History of Architecture Reviewer PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER Architecture - Is the art and science of designing Legislations - Are necessitated because of and constructing of buildings. things that happened to...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER Architecture - Is the art and science of designing Legislations - Are necessitated because of and constructing of buildings. things that happened to a country, a culture, or even a bigger collective. These are laws, acts, ordinances, guidelines that were made WHY SHOULD WE STUDY HISTORY: necessary because of history. UNDERSTANDING Tourism - People travel out of curiosity, DECLARATION amazement, and interest. History is one of the FACTUALITY biggest reasons why different races of people move to different places which eventually will IDENTITY promote commerce and market of the target DESIGN places. Electronic means - The cyber age brought these WHAT ARE QUALIFIED SOURCES OF interesting pieces of culture as source of content HISTORY: that can be shared in every electronic form. The Primary Sources - Primary sources were either internet is a vast market of ideas and interest. created during the time/period being studied or were created later by a participant in the events being studied. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Secondary Sources - A secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes an historical Marcus Vitruvius Pollio - The father of architecture. event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one He does not boast of making any architectural step removed from the event is often based on masterpiece. Moreover, he looks more of a tourist, primary sources. Examples include scholarly or an adventurer, and most of all, an established writer. popular books and articles, reference books, and His writings: Ten Books of Architecture/DE textbooks. ARCHITECTURA LIBRI DECEM. DE ARCHITECTURA LIBRI DECEM - It became the MANIFESTATIONS OF HISTORY: manual used in building structures during his time. Writings - Still the best resources there is that can He laid down the groundwork on what the Architect be counted on. The greatest manifestation of should be, how should he practice, how he should history. These come in the form of books, scrolls, build, and everything needed to construct buildings. cave paintings, arts. These are sources of incontrovertible evidence of people, cultures, COVERAGE practices, and more that may be archaic already 1. Pre-historic architecture or still thriving. Ex. Bible 2. West Asiatic (cradle of civilization) Cultural Pieces - These are tangible 3. Egyptian manifestations of times that are gone. People are 4. Near East mortals. The buildings they built however, are 5. Greek proof they have existed, and these are meant as 6. Roman witnesses of lost times. 7. Early Christian  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER INFLUENCES IN ARCHITECTURE: Structure - These are means to build forms to be useful, sturdy, stable, and stiff enough to allow Geographical – The setting area. A country’s them to last. Time might also be a considerable position in the globe is by far the biggest provider factor in building technology. of reasons how buildings should be built. Building technology - Time might also be a Geological – The materials available. This will considerable factor in building technology. influence the type of materials used in building construction, the manner of construction itself, and how the building relates to the site it was Utilities - Buildings house living humans and as built on. such must also satisfy human necessities like drinking potable water, sanitation, illumination, Climatic – The permanent context. This influence and thermal comfort. will result to the character of openings, the type of overhead cover, the sizes of walls, and the configuration of internal spaces.  ARCHITECTURE IS A SOCIAL ART Socio cultural – The man, made reasons. When It takes more than one person to finish building man became a social animal, he has created more relevant structures. reasons why and how his buildings will be built. Religion – The great motivator. This influence is by far considerably strong reason why man will build. RESULTS OF THE INFLUENCES: Plan layout - These are expected responses to the natural and man – made context. Hot humid countries call for open plan layouts while cooler countries have close layouts. Roofing - Most overhead planes are the visual crown of buildings. They are the most initially imposing element of historical structures. Walls - These are horizontal upright planes which wrap up the space to create the volume Openings - These are portals to allow people, things, light, and ventilation to move in and out of spaces Ornamenatation - These provide cultural identity, social preferences, aesthetics, and art as response to human yearning for visual appeal.  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE: 3. Stonehenge - Neolithic architecture. Post and The term "prehistory" was coined by French lintel construction. Megaliths are 21 to 24 feet scholars, referring to the time before people tall, including height of lintel, and buried four recorded history in writing. feet in the ground. Solar and lunar orientation. Stones dragged from far away to this site. Circle of megaliths embrace structure, enclosing it 3,500 years BCE , man has developed a form of architecture based on megaliths (megalith - a big rock; literally in Greek: lithos - stone, megas – THE ART OF STONEHENGE big. Each stone had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind; the pillars widen slightly towards the top, in order that their perspective THREE MAIN TYPES OF MEGALITH remains constant when viewed from the ground. The STONES: lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular 1. Menhir - Menhir (literally in Brittany French: a appearance of the earlier monument. The inward- long stone; men-stone, hir-long) is a huge stone facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more standing vertically in the ground. finely worked than the outer surfaces. Cromlech – a circle of stones. 2. Dolmen - The word dolmen originates from the expression taol maen, which means "stone table" in Brittany. The first builders used stones that were within their reach. They built dolmens - sort of structures in a form of a "table", consisting of two huge standing stones supporting a horizontal giant stone. TYPES OF DOLMEN: Corridor-type dolmen - Unlike the menhirs, around which many people gathered, the corridor type of dolmens allowed access only to a limited number of people, being structures with limited space. Tumuli or burial mounds - A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli also are known as barrows, burial mounds, Hügelgräber, or kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the world. The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the Proto-Indo- European root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell'