domingo de Salazar on the Abuses Commltted by Spaniards CCiT-iiNTS  Order lssued by the Governor for Collection of the Tributes Opinion of Fray Martin de Rada on Tribute from the lndians Decree Regulating Services of Fillpinos Early FiliPino HevcEts 68 Chapter 6 PRIMARY SOURCES: Account of Bancao's Revolt Account of SumuroY Revolt Usurpation of lndian lands by Friars 3hapter 7 The Propaganda Movement BO PRIMARY SOURCES: La Solidaridad "The PhilipPines in Distress" "The Causes of the Distress of the Philippines" Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines "On the lndolence of the Filipinos" The 1896 PhiliPPine fiev*lutfi*m 96 Chapter 8 PRIMARY SOURCES: "Decalogue" bY Andres Bonifacio "Kartilya" by Emilio Jacinto Association of the Sons of the People Declaration about the Teieros Convention by Artemio Ricarte Bonifacio's Letter to Emilio Jacinto April 16, 1897 The Malolos Constitution President Emilio Aguinaldo's Declaration o{ War on the United States President Emilio Aguinaldo's Appeal to the Filipinos to Fight the American lnvaders for Freedom's Sake Apolinario Mabini's reply to the Proclamation of the First Philippine Commission UNIT THREE The Quest for Sovereignty 126 American Occupation #f the FhiEipplnes 128 Chapter 9 PRIMARY SOURCES: Treaty of Paris The Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation Address Adopted by the Anti-lmperialist League Primary Sources on the Philippine-American War tx ",.  Chapter '10 T*"r* $a,eBpresEmm *f F**!pire* Nati*ma!*sm amd t*te FiHfrpEmlxmtE*at *f the G*vernmextt 146 PRIMARY SOURCES: Act No 277 orfhe Libel Law of 1901 El Renacimienfo's "Aves de raPifla" Act No. dSZ or fhe Sedition Law of 1901 Act No. 1696 or The Flag Law of 1907 and Act No. 518 or The Brigandage Law of 1902 Philippine Organic Act of 1902 or Cooper Act The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 or Jones Law Philippine lndependence Act of 1934 or Tydings-Mcduffie Act 1 935 Philippine Constitution Chapter 11 Japar:*se #ccuPatEmn 190 PRIMARY SOURCES: Breaking the Silence by Lourdes Montinola Bataan Has Fallen Address to the People of the Philippines by Lieutenant Gen. Masaharu Homma lnaugural Address of Jose P Laurel Letter of Claro M. Recto to Director General of the Japanese Military Administration Proclamation of General MacArthur Chapter 12 *md*p*xtdsffi*e *cld ttrT€ Establlshreterrt ffif e N*w ffi*puhEilm 2OB PRIMARY SOURCES: Treaty of General Relations and Protocol of 1946 or Treaty of Manila Philippine Trade Act of 1946 1947 Military Bases Agreement Proclamation No. 51 of President Manuel Roxas UNIT FOUR The Challenges Faced by the Filipino Nation 226 Chapter 13 &grar"**m ffiefmnm: 228 PRIN/ARY SOURCES: Message of President Roxas on Agrarian Reforms Born of the People bY Luis Taruc Republic Act No. 3844 or Agricultural Land Reform Code Presidential Decree No 27 Republic Act No 6657 or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 Chapter 14 H**n*cH ie F€*ti*et** Esmt 242 PRIMARY SOURCES: Excerpt f rom the 1935 Constitution rloir iL:|..j is  Economic Nationalist Through the Retail Trade Nationalization Law Pres. Carlos P Garcia'a Third State of the Nation Address Claro M, Becto's Economic lndependence Chapter 15 An lndependeftt For*ign Folicy 252 PRIMARY SOURCES: Foreign Service Act of 1952 embodied in the Republic Act No. 708 Foreign Service Act of 1991 Claro M. Recto's Our Mendicant Foreign Policy Lorenzo Tanada's "Folklore of Colonialism" Excerpts from the 1935 1973, 1987 Constitutions Chapter 16 Naticr*a! ftSim*rltfi** 264 PRIMARY SOURCES: Manifesto of Muslim lndependence Movement 1976 Tripoli Agreement 1 987 Philippine Constitution Draft of Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) Privilege Speech on the Commemoration of the 1968 Jabidah Massacre by Bep Sitti Djalia A. Turabin-Hataman Chapter 17 M*rtial Laqr€; *ltafilemge tc ffermocraey 282 PRIMARY SOURCES: Judy Taguiwalo's recollection of the Diliman Commune of 1971 Proclamation 889-4, amended and issued by President Marcos Proclamation 1081 : Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines General Order No. l General Order No. 5 Bonifacio P llagan's Narrative 1 973 Philippine Constitution Presidential Decree No 1033 Chapter 18 lSgB People Fower ffievslution 308 PRIMARY SOURCES: Report of the Fact-Finding Board Created Under PD 1887 Galman, et. al VS Sandiganbayan, et. al. Reports on the 1986 Snap Elections by lnternational Observers Report to the President of the United States of America on the February 7, 1986 Presidential Elections by the US Observer Delegation and Center for Demorcary Post-Election Statemenf of CBCP Extract of the Transcript of Press Conference by Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Deputy Chief of Staff Fidel V Ramos Radio Address of Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin "Ang Bayan Ko" 1 987 Philippine Constitution xl  ffiffiffi ffiffiffi ffiffi.flI* ffi o+rr ffi+. * i'fu i+ ffi,1 += *.i $t q,1 g1 t f ti $ Fd $$$+ $ L$ $ $}$ $ $: H4 $lt.fl$- $tu I 7  ";"- * f ac*: l!,.t:!J F.:i., _ r+ i.d'.,r;l'.+.rr.'i Kalinga' and Abave. The lgorots are the indigenous ar ethnalinguistic groups that live in the cordillera region. These groups are the Bontoc, lbaloi, tfugao, tsneg or Apayao' institutions remained intact even until the end of spanish colanization because of the Kankana-ey. Despite campaigns to pacify the inhabitants of the regian, indigenous Phaic cauilesy af Wikimedia Commons ilflru8T *rruffi The Philippines Before the Arrival of Spain ffihis unir introduces the idea of primary sources in history. It defines primary ffi sources as historical sources that are contemporaneous to the period under study. ffi Secondary sources, on the other hand, are historical sources which utilize primary sources ,o p.o,rid. an interpretation of the past. Reading primary sources enables us to give our own interpretation of the past and not rely on the interpretation of others. In this unir, we get a glimpse of the religion of the early Filipinos using primary sources penned by the religious such as Fray Juan de Plasencia s Las costumbres de los Thgalos en Filipinas (Custlms of the Tagalogl and Father Pedro Chirino's Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (An account of the Philippine Islands). Nonreligious accounts such as those written by Antonio de Morga, judge of the Real Audiencia in his Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Historical Euents of the Philippine Islands); and by Miguel de Loarca, an encomedero in his Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, (An account of the Philippine klands, 1552) yield enormous information on the early religion and culture of the Filipinos. Excerpts from these primary sources are found in this unit. Opposite page. Reading a prtmary source, for instance, a letter or a poem in rts orrgrnal versron. gives readers a chance to come into dtrect contact with the past, experience it, and make their own interpretations. This photo shows Jose Rizal's baptismal certificate tssued by Father Leoncio Lopez, then parish priest of Calamba. Phcla caLrles| oi ly'itirnealra aL--:: a : *N.q=E-re E The lmportance of Primary Sources in History A letter especiallywritten by a person during the period one is studying, e.g., the Philippine Revolution is an example of a primary source document. This letter of Andres Bonifacio addressed to Emilio ]acinto sent at the height of the revolution is a good of example of a primary source. Primary Source *pn*du*t$*r: *f Amdres ffi*atEfa***'s ffi L*tter t* ffi sx*!fr *.