PR2 NOTES _ First Quarter.pdf

PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ LESSON 1: Nature of Inquiry & Research LESSON...

PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ LESSON 1: Nature of Inquiry & Research LESSON 1: WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE ADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH? RESEARCH ★ Reliable - it allows researchers to ★ Quantitative Research - explains a measure and analyze the data to arrive at phenomena by collecting numerical data an objective answer to the problem. that are analyzed using mathematically ★ Generalizes the Population - the result is based methods. generally reliable since the study uses a ○ This type of research utilizes numbers and statistical data. big example of the chosen population. ★ Phenomenon - is a peculiar incident that ★ Replicable - established standards are can happen anywhere with any discipline used in choosing the instruments, in or organizations. sampling procedures, and in choosing the ★ Quantitative research is traditional, positivist scientific method, follows a set most appropriate statistical treatment. of orderly and disciplined procedures, ★ Objective - personal biases can be utilizes deductive reasoning, and avoided since personal interaction is not generates predictions, systematic, and logical. part of the researching process. ★ Examples of quantitative research are ★ Systematic - processes involved are social sciences, biology, and new and simplified since the steps in doing existing technology. quantitative research are made easy and systematic. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE ★ Accurate - results can be reduced to RESEARCH statistical treatment and can be interpreted in a few statements. ★ Characteristics of a quantitative research ★ is that it is: ○ Reliable DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE ○ Generalizes RESEARCH ○ Deductive ○ Connects ○ Tests ★ The concept of the study or the ○ Represents experiment is ignored in such a way that it 1  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ does not consider the natural setting where the study is conducted. ★ Having a large study sample requires the SEVERAL FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN researchers to spend more resources. IDENTIFYING AND ★ Results are limited since they are usually SELECTING YOUR RESEARCH TOPIC based on the analysis of numbers and not from obtained narratives. ★ Provides less elaborate accounts on ○ Relevance human perception. ○ Interest ★ In Experimental Research, the level of ○ Manageability control might not be applicable in the real ○ Availability of Resources world because it is usually done inside the laboratory. ★ The Problem - is to introduce the ★ Preset or fixed alternative answers may research problem, clarify important not necessarily reflect the true answers of variables, discuss its limitations and the participants. ★ Findings can be influenced by the delimitations, and specify its significance researchers' perspectives since most of to the field of study. the time, the participants are unknown to ★ Introduction - also known as the them. “Background of the study” establishes the ★ The importance of research remains in cognitive setting of the research. It different fields such as business, involves: education, technology, and health ○ discussing why there is a need to services. study the problem (Research Gap). ○ clarifying the important LESSON 2: IDENTIFYING THE terminologies for the reader to easily understand what the INQUIRY AND STATING research is about. THE PROBLEM ○ establishing the degree of seriousness of the problem which ★ Research Topic - is a general interest that has prompted the researcher to look for solutions. you would like to pursue in your research. ★ The following are questions that will aid ○ The topic should be interesting the researcher in formulating the and useful. introduction: ○ What is the rationale of the research problem? (the reason 2  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ why there is a need to conduct the ○ Intended Outputs study) ○ What is the setting of the ★ The General Problem is followed by an research problem? (this describes enumeration of the specific problems. to the reader the place where the ★ The specific problems must meet the research is being held) following criteria: ○ What is the basic literature ○ they must be in question form. foundation of the study? (this ○ they must define the population part provides references to clarify and the sample (that is, the the meaning or background of the respondents or subjects) of the given variables) study. ○ How serious is the chosen ○ they must identify the variables research problem? (the (major and minor) being studied. researcher must see the ○ they must be empirically tested. intensity/magnitude of the problem and if it is a researchable ★ There are 2 general types of questions or non-researchable problem) formulated in research: Researchable ○ What is the general objective of Questions and Non-Researchable the research problem? (the Questions. general research objective will be the basis of the formulation of the statement of the problem which, in TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS turn, will be the basis of specific problem enumeration) ○ Factor-Isolating Questions ○ What is the overall purpose of the ○ Factor-Relating Questions research problem? (how will the ○ Situation-Relating Questions research findings help its ○ Situation-Producing Questions beneficiaries) ★ Scope and Delimitation - the scope of the study refers to the breadth and depth at which the research area will be explored, ELEMENTS OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM while the delimitation is the boundaries of the study with respect to the major ○ Main Task variables, and is further clarified by the ○ Major Variables sub-variables. While the limitation of the ○ Participants study arises during the design and actual ○ Setting conduct of the study and is out of the ○ Coverage Date researcher's control. 3  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ ○ Continuous Variables = any value between a certain set of real numbers, and has an infinite number of values. (Examples: age, temperature, height, and weight) SCOPE DELIMITATIONS INDICATORS ○ Discrete Variables = variables can Level of Expression For expression only assume any whole value behavior of the during during freshman recitations recitation: within the limits of the given students Communication Excitement variables and is countable. skills Nervous (Examples: total number of Discipline Timid faculty, population of students, Body gestures Attentive Attitude towards number of children in the family) classmates ★ Categorical Variables - variables with ★ Significance of the Study - identifies the values that describe a quality or beneficiaries and the benefits it will give characteristics of a data unit like “what when the problem is solved. type” or “which category”. ○ Ordinal Variables = values can be logically ordered or ranked. LESSON 3: CLASSIFICATIONS OF (Examples: academic grades, VARIABLES (A,A+,B-,C), clothing sizes (S,M,L,XL)) ○ Nominal Variables = variables ★ Variable - any factor or property that a that do not have a natural order or researcher measures, controls, and/or ranking categories/don't have a manipulates. meaningful order but are distinct ○ the changing quantity or measure from each other. (Examples: of any factor, trait, or condition business types, eye colors, types that can exist in differing amounts of learners, religion, languages) or types. ○ Dichotomous Variables = ○ can be measured or counted. variables that represent only two ○ also called a data item. categories and have only two ★ Numeric Variables - variables with values possible categories or outcomes. that describe a measurable numerical (Examples: sex (male or female), quantity and answer the questions “how answer(yes or no), veracity (true many” or “how much”. or false)) 4  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ ○ Polychotomous Variables = are ○ Controlled Variables = variables categorical variables that have you keep constant to ensure that more than two categories and also the effects observed are due to the known as polytomous or independent variable alone. multinomial variables. (Examples: ★ Non-Experimental Variables - variables educational attainment, marital that has two components: status, music genres, modes of ○ Predictor Variables = variables transportation, and employment that you think will influence the status) outcome. ○ Criterion Variables = variable ★ Experimental Variables - variables with you are trying to predict or values that describe a measurable explain/it is the "outcome" in your numerical quantity and answer the study. questions “how many” or “how much”. ○ Independent Variables = variables that are manipulated or LESSON 4: KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE categorized to observe its effect RESEARCH DESIGN on another variable and is also known as the explanatory variable. (Examples: drug dosage, light ★ Research Design- - a plan for conducting intensity, temperature in research which usually includes experiment) specification of elements to be examined ○ Dependent Variables = variables and the procedures to be used. usually affected by the manipulation of the independent Descriptive Research Design variable and is also known as response or predicted variable. VARIABLES AND DATA SAMPLE GOALS EXPERIMENTAL COLLECTION (Examples: patient recovery, TITLES MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE plant growth) ○ Extraneous Variables = variables To observe Variables are Questionnaire Assessing and report measured as Nurses’ that may already exist during the on a certain they occur. Observation Attitudes phenomenon toward conduct of an experiment and Experimental Death and could influence the result, and is manipulation