Tuesday Block Questions PDF

BUREAUCATS 1. What theory argues that people socialize because they want to exchange? Answer: Social Exchange Theory 2. This social institution circulates the ideas of consumer capitalism, individual empowerment, self-interest, and consumer choices which encourages their political...

BUREAUCATS 1. What theory argues that people socialize because they want to exchange? Answer: Social Exchange Theory 2. This social institution circulates the ideas of consumer capitalism, individual empowerment, self-interest, and consumer choices which encourages their political choice. Answer: Mass Media 3. It is one of the Basic Policy Prescriptions of the Washington Consensus wherein the country must impose tariffs so that there will be unlimited import with tax. Answer: Trade Liberalization 4. According to Pierre Bourdieu, this term refers to reality being taken for granted and the absorption of resources, rules, and mental structure. Answer: Doxa 5. He criticized Modernization Theory in its ideologies; he said that it is ethnocentric particularly western-centered and justifies Western colonialism. Answer: Dean Tipps 6. The difference between Keynesian economics and Dependency Theory is their focus; Keynesian economics focuses on ___, while Dependency Theory focuses on _____. Answer: ideas, materials. 7. It refers to an institution (such as the World Bank) or an organization (such as the United Nations) that is financed by a lot of countries. Answer: Multilateral/Multilateral Organization 8. Who said that Cruel Optimism pertains to people not solely dictated by structure, but they have agency to maneuver the structure?  Answer: Laurent Berlant 9. It is one of the symbols of development and social positioning wherein empowerment is by demanding more from the local government and discouraging dependency on external forces. Answer: Politicizing Subjects PAWLETARIATS 10. In an article by Colin Leys entitled "The Rise and Fall of Development Theory," Toye received criticism for his tendency to criticize without offering solutions, or when his proposed solution lacks a solid foundation in addressing the problem. What is the name of this term? Answer: Eclecticism 11. In a market economy, simply producing a good isn't enough to guarantee its success. What economic concept highlights the importance of consumers' willingness and ability to purchase a good or service at a given price which ultimately drives production and boosts employment? Answer: Effective Demand 12. Some developing countries claim there's an unfair system in international trade where developed countries can buy their raw materials for cheap and then process them into finished goods that they sell for a much higher price. What theory argues that developing countries end up getting a smaller and smaller share of the overall profit from trade over time? Answer: Theory of Declining Trade 13. If a government wants to reduce inflation or cool down a rapidly growing economy, what type of fiscal policy would they implement, characterized by decreased spending and/or increased taxes? Answer: Contractionary Fiscal  14. Which of James Scott's books examines alternative food strategies employed by some societies and potentially challenges the idea that rice was invented solely for state control? Answer: Tubers 15. If Marx had a revolutionary view about social change, Durkheim on the other hand thought of it as _____ Answer: Evolutionary 16. It is like a muscle memory, you can do things without even thinking about it. Your practices are affected by this. Answer: Mental structure PROFIT PUFF GIRLS 17. Which concept refers to the increase in poverty as a direct consequence of development projects, contrary to their intended purpose of economic development? Answer: Development Induced Poverty 18. What term describes the economic activities within a household which includes the allocation and management of resources among its members? Answer: Householding Economics 19. Expanding the tax base to enable the state to repay its debt, referred to as one of the bitter pills. Answer: Tax Reform 20. An approach to developing a state’s own based industries, creating a local market rather than importing. Answer: Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) 21. Social Prestige or recognition, based on formal proofs, like academic qualifications or professional orders.  Answer: Institutionalized Cultural Capital 22. What developmental approach centers on human experiences and capabilities. It emphasizes the importance of freedom and opportunities for people to live the lives they value? Answer: Capability Approach 23. It is a concept by Bourdieu which states that actions are based not just on rules and resources but also on the emotional/mental structure. Answer: Habitus 24. What aspect of society did Durkheim emphasize rather than the economy, pointing out its dependence on social differentiation? Answer: Moral Economy 25. Capitalism will self-destruct in the long run due to _________. Answer: Overproduction 26. According to George Simmel, there is no social relation if there is no _________. Answer: Social Exchange 27. They analyze humans based on the market but do not go beyond the logic of the market. It is also considered as Homo Economicus. Answer: Formalists CONSUMISYON ON AUDIT (COA) 28. Swidden agriculture is also known as _____. Answer: Slash and burn agriculture 29. These are the countries who possess a disproportionately small share of the world's wealth. They have weaker state institutions, and are often dependent on more developed nations. Answer: Periphery countries 30. When private companies import goods and services to foreign countries, they are required to pay tariffs to the government; otherwise, failure