$acimt* News was also received here last month that you had been killed by the Carabineers because, it was said, you had given a bad order; but as this news came from lmus, I did not believe it and I treated it as one of the usual duplicities of these people. As to the collection of money, I believe we need not beg, but should solicit or take it from whoever is wealthy. Brother Don Nakpil wrote me, asking whether the money collected by him, almost four hundred pesos or so, should be given to Mamerto Natividad. Do not allow this to happen, because that man is not sincere in his friendship with us, and he is very close to the Magdalo peopie. A piece of sickening news I can tell you is the treachery committed by the chiefs of the Magdalo Council who have applied for pardon or gone over to the Spaniards. These are Danrei Tirona, Minister of War; Jos6 del Rosario, Minister of the lnterior; Jose Cailles, Lieutenant-General, and nearly all the Tanza people, even the parish priest there, the whole lot of them henchmen or partisans of Capitan Emilio, For this reason, many people strongly suspect that they strive so hard to get control of the Government in order to surrender the whole Revolution. Last week I ordered our soldiers to tie up another of the N,4inisters of Capitan Emilio because he was caught as he was about to escape with two Spanish prisoners and a lady. One of these Spaniards told the truth, that they were going to escape. He [the Ministerl was tried by a Council of War, but the outcome, as usually happens here, was that everybody covered up for each other, or favoritism, However, the record of the case against the minister mentioned, Don Cayetano Topacio, remains in my possession, as does that against the Spaniards. This is one of the reasons why we desire to leave here, because our life is in danger not only from the Spanish enemy, but still more so from the leaders here, most of whom have wicked intentions. we have taken away everything: the printing press, the necessary books, the big map, and the tools lor making cartridges. The spoons you sent for the brother and sisters of Dimas could not be given to them because they have already left in the direction of Silangan (Laguna). We have sent for your mother, who is now in Maragondon, and we are still waiting for her. Receive the close embrace that I send you from here. Limbon, April 24, 1897 The President of the Sovereign Nation And.: Bonifacio Maypagasa Source: Translat on by Jim Richardson, Katipunan: Documents and Studies FOCUS *UHSfiCITS Why are primary sources important in history? LEARNING StrJECTIVES At the end of the chapter, students should be able tol. differentiate between a primary source and a secondary SOUTCE;. appreciate the value of using primary sources; and. read a primary source. STUDY AIP q History is not spared from forgeries or fake documents. ln 1912. Jose E Marco was lhe.orr"" of some fake documents which became part of the collection of the Philippine ({ Library and Museum which was then headed by' James Robertson, one of the aulhors of qd tf'l. *rfti-uof rn e work. Ihe Phitippine lslantds;...f,ft,CodeotXatantlawryure$:m work:,t'als tigiuas leyendas de la lsla de'NeEros.b}.Fi,Jose Mar,ia-P'aVon,.who,w:aeasrq, edin Mafiafiiay.lan:ls:lalin Negps Occi.lental : ::.-.-r,R'bber:tson de'Clar the Code as rare, authentjc aEd-vafuab]e'according to Scott., , '{f,j Robertson translated the Code of Kalantiaw in English and was published in the H. Morse il{ huBnen anO-hterbertG, Eohon's. Ihe..Pa.eilrc'Ocean:,ir] History in 1917 , ,.i-...]fi Williamftrlry Scott decided ,o *or1 on llie.piehi$Dahrc $g, ces,forlhesfu y f, ln. r([email protected]+o.ryr.as-.his1opic for a doctoral degree at-1heU'niv-ersltlt.o{.Sant-oTomas. his doctoral dissertation defense held on June 16, 1968, Scott demonstrated that the Code : was a forgery committed by a Jose E. Marco of Pontevedra Negros Occidental. Scott's panbt W:as compo.sedde@enl,h,istOfians.of e,Pe odi,Teo.dot AgonOiilo, l'loracio de la d 0n.O,Q L.M;rce]ino-Folo1 Nicolas Zafla and Gregorio Zai.d.,.r'.: ':1:.- ,:r ',, i,''- ft't prbtl"neq, 6ffiirnoinge-inhis$oorkiPrehrsp.a4rbJ.aalce Mate{ia}s'fai nu[ the Study of Philippine History Scott observed that the handwriting used fY Fr. Pavon was ,il simlf.to:trerp:]gIjqd whrerej.beibtg$.lre;,slrleenth centqry SnaniSJi,,SpaniSh scholar;' uU Lourdes Diaz Trechuelo stated the letters present features strange and uncommon ;in documents 6llSs,period This comment was shared:b'y hisl nrNieolasCushner- ,. -, ,.whoafter oniu,lting a,book Agustrn MilJares.C,a,rloenjitlret ,Alb.tlry ;Sg'P4leog1afia' d 'ispana? qicana;det SiElaXVI9laled thai.there.!,vag-no,semblanc.e-of,itto theSpanishr , 'ill script of the 16th century. Moreover Scott observed that there was the presence of the ,ffi hyphenwhichwastotal|yabsentinthesixteenthcentUry..'..'..in ition, S.Coit'ob. p.qflishments'rnel.e ,the l ersuch.r,, ,!s.bei p,u d:eath:by..dr:.own!l.ueing,-e..!11.J p1 es1q!.l totl1i,91,q1odile,,being, rM exposed to the ants and beaten to death were un-Filipino. Checking with olher primary r[f Sources, Scott asserted that the usual punishments meted out to crimes committed were *aimen[ofthe$h,e-conrirx!.1.q1 ant:o{.th.e.6ggr.i y.,,:, t'.,'i:',.'..:: m.Eo.ur.ees-.q4gy inrtirne b.e diseoy,e, d,tb be'hottx,an'd tha!,thele ar.epeople who malz e1,91q!9.: thernforsornegain+rnonetrarltorpolitical.,. -.],: i..,: itr It is therefore important that primary sources be subjected to the historical method iU.i*lo.-cl qeq.checking ,authenlic11\l of lhe.doournent.(internat ctiticisrn) and:checking' ,dhe iability oi.th-sdoer.rmeni{e-rteltnal cri,tic. is. )r.