is Caring not used. in a also known as mediating, Comprehen intervening or covariate variables. sive Cancer (Examples: patient age, soil type, Center humidity, type of seed) Correlational Research Design 5  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ Intact(i.e. Smoking established) and VARIABLES AND DATA SAMPLE groups are used, Consumer GOALS EXPERIMENTAL COLLECTION TITLES individual subjects Behavior: MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE are NOT randomly Quasi-exper assigned to the imental To determine Variables are Questionnaire The treatment and Evidence the nature of measured as Relationship control groups. from relationship they occur. Tests between Switzerland between Service variables Experimental Observation Quality and without manipulation Customer Pure Experimental Research Design looking into is not used Satisfaction causation in the Telecommu nication VARIABLES AND DATA SAMPLE Industry: GOALS EXPERIMENTAL COLLECTION TITLES Evidence MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE from Nigeria To establish Experimental Tests Effects of cause and manipulation is Mobile effect used. Technology relationship Use on Intact groups are Walking not used. Individual subjects Ex-post facto Research Design are randomly assigned to the VARIABLES AND treatment and DATA SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL control groups. GOALS COLLECTION TITLES MANIPULATION The random TECHNIQUE assignment of individual subjects To infer the Experimental Questionnaire Comparison provides causes of manipulation is of more phenomenon not used. Personal, conclusiveness as which has Social and to the already Academic causal occurred Groups exposed to Variables relationships the presumed Related to between cause are University the variables. compared with Drop-out those who are not Rate and exposed to it. Persistence Quasi-experimental Research Design LESSON 5: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE VARIABLES AND DATA SAMPLE GOALS EXPERIMENTAL COLLECTION TITLES MANIPULATION TECHNIQUE ★ Hypothesis - a tentative prediction about To establish Experimental Tests The Impact the relationship between two or more cause and manipulation may of effect have limited use. Smoking variables in a population under study relationship Bans on (Polit, 2007). 6  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL) TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS ★ Literature Review - is the process of ★ Simple Hypothesis - a hypothesis compiling, classifying, and evaluating formulated when predicting a relationship what other researchers have written on a between an independent variable and a certain topic. dependent variable. ★ Complex Hypothesis - a hypothesis PURPOSE OF REVIEWING A LITERATURE formulated when predicting the relationships of two or more independent variables to two or more dependent ★ It builds the confidence of the researcher variables. as he or she fully understands the ★ Directional Hypothesis - a hypothesis variables being studied. that specifies not only the existence but ★ It shows similar studies conducted which, also the expected direction of the in turn, become the springboard of relationship between the independent and discussion as the researcher may agree or dependent variables. disagree with the current results. ★ Fellow researchers will see the objectivity of the study as they read a review of ★ Non-Directional Hypothesis - a literature and related sources similar in hypothesis that does not stipulate the research or conceptual framework. direction of the relationship between the ★ Reviewing a body-of literature on the independent and dependent variables. topic makes the research study empirical. ★ Null Hypothesis (Ho) - a hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis and is always expressed as a CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD negative statement. LITERATURE REVIEW ★ Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) - a hypothesis which states the actual ★ Delimits clearly the subject matter to be expected relationships between variables. reviewed ★ Covers all important relevant literature. ★ The Study Assumptions - are ★ Is up-to-date (5 years cap) propositions taken to be true based upon ★ Provides an insightful analysis of the ideas the presupposition, without consideration and conclusions in the literature. of the facts. ★ Points out similarities and differences, and strengths and weaknesses in the literature. 