Types of Research - PDF

VARIOUS TYPES OF RESEARCHES Dr. Abhishek Sharma  WHAT IS RESEARCH? The systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in order to generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge.  APPLIED APPLIED RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH...

VARIOUS TYPES OF RESEARCHES Dr. Abhishek Sharma  WHAT IS RESEARCH? The systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation or problem in order to generate new knowledge or validate existing knowledge.  APPLIED APPLIED RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Applied research refers to scientific study CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH and research that seeks to solve practical DESCRIPTIVE problems. Applied research is used to find RESEARCH solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, ETHNOGRAPHIC and develop innovative technologies, rather RESEARCH than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH sake. For example, applied researchers may EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. investigate ways to: GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Improve agricultural crop production HISTORICAL RESEARCH Treat or cure a specific disease PHENOMENOLOG Improve the energy efficiency of homes, ICAL offices, or modes of transportation RESEARCH QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH  APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is CORRELATIONAL driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a RESEARCH scientific question. The main motivation is to DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH expand man's knowledge, not to create or ETHNOGRAPHIC invent something. There is no obvious RESEARCH commercial value to the discoveries that result EXPERIMENTAL from basic research. RESEARCH For example, basic science investigations probe EXPLORATORY for answers to questions such as: RESEARCH. GROUNDED THEORY How did the universe begin? RESEARCH. What are protons, neutrons, and electrons HISTORICAL RESEARCH composed of? PHENOMENOLO How do slime molds reproduce? GICAL What is the specific genetic code of the fruit RESEARCH fly? QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Correlational research refers to the systematic RESEARCH investigation or statistical study of relationships DESCRIPTIVE among two or more variables, without necessarily RESEARCH determining cause and effect. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH It Seeks to establish a EXPERIMENTAL relation/association/correlation between RESEARCH two or more variables that do not readily EXPLORATORY lend themselves to experimental RESEARCH. For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to manipulation. GROUNDED THEORY music lowers blood pressure levels” there are 2 RESEARCH. ways of conducting research HISTORICAL Experimental – group samples and make one RESEARCH group listen to music and then compare the PHENOMENOLO GICAL bp levels RESEAR Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often CH they listen? And then compare QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Advanta RESEARCH ges: DESCRIPTIVE 1)Can collect much information from many RESEARCH subjects at one time. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2)Can study a wide range of variables and EXPERIMENTAL their RESEARCH interrelations. EXPLORATORY 3)Study variables that are not easily RESEARCH. produced in the laboratory. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Disadvanta HISTORICAL ges: RESEARCH 1) Correlation does not indicate PHENOMENOLO GICAL causation( cause and effect). RESEAR CH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Descriptive research refers to research that RESEARCH provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics DESCRIPTIVE of a particular individual, situation, or group. RESEARCH Descriptive research, also known ETHNOGRAPHIC as statistical research. RESEARCH These studies are a means of discovering new EXPERIMENTAL meaning, describing what exists, determining RESEARCH the frequency with which something occurs, and EXPLORATORY categorizing information. RESEARCH. GROUNDED THEORY In short descriptive research deals with RESEARCH. everything that can be counted and studied, HISTORICAL which has an impact of the lives of the RESEARCH people it deals with. PHENOMENOLO GICAL For example, RESEAR finding the most frequent disease that affects the CH children of a town. The reader of the research QUALITATIVE will know what to do to prevent that disease RESEARCH thus, more people will live a healthy life. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Advanta RESEARCH ges: It is less expensive and time consuming than DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH quantitative experiments; ETHNOGRAPHIC Collects a large amount of notes for detailed RESEARCH studying; EXPERIMENTAL As it is used to describe and not make any RESEARCH conclusions it is to start the research with it; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Disadvant HISTORICAL RESEARCH ages PHENOMENOLO Descriptive research requires more skills. GICAL Does not identify cause behind a RESEAR phenomenon CH Response rate is low in this research. QUALITATIVE Results of this research can change over RESEARCH the period of QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH time. Example: Let's consider a study examining the frequency of smartphone use among teenagers. The research may find that 80% of teenagers spend at least 4 hours per day on their smartphones. This would be descriptive research, as it provides a clear description of a specific phenomenon – in this case, the usage of smartphones among teenagers. However, this research does not provide any causal explanations for why this usage level is so high. It doesn't answer questions such as:  Does high smartphone use cause lower grades in school? Does living in urban environments increase smartphone usage? Does smartphone usage lead to decreased physical activity? The research only provides a description of the situation as it is, without attempting to explain why it is that way. To answer the questions above, you'd need to conduct experimental or quasi-experimental research that manipulates one variable (like smartphone usage) to see how it impacts another (like school grades, lifestyle, etc.).  