-r.. !f, CE OF PRIMARY SOURCES IN HISTORY  Do you consider the letter ofAndres Bonifacio an eyewitness account or a firsthand acco\\nt of the Phi\ippine Revo\ution? Explain your a$s\{er. Compare the letter with this excerpt from Teodoro Agoncillo's History of the Filipino People. Secondary Source Bonifacio and Jacinto were like brothers who never separated from each other if either one could help it. Separation came late in December 1896 when Bonifacio went to Cavite to mediate between two rival ft Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as President of the Revolutionary factions of the Katipunan in that province and Jacinto, appointed commander-in-chief of the revolutionary Government in Tejeros. He forces in Laguna, went to this province to direct the movements of the revolutionists. Nevertheless, they belonged to the Magdalo faction communicated with each other when time and circumstances permitted. Bonifacio died two years earlier based in Kawit, Cavite: than Jacinto, who while directing a campaign against the Spaniards in Mahayhay, Laguna, contracted Andres Bonifacio was the Supremo fever and died on April 16, 1899.1 of the Katipunan; How different is this excerpt from the letter of Andres Bonifacio? \7hich of the two and Emilio Jacinto was named the "Brains of the Katipunan" when (the letter of Bonifacio and the excerpt from History of the Filipino People) gives you a he penned the "Kartilya of the direct link to the past? Katipunan" and took charge of the Reading primary sources gives us the opportunity to come into direct contact with the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan. past and experience it. Reading textbook accounts of the past, however, deprives us of this opportunity and make us dependent on the interpretation of the past by textbook authors. Kinds af HistCIrieal Smurmms There are two meanings of history. One meaning is that it is the sum total of what happened in the past-every event, every action, and every thought that a human being has done. Another meaning of history is the act of analyzing and writing about the past. In short history is not only the past but is also the study of the past. In studying the past, there must be evidences to reconstruct the past. For historians, these evidences are classified into two: primary sources and secondary sources. A primary source is defined "as a piece of evidence written or created during the period under investigation."2 It is a record left by a person who witnessed the event one is studying. In other words, a primary source can be an eyewitness account or a firsthand account of a particular event. source can come in the form of written A primary sources such as documents, archival materials, letters (e.g., letters of Rizal to his fellow reformists), goyernment records (Hojas de seruicios de maestras or Service Records of Teachers), newspapers (HeraWo de la reuolucion, Muling Pagsilang), parish records (Libro de bautismo, Libro de matrimonio), court transcripts, and business ledgers. Primary sources can also be non-written. They can come in the form of artifacts such as the Manunggul Jar; edifices like colonial churches; clothes, jewelry, farming implements, and paintings. An individualt firsthand account of a particular event such as the memoirs of the Japanese occupation in the Philippines can be a primary source. Of recent date, photographs, films, and recordings (both audio and video) are also considered primary sources. On the other hand, secondary sources in history are works produced after the event has taken place. Secondary sources are usually an assessment or a commentary of events, people, or institutions of the past. Secondary sources often use primary sources for the  aforementioned purpose. The books History of the Filipino People byTeodoro Agoncillo and Tlte Past Reuisited by Renato Constantino are examples of secondary sources. Secondary sources may also come in many forms. They come in the form of books A paleographer is one who studies which can be popular or scholarly. Usually, textbooks are considered as secondary sources. ancient writings. Secondary sources come in the form of monographs. Monographs are specialized works A philologist is one who studies the which are narrow in scope, but are based on primary sources. Monographs provide development of language. new historical interpretations and can be vehicles for historical revisionism. Essays or Numismat;cs is the study of coir-s. chapters in a book based on primary or secondary sources are considered secondary paper money, and medals. sources. Articles published in scholarly journals are likewise considered secondary sources. They should not be ignored by students as they provide new findings or Epigraphy is the study of deciphering and rnterpreting interpretations useful for research. Articles published in popular magazines are also ancient inscript ons. secondary sources. Dissertations which offer original analysis and adds to the body of knowledge of a particular historical topic would be another example of a secondary source. Lastly, papers read in conferences are considered secondary sources. Conference papers ger their initial scrutiny in conferences but once revised, may be submitted to a scholarly journal. Frfrmmry S*urc*s mr:d the h*Estmr$mm* &rTeth*d Primary sources, in whatever form, have to be subjected to what is called the historical method. There are rwo components in the historical method. The first is called external criticism which aims at checking the authenticity of the primary source. External criticism aims ro check whether the source is real or fake. For example, validating the authenticiry of a document requires checking if the paper and ink of the document belong to the period being studied. in addition, one checks whether the handwriting in the document belongs to the handwriting of the period one is researching on. The historian in this instance somewhat becomes of a paleographer. In other cases, the historian is constrained to study the sryle and language of the text in a document. In this case, the historian becomes a philollgist. If the primary source would be coins and medals, the historian should have some knowledge of numismatics and if inscriptions in monuments are being studied, epigra?b. Once the source is considered authentic, then primary source goes through internal criticism which checks on the reliabiliry of the source. Not just because the source is primary should one accept its contents completely. There should be some skepticism in accepting the source. The following are some questions that one may pose to check on the reliabiliry of the source: 1. How close was the author to the event being studied? This question refers to the physical location of the author of the document. Did heishe wirness the event personally or did he/she rely on somebodyt report? How reliable is his accounr? An example of this is Antonio Pigafetta's account of the Battle of Mactan, which claimed the life of Ferdinand Magellan. Pigafetta was the chronicler of the Magellan expedition. He witnessed the Battle of Mactan and wrote about it in his work Primo uiagio intorno al globo terracqueo written in Italian and later translated in Spanish as Primer uiaje alrededor del mundo. By virtue of Pigafetta being a chronicler of the Magellant voyage, his account is reliable. a.