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Questions and Answers
During the Cold War, any _______ ideologies, especially communism, was feared in the United States.
During the Cold War, any _______ ideologies, especially communism, was feared in the United States.
leftist
Walt Rostow's book, The Stages of Economic Growth, had the subtitle _______.
Walt Rostow's book, The Stages of Economic Growth, had the subtitle _______.
A Non-Communist Manifesto
According to Michael Cowen and Robert Shenton, the idea of development is a _______ process.
According to Michael Cowen and Robert Shenton, the idea of development is a _______ process.
cyclical
The concept of _______ was introduced by Stuart Mill in the 19th century, describing a person who makes rational decisions to maximize self-interest.
The concept of _______ was introduced by Stuart Mill in the 19th century, describing a person who makes rational decisions to maximize self-interest.
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Andre Gunder Frank described the changes in his own thinking in an autobiographical essay published in _______.
Andre Gunder Frank described the changes in his own thinking in an autobiographical essay published in _______.
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Irene Gendzier pointed out that they were closely connected to the _______ state.
Irene Gendzier pointed out that they were closely connected to the _______ state.
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In the 1950s and early 1960s, the _______ Agency regularly debriefed US scholars returning from Third World fieldwork.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the _______ Agency regularly debriefed US scholars returning from Third World fieldwork.
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A society characterized by technology-intensive systems, open and achievement-oriented cultures, and secular worldviews is described as a _______ society.
A society characterized by technology-intensive systems, open and achievement-oriented cultures, and secular worldviews is described as a _______ society.
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A society characterized by primitive technology and means of production, subsistence economy, and religious worldviews is known as a ______________ society.
A society characterized by primitive technology and means of production, subsistence economy, and religious worldviews is known as a ______________ society.
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The period of rapid economic growth and development characterized by significant industrialization and technological advancement is known as the ______________.
The period of rapid economic growth and development characterized by significant industrialization and technological advancement is known as the ______________.
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The theory that not all cultures have the same standard operations because people have different histories is known as ______________.
The theory that not all cultures have the same standard operations because people have different histories is known as ______________.
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The regime in Chile known for its free-market reforms, leading to social inequality and negative perceptions of neoliberalism, is the ______________ regime.
The regime in Chile known for its free-market reforms, leading to social inequality and negative perceptions of neoliberalism, is the ______________ regime.
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Robert McNamara advocated for the use of ______________ to gauge a nation's progress beyond mere economic growth.
Robert McNamara advocated for the use of ______________ to gauge a nation's progress beyond mere economic growth.
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The president who first implemented Neoliberalism in the Philippines was ______________.
The president who first implemented Neoliberalism in the Philippines was ______________.
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A household's aim to be self-sufficient and survive without external assistance is known as ______________.
A household's aim to be self-sufficient and survive without external assistance is known as ______________.
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The term that describes the period of rising birth rates and cheap mass production of automobiles is the ______________.
The term that describes the period of rising birth rates and cheap mass production of automobiles is the ______________.
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This study is an example of the ______ effect, where workers' productivity improves due to awareness of observation.
This study is an example of the ______ effect, where workers' productivity improves due to awareness of observation.
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The United Nations is an example of ______ which involves multiple states working together on shared goals.
The United Nations is an example of ______ which involves multiple states working together on shared goals.
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The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is an example of ______ fiscal policy.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is an example of ______ fiscal policy.
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In Weber's original work, he used the term ______ to describe the relationship between the rise of capitalism and the emergence of protestant ethics.
In Weber's original work, he used the term ______ to describe the relationship between the rise of capitalism and the emergence of protestant ethics.
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Marx is ______ on social change, whereas Weber is ______ on social change.
Marx is ______ on social change, whereas Weber is ______ on social change.
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According to modernization theory, society grows because of industrialization, urbanization, and ______.
According to modernization theory, society grows because of industrialization, urbanization, and ______.