APPLIED ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Ethnographic research refer to the CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the culture; it involves DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH cultural behaviour. It studies people, ethnic groups and other EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ethnic formations, their ethno genesis, EXPLORATORY composition, resettlement, social welfare RESEARCH. characteristics, as well as their material GROUNDED THEORY and spiritual culture. RESEARCH. Data collection is often done through HISTORICAL participant observation, interviews, RESEARCH questionnaires, etc. PHENOMENOLO GICAL The purpose of ethnographic research is to RESEAR attempt to understand what is happening CH naturally in the setting and to interpret the QUALITATIVE data gathered to see what implications could RESEARCH be formed from the data. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Experimental research is an objective, CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH systematic, controlled investigation for the DESCRIPTIVE purpose of predicting and controlling RESEARCH phenomena and examining probability and ETHNOGRAPHIC causality among selected variables. RESEARCH Advantages EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Best establishes cause-and-effect EXPLORATORY relationships RESEARCH. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Disadvantages HISTORICAL RESEARCH Artificiality PHENOMENOLO GICAL Feasibility RESEAR CH Unethical QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH The simplest experimental design includes two CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH variables and two groups of participants. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH The two variables(Independent versus ETHNOGRAPHIC Dependent variables). RESEARCH The IV is the predictor variable whereas the DV is EXPERIMENTAL the outcome variable. RESEARCH Researchers manipulate and control the IV to study EXPLORATORY it's effect on the DV. RESEARCH. GROUNDED THEORY The two groups of participants (Control RESEARCH. versus Experimental group). HISTORICAL RESEARCH Before beginning the experiment, the researcher PHENOMENOLO (randomly) assigns his/her sample to two different GICAL groups: the control group and the experimental RESEAR (treatment group or clinical group). CH The control group receives no manipulation of QUALITATIVE the IV (no treatment), whereas the RESEARCH experimental group receives the QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH manipulation of the IV  APPLIED EXPLORATORY RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Exploratory research is a type of research CORRELATIONAL conducted for a problem that has not been RESEARCH clearly defined. Exploratory research helps DESCRIPTIVE determine the best research design, data RESEARCH collection method and selection of subjects. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH The results of exploratory research are not EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH usually useful for decision-making by themselves, but they can provide significant EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. insight into a given situation GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Exploratory research is not typically HISTORICAL generalizable to the population at large. RESEARCH PHENOMENOLO Exploratory research can be quite GICAL informal, relying RESEAR CH on secondary research such as reviewing QUALITATIVE available literature and/or data, or qualitative RESEARCH approaches such as informal discussions with QUANTITATIVE consumers, employees, management or RESEARCH competitors, and more formal approaches  APPLIED GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Grounded theory research is a research CORRELATIONAL approach designed to discover what problems RESEARCH exist in a given social environment and how the DESCRIPTIVE persons involved handle them; it involves RESEARCH formulation, testing, and reformulation of ETHNOGRAPHIC propositions until a theory is developed. RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL Grounded theory is a research method that operates RESEARCH almost in a reverse fashion from traditional EXPLORATORY research and at first may appear to be in RESEARCH. contradiction to the scientific method. GROUNDED Four THEORY 1. Codes-Identifying anchors that allow the key stages: RESEARCH. points of the data to be gathered HISTORICAL RESEARCH 2. Concepts-Collections of codes of similar content PHENOMENOLO that allows the GICAL data to be grouped RESEAR 3. Categories-Broad groups of similar concepts CH that are used to generate a theory QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 4. Theory-A collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research (hypotheses) QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED HISTORICAL RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Historical research is research involving analysis of events that occurred in the CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH remote or recent past DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Applicat ionHistorical research can show patterns that ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH occurred in the past and over time which can help EXPERIMENTAL us to see where we came from and what kinds of RESEARCH solutions we have used in the past. EXPLORATORY Understanding this can add perspective on how RESEARCH. we examine current events and educational GROUNDED THEORY practices. RESEARCH. The steps involved in the conduct of HISTORICAL historical research RESEARCH Here are the five steps: PHENOMENOLO 1.Identification of the research topic and GICAL RESEAR formulation of the research problem or CH question. QUALITATIVE 2.Data