-_:-::. --: ,.,:,:--.1: l. rr,,,!BYSOUBCES N HISTORY  rrit{ -qirl;f STUDY Aiffi +rl jtt i fl'J]::.l";.ffi ;xr;xr;;:H:lqii*ri*ru:ffi Dominicans have the Dominican i'ff L:ffi ' called religious archives titil*0i"""'the ilffi 't"in" ffi ;::'"i:;i::"Jf""ti:J:l;Hy"t il*1'.,'.:#;T#*i.;x;lf p'iu'i]""toi[- ht ou:':-"^t:-t-o*oanies or families also the Philippines. so*" g^l"r;:J[, primary sources '*t i*po'[nt for two reasons ," Archives wrricn nouses "'" mat:{:3?'7;;==S::' :::-:^aDeeligjbletosuchelectionWhoisnotaqualifiedelectorofSaidlslands, - r e+^r^o and - :31 States, who ic anr'] rrrhn is nnt not thirt\/ vears of age thirty years a0e. - tlNM"*,:,tr i --=- -: SJpreme Court and the Courts of Fjrst lnstance of the Philippine lslands , : : - s=.Jr sdiction as heretofore provided and such additional jurisdiction as shall power of said Government to cscnbed by the Government of said lslands, subject to the Ee and method of procedure. The municipal courts of said lslands shall possess and Fr as heretofore provided by the Ph,i)ipp)ne Comm\Sslon, Subjec\\n a\\ ma\\e\S\o Such as may be hereafter enacted by law; and the chief Justice and Associate [ffit"- 159  Justices of the supreme Court shall hereafter be appointed by the president, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall receive the compensation heretofore prescribed by the Commission until otherwise provided by Congress. The judges of the Court of First lnstance shall be appointed by the Civil Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Philippine Commission: provided, that the admiralty iurisdiction of the Supreme court and Courts of First lnstance shall not be changed except by Act of Congress. sEcTlON 10. That the Supreme Court of the United States shall have jurisdiction to review, revise, reverse, modify, or aff irm the final judgments and decrees of the Supreme Court of the philippine Islands in all actions, cases, causes, and proceedings now pending therein or hereafter determined thereby in which the Constitution or any statute, treaty, title, right, or privilege of the United States is involved, or in causes in which the value in controversy exceeds twenty{ive thousand dollars, or in which the tiile or possession of real estate exceeding in value the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, to be ascertained by the oath of either party or of other competent witnesses, is involved or brought in question; and such final judgments or decrees may and can be reviewed, revised, reversed, modified, or affirmed by said Supreme Court of the United States on appeal or writ of error by the party aggrieved, in the same STUDY AIfi The cooper Act paved the way for the estabrishment of a bicamerar regisrature for the Philippines in 1907. The upper house. known as the phirippin" c;;,"i;;;, *as neaa"a by the American governor-generar. on the other hand, the rower house or the phirippine Assembllz was:conrpes€d of Filjpino legisrators, with sergio osmefra as the:speaker and Manuel L. Quezon and Vicente Singson as the majority and minority readers, iespectivery The assembly was inaugurated on bctober 16, 1g07. CI.IAIT.TEFi ,1iJ THE SUPPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIoNALISM AND THE FILIPINIZATIoN oF THE GoVERNMENT  procedure, aS far aS applicable, aS the final -;]..er, Under the Same regulations, and by the Same Courts of the United States - : l-'rents and decrees of the Circuit ' SEcTloNl2.ThatallthepropertyandrightswhichmayhavebeenacquiredinthePhilippine :l^JsbytheUnitedStatesunderthetreatyofpeacewithSpain,signedDecembertenth,eighteen.-.:.edandninety-eight,exceptsuchlandorotherpropertyasshallbedesignatedbythePresidentof are hereby -; reservations of the Government of the United states' -rited States for military and other of the : ::ed under the control of the Government of said lslands, to be administered for the benefit - - acltants thereof , except as provided in this Act' philippine lslands, subiect to the provisions of this Act sEc,oN i3. That the Government of the to its agricultural character and productiveness' =- I except as herein provided, shall classify according public ,-: shall immediately make rules and regulations for the lease, sale, or other disposition of the shall not go into efiect or have.-:s other than timber or mineral lands, but such rules and regulations _:forceoflawuntlltheyhavereceivedtheapprovalofthePresident,andWhenapprovedbythe the next ensuing session :.esident they shall be submitted by him to congress at the beginning of close of such by congress at said session they shall at the rhereof and unless disapproved or amended homestead entry lslands: Provided' that a single period have the force and efiect of law in the Philippine shall not exceed sixteen hectares in extent philippine lslands is hereby authorized and empowered sEcION 14. That the Government of the perfect their to enact rules and regulations and to prescribe terms and conditions to enable persons to transfer of sovereignty from spain prior to the to the United title to public lands in said lslands, who, of the required by the Spanish laws and royal decrees States, had fulfilled all or Some of the conditions of title; and thereto, yet failed to secure conveyance Kingdom of spain for the acquisition of legal title patents, without compensation, to any native of said the Philippine Commission is authorized to issue more than sixteen hectares in extent' which were public lslands, conveying tltle to any tract of land not of native or his ancestors prior to and on the thirteenth lands and had been actually occupied by such August, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight' philippine lslands is hereby authorized and empowered, sEcTloN 15. That the Government of the legislation, to provide for the granting or sale and on such terms as it may prescribe, by general other citizens of said lslands such parts and portions conveyance to actual occupants and settlers and as it mineral lands, of the United States in said lslands of the publlc domain, other than timber and maydeemWiSe,notexceedingsixteenhectarestoanyonepersonandforthesaleandconveyance persons: hectares to any corporation or association of of not more than one thousand and twentyJour Provided,thatthegrantorsaleofsuchlands,whetherthepurchasepricebepaidatonceorinpartial payments,shalIbeconditioneduponactualandcontinuedoccupancy,improvement,andcu|tivationof purchaser or grantee than five years, during which time the the premises sold for a period of not less restriction shall not apply to transfers encumber said land or the title thereto; but such cannot alienate or ofrightsandtitleofinheritanceunderthelawsforthedistributionoftheestatesofdecedents. SEcTloN16.Thatingrantingorsellinganypartofthepublicdomainundertheprovisionsofthe and such shall be given to actual occupants and settlers; last preceding Section, preference in aIl cases possession or occupancy o{ any native of the Philippine public lands of the Unlted states in the actual lslandsshallnotbesoldbysaidGovernmenttoanyotherpersonwithouttheconsenttheretoofSaid Provided, that the prior right hereby secured to an prior occupant or Settler first had and obtained: proof of title than possession, shall not apply to more than ocoupant of land, who can show no other sixteen hectares in anY one tract' SEcTloNlT.Thattimber,trees,forests,andforestproductsonlandsleasedordemisedby be cut' destroyed' under the provisions of this Act shall not the Government of the Philippine lslands 161  removed, or appropriated except by special permission of said Government and under such regulations as it may prescribe. All moneys obtained from lease or sale of any portion of the public domain or from licenses to cut timber by the Government of the Philippine lslands shall be covered into the lnsular Treasury and be subject only to appropriation for insular purposes according to law. SECTION 18. That the forest laws and regulations now in force in