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Leys argues that development theories should focus on ______ because it is a meso level approach.
Leys argues that development theories should focus on ______ because it is a meso level approach.
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Günther Roth and Claus Wittich translate 'elective affinity' in their work on Weber's ______.
Günther Roth and Claus Wittich translate 'elective affinity' in their work on Weber's ______.
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The key player in the process of free-market expansion throughout the world, especially through microenterprise and microfinance programs is the ______.
The key player in the process of free-market expansion throughout the world, especially through microenterprise and microfinance programs is the ______.
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These symbols of development also include cultural orientation and stylistic ______.
These symbols of development also include cultural orientation and stylistic ______.
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It is now a popular form of development practice that seeks to alter people the way in which they understand themselves, their problems, their relations with the world, to change the society as a whole through ______.
It is now a popular form of development practice that seeks to alter people the way in which they understand themselves, their problems, their relations with the world, to change the society as a whole through ______.
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This idea is what makes for an efficient economy is a set of institutions that permit individuals to benefit personally from doing what will also serve the ______ interests of society as a whole.
This idea is what makes for an efficient economy is a set of institutions that permit individuals to benefit personally from doing what will also serve the ______ interests of society as a whole.
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What theoretical approach in economic anthropology posits that the economic rationality of maximizing the individual can be found in all societies and in all forms of behavior is called ______.
What theoretical approach in economic anthropology posits that the economic rationality of maximizing the individual can be found in all societies and in all forms of behavior is called ______.
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The ______ is a set of ten market-oriented policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and US Treasury.
The ______ is a set of ten market-oriented policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and US Treasury.
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Louis Althusser, a Marxist sociologist, proposes that the bourgeoisie uphold their dominance through the utilization of two forms of control: the repressive state apparatus, and the ______ comprising institutions that propagate bourgeois ideology.
Louis Althusser, a Marxist sociologist, proposes that the bourgeoisie uphold their dominance through the utilization of two forms of control: the repressive state apparatus, and the ______ comprising institutions that propagate bourgeois ideology.
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This idea is what makes for an efficient economy is a set of institutions that permit individuals to benefit personally from doing what will also serve the ______ interests of society as a whole.
This idea is what makes for an efficient economy is a set of institutions that permit individuals to benefit personally from doing what will also serve the ______ interests of society as a whole.
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The _______________________ instituted tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and implemented market deregulation.
The _______________________ instituted tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and implemented market deregulation.
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According to _______________________, people are teleological beings, wherein your actions are oriented towards achieving your goals.
According to _______________________, people are teleological beings, wherein your actions are oriented towards achieving your goals.
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The doctrine that says that anything such as land or property that is not owned by any individuals is considered as owned by the state is called _______________________.
The doctrine that says that anything such as land or property that is not owned by any individuals is considered as owned by the state is called _______________________.
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In _______________________, Weber argues that the religious ideas of Calvinist played a role in creating and perpetuating capitalism.
In _______________________, Weber argues that the religious ideas of Calvinist played a role in creating and perpetuating capitalism.
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The stage characterized by growth as the normal condition in three successive generations is called the _______________________.
The stage characterized by growth as the normal condition in three successive generations is called the _______________________.
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The class for itself can only be achieved if the false consciousness is overcome through the help of the _______________________.
The class for itself can only be achieved if the false consciousness is overcome through the help of the _______________________.
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_______________________ is the principle that emphasizes the importance of individuals having the right to plan their own lives rather than be directed by a centralized planning authority.
_______________________ is the principle that emphasizes the importance of individuals having the right to plan their own lives rather than be directed by a centralized planning authority.
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The event that says that anything such as land or property that is not owned by any individuals is considered as owned by the state is linked to the _______________________.
The event that says that anything such as land or property that is not owned by any individuals is considered as owned by the state is linked to the _______________________.
