Erik Erikson's Post-Freudian Theory Outline PDF

PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Had four children. Placed his son W1: Erik Erikson: Post-Freudian with Down syndrome in an...

PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Had four children. Placed his son W1: Erik Erikson: Post-Freudian with Down syndrome in an institution and told his other children Theory Outline their brother had died at birth. TOPIC OVERVIEW A1 The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory A. Built on Freudian theory, emphasizing social and historical In contrast to Freud, Erikson viewed the influences. ego as a positive force: B. Life cycle approach to personality Creates self-identity (sense of "I"). Helps adapt to life conflicts and crises. Shapes individuality within societal forces. A Erik Erikson Key Concepts: 1 Ego Development: OVERVIEW Erikson used Freudian theory as a o Exists as a potential at birth but foundation for his life cycle is shaped by society. approach to personality but o Follows epigenetic principles placed more emphasis on both through life stages. social and historical influences. One of Erikson’s chief contributions to his personality theory was his emphasis on the ego rather than id impulses Biography Born: June 15, 1902, in Germany. According to him, the ego is not Family: Raised by his mother and dependent on the id and superego stepfather. Conflicted beliefs about his biological father: The ego is the center of personality o Initially believed it was o It works on its own Theodore Homburger, his mother’s husband. Responsible for a unified sense of self o Later believed he was the result of a liaison between his 2 Three Interrelated Aspects: mother and an aristocratic Dane. (WALANG LEGIT NA TATAY ☹) o Body Ego: (Awareness of Never resolved his paternal mystery. physical self as distinct from others.) It refers to the way of Personal impact of family dynamics: seeing our physical self as different from other people. PAGE 1 ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES o Ego Ideal: (Self-image tied to satisfaction with one's identity.) It represents the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal; it is responsible for our being satisfied or dissatisfied not only with our physical self but with our entire personal identity. o Ego Identity: (Understanding of roles in social contexts.) It is the image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles that we play A2 Basic Points in Development Growth follows the Epigenetic Principle: Stages build on one another but do not replace earlier traits. One component arises out another and has its own time of ascendancy, but it does not entirely replace earlier components Conflict of Opposites: PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 2  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Each stage involves a conflict between syntonic (harmonious) and dystonic (disruptive) balance. elements. o Example: During infancy, the balance of trust Ego Strengths: (syntonic) and mistrust Resolving conflicts at each stage produces a (dystonic) results in basic strength. caution rather than Core Pathology: gullibility or excessive Failure to develop strength leads to a pathology suspicion. for that stage. Basic Strength Psychosocial + Biological Factors: Definition: The ego quality or Development is shaped by conflicts and events (past, present, anticipated). strength that emerges from resolving the conflict between Identity Crisis: syntonic and dystonic elements Turning points: Increased vulnerability and in each stage. potential for growth. Purpose: Provides the individual with the resilience to face future Same as: challenges. o Example: HOPE emerges Epigenetic Principle from the balance of trust Definition: Development and mistrust, enabling unfolds in a predetermined infants to approach future sequence where one stage arises stages with confidence. out of another and has its own period of importance. Earlier Core Pathology stages are not replaced but Definition: Results from continue to influence later insufficient basic strength or an development. overwhelming dystonic experience in a stage. Syntonic/Dystonic o Example: A lack of hope Definition: These are opposing leads to WITHDRAWAL, forces in each stage of where the individual psychosocial development. avoids relationships and o Syntonic: The harmonious trusts no one. and adaptive force (e.g., trust). Psychosexual Mode o Dystonic: The disruptive Definition: Erikson integrated and maladaptive force Freud’s biological focus on (e.g., mistrust). psychosexual stages with his Importance: Both forces must own emphasis on societal and be experienced to maintain PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 3  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES environmental influences in personality development. Strength: Hope Pathology: Withdrawal Multiplicity of Conflicts Significance: Definition: Personality is shaped o Trust builds through by the interaction of the past, consistent caregiving and present, and future. Earlier meeting needs (e.g., feeding, stages influence but do not comfort). rigidly determine later o Mistrust develops when needs development. are unmet. o Balance: ▪ Too much trust: Identity Crisis Gullibility. Definition: A crucial period of ▪ Too little trust: heightened vulnerability and Frustration, anger, potential for growth, particularly depression. during adolescence. Hope: Emerges from the conflict o Nature: It is not catastrophic between trust and mistrust, teaching but serves as an opportunity infants to expect satisfactory outcomes. for adaptive or maladaptive resolution. B Psychosocial Stages of Development 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood, 1–3 years) Strength: Will 1 Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0–1 year) PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 4  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Pathology: Compulsion Strength: Competence Pathology: Inertia Significance: Significance: o Children assert independence but may experience shame or doubt from overcritical parents. o Balance: Development of early willpower and self-expression. o Expanding social world (peers, teachers). o Competence: Confidence in 3 Initiative vs. Guilt (Play Age, 3–5 physical and cognitive abilities years) to solve problems. Strength: Purpose Pathology: Inhibition Significance: o Development of morality and reasons behind actions. o Purpose: Helps children see value in their efforts, like playing games with intent. 4 Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6– 12 years) PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 5  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) Strength: Fidelity Pathology: Role repudiation Significance: o Climactic stage: Developing a firm sense of ego identity. o Fidelity: Faith in one's ideology and future vision. 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 19–30s) 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood, 31–60s) Strength: Care Pathology: Rejectivity Strength: Love Pathology: Exclusivity Significance: o Ability to share mutual trust and commitment while maintaining individuality. o Love: Includes passion, compromise, and friendship, while allowing individual identity. Significance: PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 6  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES o Generativity involves guiding the next generation through procreation, creativity, and meaningful work. o Care: A natural desire to nurture and contribute, based on earlier strengths. W2: Abraham Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory TOPIC OVERVIEW A. Overview of Holistic Dynamic Theory B. Biography 8 Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age, 60s C. View of Motivation and beyond) D. Hierarchy of Needs Strength: Wisdom Pathology: Disdain A Abraham Maslow Significance: o Reflection on life. Integrity brings wholeness and coherence despite physical OVERVIEW decline. It assumes that the whole person o Wisdom: Draws on past is constantly being motivated by experiences, contributing to one need or another and that generational knowledge. people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, self-actualization. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 7  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES single part or Biography function. Born in Manhattan, New York, on April 1, 1908. Motivation is Behavior stems from Maslow was the oldest of seven Complex: multiple motives. children born to Samuel Maslow and Rose Schilosky Maslow. Continual Motivation: When one need is satisfied, it is Notable Experiences replaced by Maslow’s childhood life was filled with another. intense feelings of shyness, inferiority, and depression. Universal Basic Fundamental needs, He was not especially close to either Needs: such as food and parent. safety, are common Despite being intellectually gifted, across all cultures. Maslow lacked self-confidence. He initially applied to Cornell University but Hierarchy of Needs: Needs are arranged chose to study law at the less prestigious in a hierarchy, City College of New York, which he later progressing from quit to shift to philosophy. basic to higher levels. After three semesters, he transferred to Cornell University, partly to be closer to his cousin Will but also to distance A.2 Hierarchy of Needs himself from his cousin Bertha Goodman ❤️ ❤️ , with whom he was falling in love. After one semester at Cornell, Maslow returned to City College of New York to be nearer to Bertha. Abe and Bertha married at the ages of 20 and 19. Before marriage, Maslow enrolled at the University of Wisconsin, earning a BA in philosophy. His interest in John B. Watson’s behaviorism led him to pursue a PhD in psychology. 🏌️‍♀️.1 Maslow’s View of Motivation Maslow’s View of Motivation Holistic Approach to The whole person is Motivation: motivated, not just a PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 8  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES freedom from threats such as war, illness, fear, anxiety, and chaos. Safety needs differ from physiological needs in that they cannot be overly satiated. 3 Love and Belongingness Needs Includes desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation. Involves aspects of sex, human contact, and the need to give and receive love. People who lack love and belongingness may devalue love or strongly 4 Esteem Needs Includes self-respect, confidence, 1 Physiological Needs competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high The most basic needs, including food, esteem. water, oxygen, maintenance of body Two levels of esteem needs: temperature, and so on. o Reputation: Perception of prestige or recognition. Physiological needs differ in two aspects: o Self-Esteem: A person’s o They can be completely feelings of worth and satisfied or overly satisfied. confidence. o They are recurring in nature. 5 Self-Actualization Needs Includes self-fulfillment, realization of one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense. 2 Safety Needs Self-actualizers maintain their Includes physical security, stability, feelings of self-esteem even when dependency, protection, and rejected or dismissed by others. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 9  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Physiological Needs: Leads to malnutrition, fatigue, and loss of A3 Other Categories of energy. Needs Safety Needs: Results in fear, Key Concepts: insecurity, and dread. 1 Aesthetic Needs: Love and Belongingness Needs: The need for beauty and aesthetically Causes defensiveness, aggression, pleasing experiences. or social timidity. (PANGET NA BAHAY+PANGET NA LIFESTYLE+ PANGET NA MUKHA = PANGET NA BUHAY)CHOZZ Esteem Needs: Leads to self-doubt, self-depreciation, and lack of 2 Cognitive Needs: confidence. The desire to know, solve mysteries, understand, and be curious. (NOT INQUISITIVE=OLALUTS LANG) Self-Actualization Needs: Results in metapathology, lack of 3 Neurotic Needs: fulfillment, and loss of meaning in life. Reactive and nonproductive needs that compensate for unsatisfied basic needs. They lead to pathology whether or not they are satisfied. ☆ Criteria of Self-Actualizing People (KAY KAREN HORNEY, LIKDE AFFECTION FOR APPROVAL,POWER AND EXPLOITING Free from psychopathology OTHER) Progressed through the hierarchy of needs DESTRUCTIVE SA MGA MAAPEKTUHAN Full use of talents, capacities, and potentialities A4 Deprivation of Needs Embracing “B-values” such as truth, beauty, justice, simplicity, and playfulness PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 10  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES B Characteristics of Self- Actualizing People Efficient Perception of Reality: Detect insincerity and differentiate between genuine and fake. Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature: Lack defensiveness and self- defeating guilt. Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness: Unpretentious and expressive. Problem-Centering: Concerned with problems outside themselves. Need for Privacy: Comfortable being alone without feeling lonely. Autonomy: Depend on themselves for growth and inner peace. Continued Freshness of Appreciation: Grateful for their possessions. Peak Experience: Unified view of the universe and loss of fear or anxiety. Social Interest: Caring attitude toward others. Profound Interpersonal Relations: Deep, intense relationships with a few people. Democratic Character Structure: Open-minded and friendly with all. Discrimination Between Means and Ends: Clear sense of right and wrong. Philosophical Sense of Humor: Intrinsic and spontaneous humor. Creativeness: Keen perception of truth, beauty, and reality. Resistance to Enculturation: Transcends cultural norms and follows personal standards. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 11  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES W3: Carl Rogers: Person-Centered Theory A Carl Rogers Key Contributions: Biography Birth: January 8, 1902, in Oak Park, Illinois. Founder of Client-Centered Family: Fourth of six children; closer Therapy, also known as Person- to his mother than his father, who Centered Therapy. worked as a civil engineer. Developed a humanistic theory of Childhood: Grew up in a strict and personality, emphasizing personal controlling household with limited growth and self-fulfillment. social interactions but learned the Focused more on helping value of hard work. individuals grow rather than Personality Traits: Shy, sensitive, understanding the reasons behind and socially unskilled in his youth. their behaviors. Education and Early Career: Initially majored in agriculture at the University of Wisconsin but shifted his focus to religion. Attended Union Theological Seminary in New York in 1924 but transitioned to psychology after taking courses at Columbia University. Earned his degree in clinical and educational psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University, in 1926. 🤔 Basic Assumptions of Rogers' Theory TOPIC OVERVIEW A. Biography 1 Formative Tendency: B. Basic Assumptions C. Self and Awareness All matter evolves from simpler to D. Barriers to Psychological Health E. Persons of Tomorrow more complex forms. Example: Human consciousness develops from primitive awareness to organized understanding. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 12  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Organismic Self: 1 Formative Tendency: Represents the true self, including aspects beyond awareness. All matter evolves from simpler to Experiences inconsistent with the more complex forms. self-concept may be disowned. Example: Human consciousness Self-Concept: develops from primitive awareness to organized understanding. Includes all experiences and perceptions of oneself, though not 2 Actualizing Tendency: always accurate. The innate drive to achieve Ideal Self: potential and fulfill capabilities. The person one aspires to be, typically encompassing positive o Includes: attributes. ▪ Maintenance: Incongruence occurs when there Preserving the current is a significant gap between the self-concept and self-concept and the ideal self, resisting change. leading to an unhealthy ▪ Enhancement: Growth, personality. curiosity, and self- discovery. A1 The Self and Its Concepts A2 Positive Regard PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 13  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES 1. Positive Regard: o The need to feel loved, valued, Key Conditions for or accepted, starting with Psychological Growth caregivers. 2. Positive Self-Regard: Rogers identified three necessary and o Arises from positive regard sufficient conditions for fostering self- and becomes independent of actualization: others’ approval. 1. Congruence: Authenticity and alignment between the therapist's A3 Barriers to Psychological internal and external experiences. Health: 2. Unconditional Positive Regard: Acceptance and love without Conditions of Worth: Acceptance conditions. from others is conditional on 3. Empathy: Deep understanding of meeting their expectations. another’s emotions and perspective. o External validation dictates self-esteem. Incongruence: Failing to align organismic experiences with self- B Persons of Tomorrow concept. Rogers envisioned fully functioning o A mismatch between individuals as persons of tomorrow, experiences and self- possessing the following traits: concept. Traits of Persons of Tomorrow Defensiveness: Protecting the self- Adaptability Open to change and concept by distorting or denying not limited by static threatening experiences. environments. Openness to Freely receiving o. Distortion or denial of Experience internal and threatening experiences. external stimuli. Disorganization: A breakdown when Trust in Themselves Relying on inner defenses fail, leading to chaotic experiences for behavior. guidance rather than societal norms. Living Fully in the Appreciating each Moment moment with PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 14  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES freshness and novelty. Harmonious Not needing universal Relationships approval due to unconditional self- acceptance. Integration Bridging gaps between the real self and the ideal self. Basic Trust of Acting with care and Human Nature responsibility toward others. Richness in Life Feeling deeply and living fully in the present moment. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 15  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES f. Soren Kierkegaard’s existentialist ideas W4: Rollo May: Existential were pivotal to his theoretical framework. Psychology g. May was critical of theories that dehumanized or overly simplified personality. TOPIC OVERVIEW F. Existential Psychology 👁 Case Of Philip G. Basic Concepts in Existentialism H. Anxiety I. Guilt Rollo May illustrated his notion of J. Intentionality existentialism through the case of Philip, a K. Care, Love, & Will successful architect in his mid-50s. L. Freedom and Destiny Despite his success, Philip experienced severe anxiety due to A Rollo May challenges in his relationship with Nicole, a writer in her mid-40s. He was uncertain of his future and suffered from low self-esteem, OVERVIEW prompting him to seek therapy with Rollo May. It assumes that the whole person Therapy Insights: is constantly being motivated by o Philip discovered his one need or another and that difficulties with women people have the potential to grow stemmed from early toward psychological health, that experiences with: is, self-actualization. ▪ An unpredictable mother. Biography ▪ An older sister with severe mental disorders. a. May did not come from a family that Key to Recovery: Philip’s progress prioritized education. began when he accepted that his b. His father worked as a secretary for the need to "take care" of Young Men’s Christian Association, his unpredictable Nicole was a mother was neurotic, and his sister reflection of his personal history suffered from psychosis. with unstable women. c. Like Erikson, May underwent a soul- searching period lasting three years. d. His personal growth was influenced by 😇 What is Existentialism? Adler’s seminars, which helped him better understand himself. e. He survived a life-threatening bout of tuberculosis, an experience that profoundly shaped his philosophy. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 16  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES “Life has no meaning at all, it is up to you to 1 Humanism and Existentialism give meaning, and value is nothing but the meaning you choose.” – Sartre Humanism: People are basically good, (You know?? Pepito Manaloto song ”Nasa focusing on fulfillment and purpose. palad mo ang pagbabago ng takbo) Existentialism: People are neither 4. Existentialists hold that ultimately each inherently good nor bad; existence is of us is responsible for who we are and defined by individual choice what we become. - You have yourself to blame. It is our choice; everything is a choice. We can choose to become what we can be or 2 Background we can choose to avoid commitment and choice, but ultimately, it is our choice. Two main existentialist schools: “Man is nothing