the philippine lslands, with such modifications and amendments as may be made by the Government of said lslands, are hereby continued in force, and no timber lands forming part of the public domain shall be sold, leased, or entered until the Government of said lslands, upon the certification of the Forestry Bureau that said lands are more valuable for agriculture than for forest uses, shall declare such lands so certified to be agricultural in character: Provided, that the said Government shall have the right and is hereby empowered to issue licenses to cut, harvest, or collect timber or other forest products on reserved or unreserved public lands in said lslands in accordance with the forest laws and regulations herejnbefore mentioned and under the provisions of this Act, and the said Government may lease land to any person or persons holding such licenses, sufficient for a mill site, not to exceed four hectares in extent, and may grant rights of way to enable such person or persons to get access to the lands to which such licenses apply. SECTION 19. That the beneficial use shall be the basis, the measure, and the limit of all rights to water in said lslands, and the Government of said lslands is hereby authorized to make such rules and regulations for the use of water, and to make such reservations of public lands for the protection of the water supply, and for other public purposes not in conf lict with the provisions of this Act, as it may deen- best for the public good. GUIDE QUESTIOT*S SECTION 20. That in all cases public lands in the Philippine lslands valuable for minerals shall be. Why did the Cooper Act of reserved from sale, except as otherwise expressly directed by law. 1902 provide the holding of a SECTION 21. That all valuable mineral deposits in public lands in the philippine lslands, census? both. How did the establishment of a surveyed and unsurveyed, are hereby declared to be free and open to exploration, occupation, and Philippine Assembly composed purchase, and the land in which they are found to occupation of Filipinos be an opportunity and purchase, by citizens of the United for self-government? States, or of said lslands: Provided, that when on any lands in said lslands entered and occupied as. What did the law say about agricultural lands under the provisions o{ this Act, but not patented, mineral deposits have been found, the natural resources of the the working of such mineral deposits is hereby forbidden until the person, association, or corporation Philippines and the prospect of exploiting them? who or which has entered and is occupying such lands shall have paid to the Government of said. Was the prescribed lslands such additional sum or sums as will make the total amount paid for the mineral claim participation of the Filipinos or claims in which said deposits are located equal to the amount charged by the Government in the system of governance for the same as significant? Why or why not? mineral claims.... SECTION 86. That all laws passed by the Government of the Philippine lslands shall be reported to Congress, which hereby reserves the power and authority to annul the same, and the philippine Commission is hereby directed to make annual report of all its receipts and expenditures to the Secretary of War. Source: Ihe Philippine Organic Act of 1902 ffqg{gt of the Phitippine Autcnomy Asr of 191S or J*neo Larrir After the conditions set by the Cooper Act had been met, the lower house of the Philippine legislature, the Philippine Assembly composed of Filipinos was elected in 1907. The assembly was formally inaugurated on Octob er 16, 1907, with Sergio Osmefia of Cebu as the Speaker of the assembly. One of the most notable acts legislated C}iAPi[FJ 1I] THE SUPPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT by the body was Act 1801 or the Gabaldon Act which allotted a budget of one million pesos for the construction of public schools throughout the Philippines. Another early legislative measure of the Philippine Asembly was the establishment of the University of the Philippines in 1908. It was in 1916 when the Cooper Act was supplanted by a new organic law, the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 which significantly furthered Filipino participation in the government. This particular law, enacted on August 29,1916, was authored by US Representative from Virginia, 'STilliam Atkinson Jones. It ultimately created a bicameral Philippine Iegislature, with upper and lower houses to be exclusively composed of Filipino lawmakers. An excerpt of the law is found below. :'*?'ySource Philippine Autonomy Act, August 29, 19.16 -'. ACT TO DECLARE THE PURPOSE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES AS TO THE FUTURE POLITICAL STATUS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND TO PROVIDE A MORE AUTONOMOUS GOVEHNMENT FOR THOSE ISLANDS. PREAMBLE ,'r.ler€a.S it was never the intention of the people of United States in the incipiency of the war with Spain :: make it a war of conquest or for territorial aggrandizement; and Whereas it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the people of the United States to withdraw :reir sovereignty over Philippine lslands and to recognize their independence as soon as a stable government can be established therein; and Whereas for the speedy accomplishment of such purpose it is desirable to place in the hands of the people of the Philippines as large a control of their domestic affairs as can be given them without, in the meantime, impairing the exercise of the rights of sovereignty by the people of the United States, in order that, by the use and exercise of popular franchise and governmental powers, they may be the better prepared to fully assume the responsibilities and en.joy all the privileges of complete independence: Therefore Section 3. Bill o, Rights (a) Due process and eminent domain. That no law shall be enacted in said lslands which shall deprive any person o{ life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or deny to any person therein the equal protection of the laws. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. (b) Rights of persons accused of crime. That in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf. That no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law; and no person for the same offense shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. That all persons shall before conviction be bailable by suff icient sureties, except for capital offenses. (c) Obligation of contracts. That no law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be enacted. (d) lmprisonment for debt, That no person shall be imprisoned for debt. (e) Suspension of habeas corpus, That the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion, lnsurrection, or invasion the public safety may require it, in either of which event the same may be suspended by the President, or by the Governor-General, wherever during such period the necessity for such suspension shall exist. 