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Study Notes
Cold War and Ideologies
- During the Cold War, anyone showing even a slight inclination to leftist ideologies like communism faced serious discrimination and prejudice.
- Walt Rostow's book "The Stages of Economic Growth" had a subtitle "A Non-Communist Manifesto" to show his objection to leftist ideologies.
Development and Economics
- Michael Cowen and Robert Shenton argued that the idea of development is a cyclical process of growth and decay.
- The concept of Homo Economicus, introduced by Stuart Mill in the 19th century, describes a person who always makes rational decisions to maximize their self-interest.
- Modern Society is characterized by technology-intensive, industrialized, and participant political cultures, open and achievement-oriented systems, and secular worldviews.
- Traditional Society is characterized by primitive technology and means of production, subsistence economy, subject political cultures, closed ascriptive status systems, and religious worldviews.
- The Take-off is the period when resistances to steady growth are finally overcome, resulting in rapid economic growth and development characterized by significant industrialization and technological advancement.
Neoliberalism and Development
- The Pinochet Regime's free-market reforms in Chile are often cited as a major example of neoliberal policies leading to social inequality and negative perceptions of neoliberalism.
- Fidel Ramos was the first president to implement Neoliberalism in the Philippines.
- Autarchy refers to a household's aim to be self-sufficient and survive without external assistance.
- Human Development Indices, advocated by Robert McNamara, are composite measures that encompass factors such as health, education, and living standards to gauge a nation's progress beyond mere economic growth.
Theories and Concepts
- Cultural Relativism is the theory that not all people have the same standard operations because they have different histories, which means they also have different cultures.
- World Systems Theory resolves the inefficiency of dependency theory and adds semi-periphery.
- Neo-Marxist analysis focuses on international level and not within the national jurisdiction.
- The Hawthorne Effect is a form of retroactivity where workers' productivity improves despite no changes being made to the production line or working conditions, simply because they are aware of being observed.
- Multilateralism is the process or approach where multiple states work together on shared goals.
Fiscal Policy and Development
- Expansionary Fiscal Policy is a form of fiscal policy that aims to boost economic activity and create jobs, such as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.
- The Washington Consensus is a set of ten market-oriented policies formulated by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and US Treasury to control debts of countries following the failure of oil industries in the 1980s.
- New Institutionalism or New Political Economy is the idea that a set of institutions that permit individuals to benefit personally from doing what will also serve the (material) interests of society as a whole makes for an efficient economy.
Sociologists and Theories
- George Simmel considers people as teleological beings, wherein their actions are oriented towards achieving their goals.
- Max Weber's work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" argues that the religious ideas of Calvinist played a role in creating and perpetuating capitalism.
- Weber and Durkheim are pessimistic about social change, while Marx is optimistic.
- Parsons translates Weber's work as "correlation" instead of "elective affinity".
- Günther Roth and Claus Wittich translate Weber's work as "elective affinity".
Other Concepts
- Regalian Doctrine is the doctrine that says that anything not owned by any individuals is considered as owned by the state.
- Interest Rate Liberalization is the decision of the world trade organization, of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), where the debtor has no control in the matter.
- Reaganomics instituted tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and implemented market deregulation, influenced by trickle-down theory and supply-side economics.
- Organic Intellectuals are necessary to help overcome false consciousness.
- Freedom of Choice is essential for the efficient and satisfactory production of goods and services.
- NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are key players in the process of free-market expansion throughout the world, especially through microenterprise and microfinance programs.
- Intangible Symbols of development include cultural orientation and stylistic competencies.
- Empowerment Projects are a popular form of development practice that seeks to alter people's understanding of themselves and their problems.
- Formalism is a theoretical approach in economic anthropology that posits that the economic rationality of maximizing the individual can be found in all societies and in all forms of behavior.
- Ideological State Apparatus, as proposed by Louis Althusser, is a set of institutions that propagate bourgeois ideology and foster a state of mistaken class consciousness among the proletariat.
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