7  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ ★ Identifies gaps in the literature for future page and abstract, unless specifically research. instructed by your professor or institution. ★ Clarifies the context for which the ★ Chicago/ Turabian Referencing Guide - literature is important. this style utilizes footnotes in citing sources in-text instead of parenthetical citations. These footnotes are used in CONDUCTING A REVIEW OF LITERATURE conjunction with bibliographic entries. ★ Looking for Relevant Materials - FOUR MAIN SECTIONS OF A MANUSCRIPT materials relevant to the research are those that carry information about the topic or variables of the study. ★ Title Page - includes the research title, ★ Actual Reading - once the relevant the author's name, and the author's materials are gathered, actual reading institutional affiliation (i.e. the university through analytical reading and the author attends or his or her location). comparative reading should be done. ★ Abstract - presents a concise summary of ★ Note-Taking - This process is very the research study in 150 to 250 words. important in the review of literature. It can ★ Main Body - contains the main text or help the researcher in the actual analysis content of the paper. APA style is known of the literature read. for the use of the author-year method for in-text citations. ★ References - the list of references at the end of the paper should be labeled as "References." THE STANDARD CITATION AND REFERENCING GENERAL WRITING TIPS ★ American Psychological Association (APA) - brings and the relatively popular ★ Quotations are extremely rare in scientific usage, many institutions prescribe the use writing. of APA style as the standard for writing ★ Using the first-person point of view should research papers. be avoided especially in research. ★ Modern Language Association (MLA) - is ★ Using colloquial, informal, or slang words, commonly associated with the should be limited to specific cases. Humanities. Unlike the APA style, MLA ★ The paper should be organized according style does not require a separate title to topics and not by chronology. 8  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ ★ Scientific writing should be concise and CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL straight to the point. ★ Revise and rewrite. FRAMEWORK ★ It is imperative to develop good citation habits. ★ Framework - in the context of research, two important terms must first be clarified, "theory" and "concept." ETHICAL STANDARD IN RESEARCH ★ Theory - is derived from the Greek word WRITING theoria, which means "vision". A theory is a conceptual invention that is used to ★ Honesty with Professional Colleagues - describe, explain, predict, or understand a do not intentionally misinform, mislead, certain phenomenon. and/or misinterpret, report findings with ★ Concept - is an abstract idea or general complete honesty, and avoid plagiarism notion about a certain phenomenon, by fully acknowledging all content event, or process. belonging to others. ★ Theoretical Framework - formulated from ★ Protection from Harm - participants an existing theory or theories, serves as should not be exposed to unusual stress, the foundation of the study. embarrassment, or loss of self-esteem as ★ Conceptual Framework - a system of a result of their participation. concepts, assumptions, or expectations to ★ Right for Privacy - researchers should link one idea with another. It guides the also consider the privacy of the researcher by giving clear directions to participants by protecting the electronic the research. data containing their confidential responses from hackers. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES (RRS) ○ The conceptual framework relies on an understanding of concepts ★ Review of Related Studies (RRS) - which clarify the paradigm and includes these dissertations on research ideas that the research presents. topics studying the same variables. The These parts of the paradigm are: findings from the previous studies define the researcher's approach in measuring the variables. ★ Square/Rectangle - stability and order. 9  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ model is used when the statements of the ★ Circle - completion and harmony/cycle. problem are all factor-isolating questions. ★ Triangle - direction and power. ★ Dot/Point - beginning. ★ IV-DV Model (independent var.-dependent var.) - this model is used in experiment-based studies. The ★ Line - boundary or questions raised are higher order and division.. classified as situation relating. ★ Spiral - expands or contracts/impact or output. ★ Arrow - direction/cause and effect. ★ PC Model (process-criterion) - is used when relating and assessing the influence between two or more variables. Studies that focus on relationships, associations, ★ Broken Arrow or differences, and impacts will benefit from Line - result or output. this model. TYPES OF PARADIGM MODELS ★ -P Model - is used in research studies that propose a program or any intervention ★ IPO Model (input-process-output) - is measure. largely used when the research attempts to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem, subject, or phenomenon under investigation. This 10  PRAC. RESEARCH 2 | First Quarter ౨ৎ makajustice reserved only !! WATERMARK NI MARS ₍⑅ᐢ..ᐢ₎ ★ POM Model (proposed original model) - is used when the researcher presents an original paradigm. The requirement is that it must be scientific. 11