to comply leads the imported items to be _____. Answer: Smuggled 31. According to Marx, the power lies within the _____ of production. Answer: Mean 32. The law of supply says that when prices increase, companies see more profit potential and increase the goods and services. The law of demand states that as prices increase, customers buy less. However, without _____ before its phrase, it cannot be recognized as law. Answer: Ceteris Paribus 33. In the Age of High Mass Consumption, economic aspirations are satisfactory met leading to high birth rates, can allocate social welfare and security for the child, and larger families while in the stage of Take-off, there is a decline of birth rates due to _____ economic aspirations of the people and bearing and raising children is seen as burden by the society. Answer: Higher 34. A _____ solely relies on a unilineal macro level of analysis and is not a critic of development. Answer: Foundationalist 35. The concept of Cultural Capital encompasses both _____ assets that individuals possess and can convert into economic capital. Answer: Tangible and Intangible 36. Take-off stage in Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth involves the adoption of the _____ where landowners purchase the labor power of peasants to plant crops for them. Answer: Plantation system 37. If Karl Marx is optimistic about revolutions, Max Weber is pessimistic about social change due to _____. Answer: Routinization of Authority  38. Tautological or circular arguments is one of the weaknesses of Talcott’s theory because it is already _____. One of its examples is: apple is red because it's red. Answer: Stating the obvious 39. In market logic, the market maximizes the _____ while minimizing the cost. Answer: Benefits CONQUERORS 40. During the 1980s, many developing countries faced economic turmoil due to rising oil prices and interest rates, leading to a debt crisis in many regions of the world. In some cases, such as Mexico, the debt became too great to manage, leading to a default in 1982, and dozens of other countries appeared set to follow suit. What term is often used to describe this period of economic turmoil during the 1980s? Answer: Lost Decade of Development 41. This refers to scenarios where entities may appear to be competing but are actually cooperating, targeting different market segments, complying with regulations, forming strategic alliances, or differentiating their brands. Answer: Pseudo Competition 42. Escobar stated that sometimes they create _____________ to justify intevention so that they can develop them. Answer: Abnormalities 43. What term is used to describe the tough economic measures associated with policies such as austerity programs, fiscal austerity, and market-oriented reforms, particularly prevalent in Neoliberal economic ideology? Answer: The Bitter Pill 44. Which sociologist’s concept of “The Modern Man” initially emphasized the role of the family in modernizing individuals but later expanded to include factors such as education? This concept encourages questioning and openness to new ideas and values in modern society. Answer: Alexander Inkeles  45. During the 1980’s, which significant economic shift occurred in countries previously aligned with Russia, as they transitioned from promoting economic policies like ‘delinking’ to embracing open economies, motivated by the decline in Russia’s economy due to the oil crisis? Despite maintaining socialist political ideologies, these countries opened up to foreign investors to secure funding for their budgets. Answer: New International Economic Order(1980s) 46. This theory implies that the value of a certain goods or services is based on its scarcity and exclusivity. Who formulated this theory and what is it called? Answer: Fred Hirsch, Positional Goods Theory 47. At the height of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, any leftist ideologies especially communism was feared to the point of showing even slight inclination to these ideas can lead to serious discrimination and prejudice. When Walt Rostow published The Stages of Economic Growth, what was the subtitle he added to show his objection to any leftist ideologies? Answer: A Non-Communist Manifesto 48. In Bulloch's In Pursuit of Progress, she referenced Michael Cowen and Robert Shenton’s arguments about the idea of development as a…? Answer: A cyclical process of growth and decay. PROPER TEA 49. Latin phrase and a concept in economics that was introduced by Stuart Mill in the 19th century describes a person who always makes rational decisions to maximize their self-interest, like earning more money or gaining more profit in the smallest quantity of work possible or more efficiently. Answer: Homo Economicus 50. Who described the changes in his own thinking in an autobiographical essay that was published in 1991?  Answer: Andre Gunder Frank 51. Who pointed out that they were mostly closely connected to the American state and accepted its purpose, which included its intense preoccupation with combating communism. Answer: Irene Gendzier 52. What agency in the 1950s and early 1960s regularly ‘debriefed’ US scholars returning from Third World fieldwork and the State Department frequently to seek their advice? Answer: Central Intelligence Agency 53. A society characterized by technology-intensive, industrialized, and participant political cultures, open and achievement-oriented systems, and secular worldviews. Answer: Modern Society 54. What other major theoretical perspective significantly influences modernization theory alongside social evolutionary theories, shaping its understanding of social change? Answer: 20th-Century Structural Functionalism 55. It is characterized by primitive technology and means of