Arch 191 History of Architecture 1 PDF

ARCH 191 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 A R. G U E N E V E R E M A R I E D E M E C IL LO  ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN is the integration of the solutions to technical, functional and formal problems with regard to the man-made environment in such a way that the form expresses the values and a...

ARCH 191 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 A R. G U E N E V E R E M A R I E D E M E C IL LO  ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN is the integration of the solutions to technical, functional and formal problems with regard to the man-made environment in such a way that the form expresses the values and aspirations of a given culture.  SEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH ART & ARCHITECTURE as communications system “semos” - sign 4 ELEMENTS OF SATA i. Human Condition ii. Architectural Reality iii. Architectural Form iv. Architectural Meaning HUMAN CONDITION a given cultural situation well-defined values and aspirations belonging to the spiritual realm  ARCHITECTURAL REALITY total man-made environment -Work and Labour - Interior and Exterior Spaces - Nature, Shells and Network ARCHITECTURAL FORM experienced aspect of the architectural reality conveyor or expressor of meanings ARCHITECTURAL MEANING spiritual values and aspirations in the human condition Form Function Technic THE BEGINNINGS OF ARCHITECTURE PALEOLITHIC AGE Old Stone Age 2.5million years ago to 10,000 BCE simple stone tools hunter-gatherer societies DWELLINGS Caves & rock shelters Temporary huts & tents MESOLITHIC AGE Middle Stone Age 10,000 to 5,000 BCE transitional period microliths hunt in groups early farming fishing DWELLINGS Huts and Circular Dwellings Pit Houses NEOLITHIC AGE New Stone Age 9,000 to 3,000 BCE agricultural development animal domestication permanent settlements sophisticated tools DWELLINGS Permanent structures Megalithic structures THE SETTLEMENT OF JERICHO 8,000-7,000 BCE 2,000 inhabitants on a plateau in the Jordan river valley Near Eastern Regions: Jordan, Iran & Anatolia mud brick houses on round or oval shaped foundations first known permanent stone fortifications THE SETTLEMENT OF JERICHO wide, rock-cut moat 1.5m thick walls and 5m in height into the wall, was built a circular tower, 9m in diameter and height THE SETTLEMENT OF JERICHO THE SETTLEMENT AT ÇATAL HÜYÜK, ANATOLIA (TURKEY) 6,500-5,700 BCE rich in obsidian (volcanic glass) preconceived plan complete lack of streets buildings braced against each other courtyards as garbage dumpsite THE SETTLEMENT AT ÇATAL HÜYÜK, ANATOLIA (TURKEY) the houses vary in size but were of a standard plan mud-brick walls with sturdy timber frame plastered and painted floors & walls raised platforms along walls for sleeping, eating and working THE SETTLEMENT AT ÇATAL HÜYÜK, ANATOLIA (TURKEY) Shrines intermingled with the houses but they were of greater richness in terms of interior decoration. They consisted of wall paintings, animal reliefs, animal heads, bucrania and cult statuettes. MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE structures built using large stones, often without the use of mortar or cement comes from the Greek words "mega" (large) and "lithos" MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE generally on islands or near the seacoast of the mainland “megaliths” - giant stones ancient civilization of the Mediterranean island of Malta before 3,000 BCE MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE hard limestone for exterior walls of temples “trilithon” - three stone portals DOUBLE VINESCROLL ORNAMENT earliest known appearance of this motif was carved in low relief on the entrance slab of one of the temples at Tarxien universal classical decoration MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE These monumental constructions are often associated with ceremonial, religious, or burial purposes and are found across various ancient cultures worldwide. Techinical skill, organization and religious or communal importance Sophisticated knowledge in engineering and astronomy MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE 1. Dolmens These are single-chamber tombs made of two or more vertical stones supporting a large flat horizontal stone, creating a roof. Dolmens, such as those found in Europe and Asia, were typically used as burial sites. IRELAND’S MOST ICONIC DOLMEN & THE HOLE OF SORROWS MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE 2. Menhirs Tall, upright standing stones, often erected in rows or as single monuments. Examples include the Carnac stones in France. Menhirs may have served as territorial markers or religious symbols. CARNAC STONES, BRITTANY, FRANCE MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE 3. Stone Circles and Henges Structures like Stonehenge in England, which consists of large upright stones arranged in a circular pattern. These structures often had astronomical significance and were likely used for rituals and ceremonies. cromlech STONEHENGE, SALISBURY PLAIN IN WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND STONEHENGE, SALISBURY PLAIN IN WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND It consists of an outer ring of vertical sarsen standing stones, each around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, seven feet (2.1 m) wide, and weighing around 25 tons, topped by connecting horizontal lintel stones. Inside is a ring of smaller bluestones. Inside these are free- standing trilithons, two bulkier vertical sarsens MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE 4. Cairns and Passage Tomb Burial mounds made from stone, often with a passage leading to a central burial chamber, such as Newgrange in Ireland. These were typically covered with earth or smaller stones to form mounds. NEWGRANGE, IRELAND TREFOIL PLAN Corbeled Stones - that is projected one beyond the other, to form a sloping wall that probably supported a tomb chamber in the center of a mound wooden roof at Maeshowe, island of the Orkneys, north of Scotland FIN