else but what he makes of Theistic (Kierkegaard) Relates himself. Such is the first principle of existence to God and Atheistic existentialism.” – Sartre (1957) (Nietzsche) Defines existence without reliance on God. 5.Existentialists are basically antitheoretical. – generally opposed to theories, as they further dehumanize people and render them as objects. When experiences are molded into Both emphasize free will and some preexisting theoretical model, they personal responsibility. lose their authenticity and become (BF SKINNER AND ALL THOSE BEHAVIORIST AY BAKA SUNTUKIN NI ROLLO MAY KASI, DI 3 What is Existentialism? NGA LANG DAW DAPAT NATIN TIGNAN ANG CONCLUSION BASE SA MGA BEHAVIOR NA NAKITA NATIN) 1. “Existence precedes essence.” – we create our own life 2. Existentialism opposes the split between subject and object. A2 Basic Concepts in - people are both subjective and objective and Existentialism must search for truth by living active and authentic lives. A3 Being-in-the-World (Dasein) 3. People search for some meaning to their lives. - we are thrown into the world; therefore, we seek for a meaning fo existing. People live in a world best understood from their own perspective. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 17  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES A basic unity exists between people and their environment, expressed by the term Dasein ("being-in-the- world"). Reflects two central questions: o “Who am I?” (referring to “being”). o “Why am I here?” (referring to “there”). Three Simultaneous Modes of Dasein: 1. Umwelt: Biological environment. 2. Mitwelt: Social world with A4 Nonbeing others. 3. Eigenwelt: One's relationship with oneself. If people are aware of themselves as living beings, they can also become aware of nonbeing or nothingness. Death is the most obvious form of nonbeing and can also be experienced as a retreat from life’s experiences. "To grasp what it means to exist, one must grasp that they might not exist." Fear of Death/Nonbeing: Often leads to defensive living, limiting life’s richness. o “We are afraid of nonbeing and so we shrivel up our being” – May (1991). Healthier Response: Confront death's inevitability to live authentically. A3 Anxiety Definition “The subjective state of becoming aware that one’s existence can be destroyed”. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 18  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Anxiety arises from a threat to Eigenwelt Guilt: Fear of fulfilling important values. potential (Jonah Complex). Types of Anxiety: Neurotic Guilt: Causes dysfunction (e.g., depression, indecision). 1 Normal Anxiety: Proportionate to the threat. A6 Intentionality Does not involve repression and encourages growth. "Structure that gives meaning to "All growth consists of the experience and allows decisions anxiety-creating surrender of past about the future" (May, 1969). values" – May (1967). Links subjective experience (thoughts, feelings) with the 2 Neurotic Anxiety: objective world (actions, events). Example: Interpreting a painting evokes subjective emotions that are Disproportionate reaction leading meaningfully tied to the artwork. to repression and defensive behaviors. Blocks growth and stifles A7 Care, Love, and Will productivity. Example: Rigid belief systems providing security but stifling new growth. 1 Care: Innate concern and responsibility for oneself and others. A5 Guilt Anxiety from care pushes individuals to confront life's challenges. Guilt arises when people deny their potential, neglect others’ needs, or 2 Love: disconnect from nature. Umwelt Guilt: Alienation from nature. Essential for transcending isolation and Mitwelt Guilt: Failure to perceive building connections. others' subjective worlds. Forms of Love: PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 19  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES 2. Essential Freedom: Inner Sex: Often trivialized in modern acceptance of mortality and culture. existential realities. Eros: Longing for union, promoting growth in relationships. (Gaya sa libro ni Viktor Frankl, sa Philia: Intimate, nonsexual mga nakakulong. Mas incline daw friendship. ang mga tao sa loob sa kanilang Agape: Altruistic and unconditional ESSENTIAL FREEDOM, dahil limited love. ang existential freedom kaya mas nakakapagrelect tayo sa inner sense natin) 3 Will Destiny Defined as “the design of the Capacity for intentional choices and universe speaking through the pursuing goals design of each one of us”. Includes environmental constraints A8 Freedom and Destiny and personal qualities like genetics and mortality. (if you challenge your destiny you’ll be Freedom great in everything or others. Alamin "Man is condemned to be free." mo kung san ka magaling THAT’S UR Freedom emerges from DESTINY) pero di ikaw ang understanding destiny and pinakamagaling pero goods lang yun mortality. lab ka nila Forms of Freedom: A9 "The Power of Myth" 1. Existential Freedom: Choices like changing jobs or voicing opinions. Explores the significance of myth in human existence, emphasizing its (GAYA NG PAGBOTO; KASO SI BBM role in shaping our understanding of BINOTO, MEANS THEIR FREEDOM the world and ourselves. IS NOT EXERCISE RIGHT) PERO STILL CHOICE NILA YUN and nakagawa sila ng desisyon at Lacking myths to believe in, they