production, subsistence economy, subject political cultures, closed ascriptive status systems, and religious worldviews. Answer: Traditional Society 56. It is the period when the resistances to steady growth are finally overcome resulting in rapid economic growth and development characterized by significant industrialization and technological advancement, which expanded and dominated society as a whole. Answer: The Take-off 57. It is the theory that not all have the same standard operations because people have different histories, which means they also have different cultures. Answer: Cultural Relativism  58. Which regime's free-market reforms in Chile are often cited as a major example of neoliberal policies leading to social inequality and negative perceptions of neoliberalism? Answer: The Pinochet Regime 59. In an effort to gauge a nation's progress beyond mere economic growth, what composite measures did Robert McNamara advocate for, which encompassed factors such as health, education, and living standards, collectively known as? Answer: Human Development Indices SUPERBASE 60. Which president first implemented Neoliberalism in the Philippines? Answer: Fidel Ramos 61. This term describes a household's aim to be self-sufficient and survive without external assistance. Answer : Autarchy 62. Declining birth rates & Urbanization ; The Take Off : Rising birth rates & cheap mass automobile ; _________ Answer: Age of High Mass Consumption 63. This resolves the inefficiency of dependency theory and adds semi-periphery. Answer: World Systems Theory 64. Classical Marxists analyze the relationship between workers, owners, and non-owners of production within national level. Meanwhile, _________ focuses on international level and not within the national jurisdiction. Answer: Neo-Marxist 65. Suppose a study is being conducted in a factory where workers were told that their productivity was being recorded. The result would then result onto workers' productivity  improving despite no changes being made to the production line or working conditions, implying awareness of observation. What form of retroactivity is this called? Answer: Hawthorne Effect 66. The United Nation serves as a forum for international cooperation, discussion, and negotiation on a wide range of political issues. Being a global organization, it, therefore, involves multiple states working together on shared goals. What is this process or approach coined as? Answer : Multilateralism 67. In response to the 2008 financial crisis, the Obama administration implemented the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, also known as the "stimulus package". The act included a range of spending programs, tax breaks, and financial stimuli aimed at boosting economic activity and creating jobs. What form of fiscal policy is this? Answer: Expansionary Fiscal Policy 68. Parsons uses the word “correlation” to describe the relationship between the rise of capitalism and the emergence of protestant ethics when he translated Weber’s work. However in Weber’s original work he didn’t use the word correlation but he uses elective affinity. ______ and _____ in their work translates it as elective affinity. Answer: Günther Roth and Claus Wittich 69. Marx: Optimistic on social change. _____: Pessimistic on social change. ________: Social change is evolutionary Answer: Weber, Durkheim 70. According to modernization theory, society grows because of industrialization, urbanization, and ____________. Answer: Income and Consumption 71. According to Leys, the problem in development theories is that they are macro or super micro. Leys said that development theories should focus on _____ because it is a meso level approach.  Answer: Cultural Meanings INTROPRENEURS 72. The common trait of Neomarxist and Keynesian Economics is that they are both ________? Answer: State-centered 73. It was considered as the microcosm of the Cold War. It was divided into two spheres of influence. Answer: Germany 74. Substantivists maintain that the economy is a type of human activity that is integrated, institutionalized, and embedded in various social institutions, belonging to different cultures. They are also called _________? Answer: Homo Reciprocans 75. _________ critiques the implemented project made by the Development Anthropology. Answer: Anthropology of Development 76. It is a novel of three generations by Thomas Mann where the first sought money; the second, born to money, sought social and civic position; the third, born to comfort and family prestige. Answer: Buddenbrooks 77. It states that structures enable and constrain individuals to influence, change or modify structures. Answer: Structuration Theory 78. It is the first form of cultivation of rice, also known as 'Slash and Burn' Agriculture. It received criticism from the lowland because it is unsustainable and not environmentally friendly. Answer: Swidden Agriculture 79. The difference between the Neo-Marxist and modernization theory is that Neo-Marxist was based on _______ which modernization theory does not.  Answer: History 80. This theory or idea was used to justify European and northern American colonial intervention in so-called backward societies in order to criticize and modernize them. Answer: Evolutionism SLAYSIZ FAIRE 81. According to this theorist, the value of commodities are not based on the amount of labor, but rather on the exchange value. Answer: Fred Hirsch 82. Because of this certain historical event, the modern state, industrial society, and middle class became possible. It was this time where the second base of colonization happened. Answer: French Revolution 83. He considers people as teleological beings, wherein your actions are oriented towards achieving your goals. Answer: George Simmel 84. What do you call the doctrine that says that anything such as land or property that is not owned by any individuals is considered as owned by the state. Answer: Regalian Doctrine 85. It is one of Weber’s works, a German sociologist, economist, and politician, wherein he argues that the religious ideas of Calvinist played a role in creating and perpetuating capitalism. Answer: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 86. The interest rate is not based on the government, but rather on what will be the decision of the world trade organization, of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The debtor has no control in this matter. Answer: Interest Rate Liberalization  87. According to Rostow’s stages of development, this stage is characterized by growth as the normal condition in three successive generations, what specific stage is being mentioned? Answer: The Drive to Maturity 88. It instituted tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and implemented market deregulation. Also it was influenced by trickle-down theory and supply-side economics. Answer: Reaganomics 89. The class for itself can only be achieved if the false consciousness is overcome through the help of? Answer: Organic Intellectuals OIKONDUCIS 90. Across all domains of production and consumption of the producer, worker, and consumer it was imperative for the efficient and satisfactory production of goods and services. It is also extended to individuals who should have the right to plan their own lives rather than be directed by a centralized planning authority. Answer: Freedom of Choice 91. Who is the key player in the process of free-market expansion throughout the world, especially through microenterprise and microfinance programs. Answer: NGOs 92. These symbols of development also include cultural orientation and stylistic competencies. Answer: Intangible Symbols 93. It is now a popular form of development practice that seeks to alter people the way in which they understand themselves, their problems, their relations with the world, to change the society as a whole. Answer: Empowerment Projects  94. This idea is what makes for an efficient economy is a set of institutions that permit individuals to benefit personally from doing what will also serve the (material) interests of society as a whole. Answer: New Institutionalism or New Political Economy 95. What theoretical approach in economic anthropology posits that the economic rationality of maximizing the individual can be found in all societies and in all forms of behavior? Answer: Formalism 96. The ______________ ____________ is a set of ten market oriented policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and US Treasury. It was a set of prescriptions that were supposed to control the debts of countries following the failure of oil industries in the 1980s. Answer: Washington Consensus 97. Louis Althusser, a Marxist sociologist, proposes that the bourgeoisie uphold their dominance through the utilization of two forms of control: the repressive state apparatus, which employs coercive measures such as the police and the military, and the _____________ _______ ____________, comprising institutions that propagate bourgeois ideology and foster a state of mistaken class consciousness among the proletariat. Answer: Ideological State Apparatus 98. Argued that “every society has its own unique history unlike social evolutionists who believe that humans have united mental operations.” Answer: Franz Boas 99. A theorist who wrongly translated Weber, they used correlation instead of elective affinity Answer: Talcott Parsons 100. What is the child of the cold war? Answer: Modernization Theory DEL MONTEHHH KITCHENOMICS 101. The following countries depend on Russia’s assistance except; Laos, Cambodia, Cuba, North Korea, China, Estonia, and the United Kingdom. Answer: United Kingdom 102. It is a military alliance where an ally of one is an ally of all, and an enemy of one is an enemy of all. Answer: NATO/The North Atlantic Treaty Organization 103. Dived the world into 2, Spanish and Portuguese empires. Answer: (Papal Bull) 104. The USA was willing to lend money to nations but there should be _________? Answer: Structural policy adjustments 105. In traditional societies, there is a common and persistent belief in leaving events to 'fate' and being guided by 'divine' will. What is this phenomenon called? Answer: Fatalism 106. From Inkeles, the modernizing influences into being shaped as 'The Modern Man' is Education or schools and __________. Answer: Factories or labor 107. In Marx's Political Economy, what is stated as the last stage of mode of production based on the different periods of history; which describes the globalization of capital accumulation. Answer: Monopoly Capitalism 108. Who is the author of Krieg und Kapitalismus (1913)? Answer: Werner Sombart 109. Social Embeddedness Theory, argues that economic activities are embedded within social relationships, was developed by who? Answer: Mark Granovetter 110. They argue that particular network features, like the quantity and quality of connections amongst actors, have an impact on economic outcomes.  Answer: Network theorists 111. Name the prominent economist associated with neoliberal ideas and policies. Answer: Milton Friedman 112. Which historical period saw the rise of neoliberal economic policies as a response to Keynesian economics? Answer: 1970s-1980s 113. Who was the first to adopt Neoliberalism? Answer: Augusto Pinochet 114. Name the country where neoliberal policies have been implemented with mixed results, leading to debates about their effectiveness and impact on society. Answer: Chile 115. Who developed the "Washington Consensus"? Answer: John Williamson