Ancient Rome History of Architecture I Lecture - 4 PDF

ANCIENT ROME 1. Introduction 2. Temples 3. City of Rome 4. Public Buildings 5. Houses ARCG 211 History of Architecture I Lecture - 4  Overview Roman architecture continued the legacy left by Greek architects and the est...

ANCIENT ROME 1. Introduction 2. Temples 3. City of Rome 4. Public Buildings 5. Houses ARCG 211 History of Architecture I Lecture - 4  Overview Roman architecture continued the legacy left by Greek architects and the established architectural orders, especially the Corinthian. Roman architecture is the architecture of space; enclosed internal space and outdoor spaces on a grand scale. Roman history is divided into three phases; the rule of the early kings, the Republic and the Empire. Roman architecture is known for great monuments, different buildings, functional construction such as roads, bridges and aqueduct. The Roman use of concrete, brick, and arches twinned with building designs like the amphitheater and basilica would immeasurably influence all following western architecture right up to the present day.  Starting with Augustus in 27 B.C.E., the Roman emperors ruled for five hundred years. They expanded Rome’s territory and their vast empire stretched from Syria to Spain and from Britain to Egypt. Networks of roads connected rich and vibrant cities, filled with beautiful public buildings. A shared Greco-Roman culture linked people, goods and ideas. Caesar Augustus “all roads lead to Rome” Hadrian’s Wall https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9bcohqsTGk Engineering Skills Aqueducts Where did the water go…. Engineering Skills Roman roads Roman Concrete Building with concrete Roman Walls  Roman Oders Roman architects continued to follow the guidelines established by the classical orders the Greeks had first shaped: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Corinthian was particularly favored. The Romans also created the Composite Capital which mixed the volute of the Ionic order with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian. The Tuscan Column was another adaptation of a traditional idea which was a form of Doric column but with a smaller capital, more slender shaft without flutes, and a molded base. Roman Innovation in Classical Orders Roman Art of Vaulting Barrel / Tunnel Vault Tunnel Vault & Groin Vault Types of Arches Aqueduct and Arch Groin vault on 4 points Great Variety of Different Building Types TEMPLES  Roman Temples Etruscan influence Located within the city Etruscan architecture was Placed on the podium created between about 900 BC and Approach from one side 27 BC, when the expanding civilization of ancient Rome finally Deep front porch – “front design” absorbed Etruscan civilization. Imposing façade – one point view Roman temples developed from Roman temples emphasized Etruscan prototype, similar to the front of the building Greek temples. Interior design treatment Arch breaks into the pediment “Syrian Pediment” over the main entrance Roman Temples VS Greek Temples Roman temples were different from Greek temples for two reasons: 1. interior of the temple 2. relationship with the surrounding. Roman temples were part of urban environment and everyday life, whereas, Greek temples were more isolated. Greek temple was set down in an open area and approached from all sides. The Roman temple was placed at the clearly defined space and axially aligned. Usually Greek temples were built on a platform base and approaches from all sides, but Roman temples were pushed back of a high podium approached by a broad stairs only from one side. The Roman temple had front columns, primarily at the front supporting the gable roof over the entrance. This treatment produced an imposing facade. Roman Temple Greek Temple Maison Carre Temple (20 BC-15 BC) One of the best preserved Roman temple Clear geometrical geometry Located in Nimes, France Corinthian Orders 6x11 columns Carved entablature  Pantheon - for all Roman Gods (120AD – 124AD) Marvel of architectural harmony and proportion Temple of all gods Built by Hadrian 8 recesses in the plan; one at the main entrance and seven for the place for sculptures for major seven gods Roof as dome, symbol of sky and heaven Dome has 28 ribs (28 days in Roman month) Oculus is the only source of natural light Built of concrete with very thick walls to carry the big and heavy dome Coffers are introduced to make the dome visually and physically lighter  Pantheon - for all Roman Gods (120AD – 124AD) circular building 8 recesses & huge dome 42m x 42m 28 ribs & oculus square coffers Pantheon Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aDhzQMIGCY CITY OF ROME & PUBLIC BUILDINGS  City of Rome - Forum Forum-Heart of the cities. Civic open spaces lines with stoas and public buildings. The Forum served same function as Greek Agora. Often clear architectural definition with its rectangular shapes dominated by the temple at the end of the axis. Forum Romanum Forum Romanum – growth by accretion (increase in size by gradual external addition) roofed colonnades, statues, temples, markets, basilicas, libraries Trajans Market covered market street  Basilica of Maxentius (313 AD) Public buildings for legal proceeding. Long rectangular building placed adjacent to a forum. Entrance through nartex. Internal colonnade with an aps or projection at one end. Basilica was divided into two spaces; wider center space nave, and aisles on the sides which are narrower than nave. In section, nave was always higher than dimension 24mx72m aisles. height 35m Opening for natural ventilation between the nave higher height difference – clearstory windows. than aisles groin vault & tunnel vault Roman Bath – Caracalla (211 – 217) AD) 2 entrance halls natatio (roofless swimming pool) frigidarium (cold water) tepidarium (warm water) calidarium (hot water) open peristyles gymnastic rooms park & stadium lecture halls & library aqueduct Hypocaust system – “fire beneath” central heating / under floor heating wall flues for hot air circulation  Roman Theaters Greek Theatre Roman Theatre Outdoor entertainment space. Derived from Greek model. More architecture work. Did not required mountain slope or hill side. Semicircular auditorium with high stage building (scaenae) decorated with niches and sculptures. Semi circular ochestra. Engineering Wonder  Roman Amphitheatre - Collosseum 45 000 people 180m x 150m height 50m arena & 3 rings of seats 3 Orders underground level  Shall we revised… Masters of Engineering Skills   Materials & Building Techniques Art & Decoration  Shall we revised… Roman Orders  Temples  Shall we revised... City of Rome & Forum  Public Buildings  Shall we revised... Public Buildings 