Types and Patterns of Education Lecture PDF

Types and patterns of Education Lecture (2) LS120—Fall 2023 Dr. Halima Daw Buni Assistance Professor in Community Medicine Learning objectives  By the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1) Identify the different types and patterns of education 2) Differentiate between formal and non-formal...

Types and patterns of Education Lecture (2) LS120—Fall 2023 Dr. Halima Daw Buni Assistance Professor in Community Medicine Learning objectives  By the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1) Identify the different types and patterns of education 2) Differentiate between formal and non-formal education 3) Determine the different types of formal education Types of Education Educationists have broadly classified education into three types: 1. Informal education (‫)تعليم غير رسمي‬  Informal education can be defined as: “the life long process whereby every individual acquires attitudes(‫)سلوك‬, values)‫ (قيم‬, skills )‫ (مهارات‬and knowledge)‫ (المعرفة‬from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his/her environment from family, neighbors, and work, from the market places, the library and mass media” (Coombs, 1973). 1. Informal education: characteristics  Informal education is not structured (‫)غير منظم‬, as well as it will not ensure certification of any kind.  There is no specific trainer/instructor and supervision is not required  Most of the learning is unconscious and involuntary.  Examples: the various types of learning the child experiences from his family, peer groups, friends, mass media, and environment. 2. Formal education (‫)التعليم النظامي‬  Formal education can be defined as “the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded education system running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialized programs and institutions for full time technical and professional training”. 2. Formal education: characteristics  Formal education is regarded as the most effective mode of education, which helps in the development of the individual’s capabilities, by passing the right set of knowledge, exploring new knowledge and ideas,,,,, etc.  The instructions to be taught are carefully planned and well structured through the use of syllabuses, scheme of work, course outline, lesson plan and time-tables. 2. Formal education: characteristics  The instructor is a certificated and qualified personnel who provided his/her teaching under the supervision of both internal and external administrative bodies.  At the end of each stage of formal education, certificate is awarded to recognize the achievements of the trainees. 3. Non-Formal Education  Non-formal education can be defined as “any organized educational activity outside the established formal system whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity that is intended to serve identifiable learning clients and learning objectives” (Coombs,1973) 3. Non-Formal Education: characteristics  It is a combination of formal and informal education wherein the education is provided informally but in a formal environment.  Non-formal education can take place both inside and outside the institution campus.  It is used in a simple society. 3. Non-Formal Education: characteristics  Non-formal education is different from formal education. It is without a specific teacher, no written syllabus, no examination at any specific period.  This type of education is purposively meant to meet specific learning needs of particular groups of children, youths or adults in the community. 3. Non-Formal Education: Examples  Non-formal education includes various types of, vocational(‫)مهني‬, educational (‫)التعليمية‬and socio-personal activities (‫ )األنشطة االجتماعية والشخصية‬such as:  Skills training, ante-natal care, health and family planning;  Training to vocational work like tailoring, hair-dressing, automobile engineering, painting, carpentry;  Agricultural extension(‫;)اإلرشاد الزراعي‬  Functional cultural and civic education(‫;)التوظيف الثقافي والمدني‬  Literacy programs for youths and adults outside the formal school system. Differences between Formal and Nonformal Education Aspects Formal Education Non-formal Education Scope Limited and narrow. Unlimited and vast. Learner Learners who are in a position to Learners who have dropped their attend fulltime. education at school or college and who want to improve their qualification. Place School, college, university or other training institutions. No specific place - factory, open space, farm, library, street or may also be held at school or college. Age Minimum age is prescribed. No age limit. Reference: (9) Differences between Formal and Nonformal Education: cont’d… Aspects Formal Education Curriculum Rigid and fixed. Non-formal Education Not fixed except in distance education. Teacher Teacher occupies an important Teacher has limited role and plays the position in the educational process. role of a facilitator. Entry Fixed points of entry and exit. Age and qualification for admission are prescribed. Reference: (9) Flexible point of entry and exit, re-entry and re-exit can be made throughout the life of individual. Types of Formal Education: Types of Formal Education: cont’d… 1. Face to Face Education:  When there is a direct communication between the teacher and the student.  This exists in the case of classroom teaching, wherein the teacher and students are physically present, to import and receive education respectively. Types of Formal Education: cont’d… 2. Distance Education:  It is the mode of education wherein the students get an education even from remote areas, by connecting with the teacher through different communication modes.  Therefore, in such a mode of education, the teacher and student are located at different geographical locations. Distance Education Mode: Distance Education Mode: a. Correspondence: In this mode, the educational institution develops the study material and CDs which is learner-friendly and sends the same to the students. b. Teleconferencing: A mode of education in which the teacher and student are connected using satellite. Distance Education Mode: cont’d… c. Video Conferencing: Quite similar to teleconferencing, wherein both student and teacher can see and talk with each other through platforms like Skype, Zoom. d. Mass Media: Television, newspaper and radio are used to provide distance education to the students living in remote areas. Distance Education Mode: cont’d… e. Online: In online education, the students get education at their convenience, i.e. the entire course material is uploaded on the institution’s official website. f. e-Learning: e-Learning is a computer-based mode of education, wherein the student is provided with interactive material and e-books. Summary: Education Formal Face to face Nonformal Distance Informal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Correspondence Teleconferencing Video Conferencing Mass Media Online e-Learning Bibliography: 1. Make it stick, Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, Mark A. McDaniel. 2. Accelerated learning skills for students, Joe Mccullough. 3. Problem based learning in medicine, Tim David, Leena Patel, Leith Burdett, Patangi Rangachari. 1st edition. 4. How we learn, Benedict Carey. 5. ‫ سالم علي الغرابية‬,‫مهارات التفكير وأساليب التعلم‬ 6. ‫ هشام سعيد الحالق‬,‫ مهارات تستحق التعلم‬,‫التفكير اإلبداعي‬ 7. ‫ محمد أحمد غزالة‬,‫ أحمد حسن القواسمة‬,‫تنمية مهارات التعلم والتفكير والبحث العلمي‬ 8. Basics in Education textbook. National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2014. 1st edition 9. Bhatia, K. & Bhatia, B. D. (1992). Theory and principles of education (20th ed. J. Ddhi: Doaba House. PP. 258-266. Dr. Halima Buni