163  (f) Ex post facto laws, primogeniture, titles of nobility. That no ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted nor shall the law of primogeniture ever be in force in the Philippines. That no law granting a title of nobility shall be enacted, and no person holding any office of prof it or trust in said lslands shall, without the consent of the Congress of the United States, accept any present emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king, queen, prince, or foreign state (g) Bail and punishment. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed William Atkinson Jones was born nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. in 1849 in the town of Warsaw, (h) Unreasonable searches. That the right to be secured against unreasonable searches and Virglnia. After f ghting in the American Civll War, he entered seizures shall not be violated. the Un versity of Virginia where he (i) Slavery. That slavery shall not exist in said lslands; nor shall involuntary servitude exist therein eventually earned his law degree. except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, He later became an active member of the Democratic Party and (j) Freedom of speech. That no law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the press was elected to the US Congress or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress grievances. representing Virginia's f irst district. ln his tenure at the House, he (k) Freedom of religion. That no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or sponsored the Philippine Autonomy prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession Act which supplanted the Cooper and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed; and no religious test Act. shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. No public money or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benef it, or support of any sect, church denomination, sectarian institution, or system of religion, or for the use, benef it, or support of any priest preacher, minister, or other religious teacher or dignitary as such. (l) Polygamy. Contracting of polygamous or plural marriages hereafter is prohibited. That no law shall be construed to permit polygamous or plural marriages. (m) How public funds to be spent. That no money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. (n) Uniform tax. That the rule of taxation in said lslands shall be uniform, (o) Subject and title of bills. That no bill which may be enacted into law shall embrace more than one subject, and that subject shall be expressed in the title of the bill. (p) Warrants of arrest, That no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized (q) Special funds. That all money collected on any tax levied or assessed for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund in the treasury and paid out for such purpose only. Section 9. Public Property and Legislation on Public Domain, Timber and Mining That all the property and rights which may have been acquired in the Philippine lslands by the United States under the treaty of peace with Spain, signed December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, except such land or other property as has been or shall be designated by the President of the United States for military and other reservations of the Government of the United States, and all lands which may have been subsequently acquired by the Government of the Philippine lslands by purchase under the provisions of sections sixty{hree and sixty{our of the Act of Congress approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, except such as may have heretofore been sold and disposed of in accordance with the provisions of said act of Congress, are hereby placed under the control of the government of said Islands to be administered or disposed of for the benefit of the inhabitants thereof, and the Philippine Legislature shall have power to legislate with respect to all such matters as it may deem advisable; but acts of the Philippine Legislature with reference to land of the public domain, timber, and mining hereafter enacted, shall not have the force of law until approved by the President of the United States: Provided, That upon the approval of such an act by the Governor-General, it shall be by him forthwith transmitted to the President of the United States, and he shall approve or disapprove the same within six months Ci-iAPii:R 1C THE SUPPRESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT  from and after its enactment and submission for his approval, and if not disapproved within such trme it shall become a law the same as if it had been specifically approved: provided, further, That where lands in the Philippine lslands have been or may be reserved for any public purpose of the United States, and' being no longer required for the purpose for which reserved, have been or may be, by order of the President, placed under the control of the government of said lslands to be administered for the cenefit of the inhabitants thereof, the order of the President shall be regarded as effectual to give the government of said lslands full control and power to administer and dispose of such lands for the benefit rf the inhabitants of said lslands. Section 12. The philippine Legislature :hat general legislative powers in the Philippines, except as herern otherwise provided, shall be in a Legislature which shall consist of two houses, one "ested the senate and the other the House of lepresentatives, and the two houses shall be designated "the philippine Legislature,,: provided, That.rntil the Philippine Legislature as herein provided shall have been organized the existing philippine -egislature shall have all legislative authority hereln granted to the Government of the philippine slands, except such as may now be within the exclusive jurisdiction of the philippine commission, is so continued until the organization of the Legislature "''hich herein provided for the philippines. the Philippine Legislature shall have been organized, the "/hen exclusive legjslative jurisdiction Id authority exercised by the Philippine commission shall thereafter be exercised by the r.riiippine Legislature. Section 13. Election and eualification of Senators -iat the members of the senate of the Philippines, except as herein provided, shall be elected for :erms of six and three years, as hereinafter provided, by the qualified electors of the philippines. Each cf the senatorial districts defined as hereinafter provided shall have the right to elect two senators. No person shall be an elective member of the Senate of the Philippines who is not a qualified elector and over thirty years of age, and who is not able to read and write either the Spanish or English language, and who has not been a resident of the Philippines for at least two consecutive years and an actual resident of the senatorial district from which chosen for period a of at least one year immediately prior to his election, Section 14. Election and eualifications of Representatives -hat the members of the House of Representatives shall, except as herein provided, be elected triennially :y the qualified electors of the Philippines. Each of the representative