collection or literature review RESEARCH 3.Evaluation of materials QUANTITATIVE 4.Data synthesis RESEARCH 5.Report preparation or preparation of the  APPLIED HISTORICAL RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Historical research gives a social scientist a CORRELATIONAL better context for RESEARCH making realistic decisions. DESCRIPTIVE Streng RESEARCH ths Provides a comprehensive picture of ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH historical trends Uses existing information EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Provides evidence of on-going trends and EXPLORATORY problems Limitati RESEARCH. onsTime-consuming GROUNDED THEORY Resources may be hard to locate RESEARCH. Resources may be conflicting HISTORICAL May not identify cause of a problem RESEARCH Information may be incomplete, obsolete, PHENOMENOLO inconclusive, or inaccurate GICAL Data restricted to what already exists RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED PHENOMENLOGICAL RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH Phenomenological research an inductive, CORRELATIONAL descriptive research approach developed from RESEARCH phenomenological philosophy; its aim is to DESCRIPTIVE describe an experience as it is actually lived by RESEARCH the person ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Phenomenology is concerned with the study of EXPERIMENTAL experience from the perspective of the RESEARCH individual, ‘bracketing’ taken-for- granted EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. assumptions and usual ways of perceiving. They are based in a paradigm of personal GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. knowledge and subjectivity, and emphasise HISTORICAL the importance of personal perspective and RESEARCH interpretation. PHENOMENOLO As such they are powerful for understanding GICAL subjective experience, gaining insights into RESEARCH people’s motivations and actions, and cutting QUALITATIVE RESEARCH through the clutter of taken-for-granted QUANTITATIVE assumptions and conventional wisdom. RESEARCH  APPLIED RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH On a broader perspective, all CORRELATIONAL researches can be classified RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE into two groups: RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Qualitative EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. Research GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. Quantitative HISTORICAL RESEARCH Research PHENOMENOLO GICAL RESEARCH QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH  APPLIED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, ETHNOGRAPHIC attributes, and symbols RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in- EXPLORATORY depth understanding of human behaviour and RESEARCH. the reasons that govern such behaviour. The GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, HISTORICAL RESEARCH when. PHENOMENOLOGICA L RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  APPLIED QUALITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC Advanta RESEARCH ges It enables more complex aspects of a persons CORRELATIONAL experience to RESEARCH be studied DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH Fewer restriction or assumptions are placed on ETHNOGRAPHIC the data to be collected. RESEARCH Not everything can be quantified, or EXPERIMENTAL quantified easily, Individuals can be RESEARCH studied in more depth EXPLORATORY Good for exploratory research and RESEARCH. hypothesis generation GROUNDED THEORY The participants are able to provide data in their RESEARCH. own words and in their own way Disadvant HISTORICAL RESEARCH agesIt is more difficult to determine the validity PHENOMENOLO and reliability of linguistic data GICAL there is more subjectivity involved in analysing RESEAR the data. CH “Data overload” – open-ended questions can QUALITATIVE sometimes create lots of data, which can RESEARCH take along time to analyse! QUANTITATIVE Time consuming RESEARCH  APPLIED QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC Quantitative research refers to the systematic RESEARCH empirical investigation of any phenomena via CORRELATIONAL statistical, mathematical or computational RESEARCH techniques. The objective of quantitative research DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH is to develop and employ mathematical ETHNOGRAPHIC models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to RESEARCH phenomena Quantitative research is generally made EXPERIMENTAL using scientific RESEARCH methods, which can include: EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. The generation of models, theories and GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH. hypotheses HISTORICAL RESEARCH The development of instruments and PHENOMENOLO methods for measurement GICAL RESEAR Experimental control and manipulation CH of variables QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Collection of empirical data QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Modelling and analysis of data  APPLIED QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH RESEARCH BASIC Advanta RESEARCH ges Quantitative research allows the researcher to CORRELATIONAL measure and RESEARCH analyse data. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH The researcher is more objective about the ETHNOGRAPHIC findings of the research. RESEARCH Quantitative research can be used to test EXPERIMENTAL hypotheses in experiments because of its RESEARCH ability to measure data using statistics. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH. Disadvant GROUNDED THEORY agesThe main disadvantage of quantitative RESEARCH. research is the context of the study or HISTORICAL RESEARCH experiment is ignored. Quantitative research does not study things PHENOMENOLO GICAL in a natural setting or discuss the meaning RESEAR things have for different people. CH A large sample of the population must be QUALITATIVE studied for more accurate results RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE THANK YOU