districts hereinafter provided for stall have the right to elect one representative. No person shall be an elective member of the House of iepresentatives who is not a qualified elector and over twenty{ive years of age, and who is not able :c read and write either the Spanish or English language, and who has not been an actual resident of the district from which elected for at least one year immediately prior to his election: provided, That the members of the present Assembly elected on the first Tuesday in June, nineteen hundred and sixteen, shall be the members of the House of Representatives from their respective districts for the term expiring in nineteen hundred and nineteen. Section 15. Qualifications of Voters That at the first election held pursuant to this Act, the qualified electors shall be those having the qualifications of voters under the present law; thereafter and until otherwise provided by the philippine Legislature herein provided for the qualifications of voters for senators and representatives in the Philippines and all off icers elected by the people shall be as follows: Every male person who is not a citizen or subject of a foreign power twenty-one years of age or over (except insane and feeble-minded persons and those convicted in a court of competent jurisdiction of an infamous offense since the thirteenth day of August, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight) who 165  shall have been a resident of the Philippines for one year and of the municipality in which he shall offer to vote for six months next preceding the day of voting, and who is comprised within one of the following classes: (a) Those who under existing law are legal voters and have exercised the right of suffrage. (b) Those who own real property to the value of 500 pesos, or who annually pay 30 pesos or more of the established taxes. (c) Those who are able to read and write either spanish, English, or a native language. Section 16. Senate and Representative Districts, and Appointive Senators and Representatives Similar to the Cooper Act, the Jones That the Philippine lslands shall be divided into twelve senate districts, as follows: Law also served as a constitution First district: Batanes, Cagayan, lsabela, llocos Norte, and llocos Sur. for the Philippines containing a Bill of Rights for the Filipinos. What Second district: La Union, Pangasinan, and Zambales. were lhe rights included in the Third district: Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Bulacan. Jones Law? Were these similar or different from those provided for by Fourth district: Bataan, Rizal, Manila, and Laguna. the Cooper Act? Which do you think Fifth district: Batangas, Mindoro, Tayabas, and Cavite. was more favorable to the Filipinos? Sixth district: Sorsogon, Albay, and Ambos Camarines. Seventh district: lloilo and Capiz. Eight district: Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Antique, and palawan. Ninth district: Leyte and Samar. Tenth district: Cebu. Eleventh district: Surigao, Misamis, and Bohol. Twelfth district: The Mountain Province, Baguio, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Department of Mindanao anc Sulu. The representative districts shall be the eighty-one now provided by law, and three in the Mounta - Province, one in Nueva Vizcaya, and five in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu. The first election under the provisions of this Act shall be held on the first Tuesday of October, ninetee- hundred and sixteen, unless the Governor-General in his discretion shall fix another date not earlie- than thirty nor later than sixty days after the passage of this Act: Provided, That the Governor-Genera s proclamation shall be published at least thirty days prior to the date f ixed for the election, and there sha be chosen at such election one senator from each senate district for a term of three years and one :c- six years. Thereafter one senator from each district shall be elected from each senate district for a ter- of six years: Provided, That the Governor-General of the Philippine Islands shall appoint, without t-: consent of the Senate and without restriction as to residence, senators and representatives who wi l. - his opinion, best represent the senate district and those representative districts which may be incluc:: in the territory not now represented in the Philippine Assembly: Provided further, That thereafter electic-: shall be held only on such days and under such regulations as to ballots, voting, and qualificatic--. of electors as may be prescribed by the Philippine Legislature, to which is hereby given authorit.i :- redistrict the Philippine lslands and modify, amend, or repeal any provision of this section, except s-:- as refer to appointive senators and representatives. s Section 17, Tenure of Senators and Representatives That the terms of office of elective senators and representatives shall be six and three years, respeci. = , and shall begin on the date of their election. ln case of vacancy among the elective members c. :-+ Senate or in the House of Representatives, special elections may be held in the districts wherein:--- vacancy occurred under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, but senators or representa, ,:. elected in such cases shall hold office only for the unexpired portion of the term wherein the vac'-: occurred. Senators and representatives appointed by the Governor-General shall hold office -- removed by the Governor-General... , r-:iJAi:Ti:i:i iC THE SUPPBESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT  Section 19. Procedure for Law.Making (a) Legislative.lournal and the veto power. That each house of the Legislature shall keep a journal of its proceedings and, from time to time, publish the same; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, upon demand of oneJifth of those present, be entered on the journal, and every bill and joint resolution which shall have passed both houses shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor-General. lf he approve the same, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the objections at large on its.journal and proceed to reconsider it. lf, after such reconsideration, two{hirds of the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the same, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two{hirds of all the members elected to that house it shall be sent to the Governor-General, who, in case he shall then not approve, shall transmit the same to the Presjdent of the United States. The vote of each house shall be by the yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against shall be entered on the journal. lf the President of the United States approve the same, he shall sign it and it shall become a law. lf he shall not approve the same, he shall return it to the Governor-General, so stating, and it shall not become a law: Provided, That if any bill or joint resolution shall not be returned by the Governor-General as herein provided within twenty days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him the same shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature by adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall become a law unless vetoed by the Governor-General within thirty days after ad.iournment: Provided, further, That the President of the United States shall approve or disapprove an act submitted to him under the provisions of this section within six months from and after its enactment and submission for its approval; and if not approved within such time, it shall become a aw the same as if it had been specif ically approved. (b) The veto on appropriations.The Governor-General shall have the power to veto any particular item or items of an appropriation bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. The item or items objected to shall not take effect except in the manner heretofore provided in this section as to bills and joint resolutions returned to the Legislature without his approval. (c) Report of laws to Congress. All laws enacted by the Philippine Legislature shall be reported to rlt the Congress of the United States, which hereby reserves the power and authority to annul the same. The Jones Law designated more (d) Revisal of former appropriations. lf at the termination of any fiscal year the appropriations powers to native legislators by allowing the Filipinos to necessary for the support of Government for the ensuing fiscal year shall not have been made, the democratically choose individuals several sums appropriated in the last appropriation bills for the objects and purposes therein specified, who would occupy the seats in the upper house, now called the so far as the same may be done, shall be deemed to be reappropriated for the several objects and Senate ol the Philippines, The purposes specified in said last appropriation bill; and until the Legislature shall act in such behalf elections, held in October '1916, the treasurer shall, when so directed by the Governor-General, make the payments necessary for the created a Senate dominated by the Nacionalista Party. Quezon purposes aforesaid. was appointed as the Senate Section 20. The Resident Commissioners President and Francisco Villanueva as the Majority Floor Leader. Other (a) Selection and tenure. That at the first meeting of the Philippine Legislature created by this Act prominent members of this house and triennially thereafter there shall be chosen by the Legislature two Resident Commissioners to the were Rafael Palma, Filemon Sotto, United States, who shall hold their office for a term of three years beginning with the fourth day of March and lsauro Gabaldon. following their election, and who shall be entitled to an official recognition as such by all Departments upon presentation to the President of a certificate of election by the Governor-General of said lslands. (b) Compensation. Each of said Besident Commissioners shall, in addition to the salary and the sum in lieu of mileage now allowed by law, be allowed the same sum for stationery and for the pay of necessary clerk hires as is now allowed to the members of the House of Representatives of the United 167  States, to be paid out of the Treasury of the United States, and the franking privilege allowed by law to members of Congress. (c) Qualifications. No person shall be eligible to election as Besident Commissioner who is not a bona fide elector of said lslands and who does not owe allegiance to the United States and who is not more than thirty years of age and who does not read and write the English language. The present two Resident Commissioners shall hold office until the fourth of March, nineteen hundred and seventeen. (d) Temporary vacancy.ln case of vacancy in the position of Resident Commissioner caused by resignation or otherwise, the Governor-General may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Philippine Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancy; but the Resident Commissioner thus elected shall hold office only for the unexpired portion of the term wherein the vacancy occurred. Section 21. The Governor-General (a) Title, appointment, residence. That the supreme executive power shall be vested in an executive officer, whose official title shall be "The Governor-General of the Philippine lslands.,, He shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, and hold his office at the pleasure of the President and until his successor is chosen and qualified. The Governor-General shall reside in the Philippine lslands during his official incumbency, and maintain his office at the seat of Government. (b) Powers and duties, He shall, unless otherwise herein provided, appoint, by and with the consent of the Philippine Senate, such officers as may now be appointed by the Governor-General, or such as he is authorized by this Act to appoint, or whom may hereafter be authorized by law to appoint: but appointments made while the Senate is not in session shall be effective either until disapproval or until the next adjournment of the Senate. He shall have general supervision and control of all of the departments and bureaus of the Government in the Philippine lslands as far as is not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, and shall be commander in chief of all locally created armed forces and i;ilrii# ,The,JgnesLaW,.;rrr STUDY AIT}.divided.the,',, ,, ,,r,, , , ,P.,hilip$ines jnto.,., llwelvgl sehatbrlal., ;, ,ArslrietS. O ig] ttt " ,alfaislii*were.r-,, ,altowed lo:elect two senators eiceot tfi€.twelfth;,whose ,r ,r.e,,P,,r9s,eq1atives.,,,, ,to] thg; S_eqatel, - 1,:, ;,1 ; :weredi tg,..:r,'" appolnted,by,tlie , , , Arnerieanmlonial, ,, govefnment; :r : :.: l S OItI\ TEi-i 1O THE SUPPBESSION OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE FILIPINIZATION OF THE GOVEBNMENT Til tia. He is hereby vested with the exclusive power to grant pardons and reprieves and remit fines =rd forfeitures, and may veto any legislation enacted as herein provided. He shall submit within ten :ays of the opening of each regular session of the Philippine Legislature a budget of receipts and =xpenditures, which shall be the basis of the annual appropriation bill. He shall commission all officers :rat he may be authorized to appoint, He shall be responsible for the faithful execution of the laws of the rnilippine lslands of the United States operative within the Philippine lslands, and whenever it becomes iecessary he may call upon the commanders of the military and naval forces of the United States in the slands, or summon the posse comitatus, or call out the militia or other locally created armed forces, to crevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion, insurrection, or rebellion; and he may, in case of rebellion cr invasion, or imminent danger thereof, when the public safety requires it, suspend the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus, or place the lslands, or any part thereof, under martial law: Provided, That whenever the Governor-General shall exercise his authority, he shail at once notify the President of the United States thereof, together with the attending facts and circumstances and the President shall have power to modify or vacate the act of