pagbabago. Ngiiii? Totoo bang have turned to religious cults, drug changes kemss. addiction, and popular culture in a vain effort to find meaning in their lives. Myths are not falsehoods; rather, PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 20  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES they are conscious and unconscious belief systems that provide explanations for personal and social problems. Oedipus Rex - this story resonates with the crisis humans are facing throughout their life. These crises include (1) birth, (2) separation or exile from parents and home, (3) sexual union with one parent and hostility toward the other, (4) the assertion of independence and the search for identity, and (5) death. The Oedipus myth has meaning for people because it deals with each of these five crises. A10 Psychopathology Chief disorders: Apathy and emptiness, arising from alienation: From nature (Umwelt). From others (Mitwelt). From oneself (Eigenwelt). PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 21  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES W5: Eysenck, McCrae, and Costa’s Trait and Factor Theories A The Pioneering Work of Raymond Cattell TOPIC OVERVIEW FOCUSING ON MCRAE AND COSTA The five-factor theory (often called the Big Five) includes neuroticism and extraversion; but it adds openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. These terms differ slightly from research team to research team, but the underlying traits are quite similar. Quick Tip to Remember the Five-Factor Traits To easily recall the five-factor traits, just remember the acronym OCEAN: O – Openness OVERVIEW C – Conscientiousness E – Extraversion Goal: Predict how a person will A – Agreeableness behave in response to a stimulus. N – Neuroticism Key Focus: Key Characteristics of the Five-Factor Did not aim to modify behavior Traits but rather understand it. Studied normal individuals, not The five-factor traits are bipolar in clinical cases. nature. Believed it is unwise to change For example, in Cattell’s theory a personality without fully (16pf), global traits are similar to understanding it. the five-factor trait theory. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 22  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES A. The Pioneering Work of o Unique traits (peculiar to Raymond Cattell individuals) Differentiated between: “Cattell played an important role in o Source qualities McCrae and Costa’s study of their five- o Surface traits factor theory. Though Cattell had an Categorized personality traits as: indirect influence on them, they shared o Temperament traits ideas, techniques, and differences.” (behavior style) o Motivation traits (why His contributions: behaviors occur) o Ability traits (capabilities 1. Data gathering by using inductive in achieving tasks) methods 2. Utilization of different media of observation to study personality traits. 3. Grouping traits into Cattell’s Methods of Measuring classifications. Personality 4. Cattell’s multifaceted approach that led to the 16 PF Scale. 1. Life Records (L-data): o Ratings of behaviors in real- life settings (e.g., classroom, office). o Examples: Approach: ▪ Work attendance ▪ School grades Used three media of observation for ▪ Emotional stability in comprehensive analysis: sports o L data: Life record ▪ Sociability at work o Q data: Self-reports 2. Questionnaires (Q-data): o T data: Objective tests o Self-ratings by subjects. Applied an inductive method to o Limitations: acquire data, avoiding prior biases ▪ May reflect superficial about qualities or categories self-awareness. ▪ Participants might falsify responses deliberately. Key Contributions: 3. Personality Tests (T-data): o Objective tests where Classified traits into: subjects do not know what is o Common traits (shared being measured. by many) o Example: Inkblot tests reveal traits like conservativeness or PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 23  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES adventurousness without Reflect emotional tone or o explicit cues. behavioral style (e.g., assertiveness or irritability). 5. Dynamic Traits: o Driving forces of behavior, Cattell’s Contribution to Trait including motivation, Identification interests, and ambitions. Allport's Work: Identified 4,000 traits but lacked clarity due to redundancy and similarity. Ergs and Sentiments Cattell’s Refinement: Reduced to 171 traits and later to 16 key personality 1. Ergs: factors using: oInnate energy sources or o Factor Analysis: instinctual drives. ▪ Finds correlations o Direct behavior toward between traits to specific goals (e.g., hunger, identify common sex, curiosity). factors. 2. Sentiments (SEMS): ▪ R technique: Analyzes o Learned attitudes shaped by data from groups. social and physical ▪ P technique: Analyzes influences. data from a single o Focus on important life subject over time. aspects (e.g., spouse, occupation, hobby). o Difference Between Ergs and Sentiments: Traits (Defined by Factor Analysis) ▪ Ergs: Permanent and constitutional. Traits: Relatively permanent parts of ▪ Sentiments: Learned personality. and can disappear over time. 1. Common Traits: o Traits shared by everyone (e.g., intelligence, extraversion, and gregariousness). Surface Traits vs. Source Traits 2. Unique Traits: o Traits unique to individuals 1. Surface Traits: (e.g., specific interests like o Personality characteristics that genealogy or hobbies). correlate but do not derive 3. Ability Traits: from a single source. o Determine efficiency in goal o Example: Neuroticism results attainment (e.g., intelligence). from anxiety, indecision, and 4. Temperament Traits: irrational fear. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 24  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES oLess stable and less permanent. 2. Source Traits: o Unitary, stable, and permanent factors underlying surface traits. o Derived from: ▪ Constitutional Traits: Stem from biological conditions (e.g., alcohol leading to carelessness). ▪ Environmental-Mold Traits: Shaped by social/physical environments (e.g., 🕵️‍♂️ BASICS OF FACTOR ANALYSIS upbringing in different socioeconomic conditions). Basics of Factor Analysis Purpose: To identify underlying 16 Source Traits factors from observed variables Cattell identified 16 basic personality factors, presented in bipolar form, which are used in the Sixteen Process: Personality Factor (16 PF) o Relates variables using Questionnaire. correlation coefficients Key Features: o Results in traits classified as: o Traits are expressed in ▪ Unipolar traits (scale everyday terms, making them from 0 to high values, relatable. e.g., height, weight) o Individuals can score high, ▪ Bipolar traits (range low, or in between on these between opposing factors. poles, e.g., introversion vs. extraversion) 2 Eysenck’s Factor Theory PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 25  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Eysenck’s Factor Theory Hierarchy of Personality Eysenck’s Factor Theory Organization Overview Eysenck’s personality structure can be Hans Eysenck’s personality theory organized into a hierarchy: integrates psychometric and biological perspectives. His model 1. Specific Behaviors: Individual identifies three primary dimensions acts or cognitions. of personality: Psychoticism (P), 2. Habitual Acts/Cognitions: Extraversion (E), and Neuroticism Patterns of repeated behavior. (N). These dimensions are considered 3. Traits: Important semi- biological in origin, supported by permanent dispositions that evidence from genetics and brain characterize personality. structures. 4. Superfactors: Broader personality dimensions or types created by combining traits (e.g., "introverted type"). Criteria for Identifying Personality Factors Example: Being consistently organized (habit) might be linked to 1. Psychometric Evidence: punctuality, neatness, and rigidity, Personality factors must be forming a "conscientious reliable, replicable, and valid superfactor." through research. 2. Biological Basis: Personality has a strong biological foundation as the main determinant of individual differences. 3. Deductive Method: Eysenck used reasoning from general observations to form specific hypotheses. 4. Social Relevance: Personality traits should correlate with observable social behaviors, such as predispositions toward certain habits or actions. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 26  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES High P scorers combined with stress and smoking increase risk Dimensions of Personality (PEN) 2 McCrae and Costa 1. Extraversion-Introversion: o Extraverts: Friendly, impulsive, lively, optimistic o Introverts: Quiet, passive, FIVE FACTOR THEORY BY ROBERT introspective, controlled R. MCCRAE & PAUL T. COSTA, JR. o Biological Basis: Differences in cortical arousal 2. Neuroticism-Emotional Stability: The Big Five: Taxonomy or Theory? o High neuroticism: Stressed, anxious, emotional McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor instability Model (FFM) began as an attempt o Low neuroticism: to identify basic personality traits Emotionally stable, calm as revealed by factor analysis. under stress This work soon evolved into a 3. Psychoticism: taxonomy and the Five-Factor o High P scorers: Egocentric, Model. impulsive, antisocial After much additional work, this o Low P scorers: Cooperative, model became a theory, one that empathic, well-socialized can both predict and explain behavior. Biological Bases of Personality Eysenck estimated heritability accounts for ~75% of variance in personality traits (P, E, N) In Search of the Big Five Environmental influences account for ~25% In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Costa and McCrae used factor analytic techniques to examine personality stability and structure. Personality and Disease Initially focused on two main dimensions: neuroticism and Link between neuroticism, extraversion. emotional reactivity, and diseases Discovered a third factor, (e.g., lung cancer, heart disease) openness to experience. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 27  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES Lewis Goldberg first used the term “Big Five” in 1981 to describe consistent findings from factor analysis of personality traits. Costa and McCrae continued focusing on these three dimensions, eventually leading to their work on five-factor personality analysis. Five Factors Found By 1985, Costa and McCrae developed the NEO-PI (NEO Personality Inventory), marking a formal introduction of their five- factor model. The original NEO-PI measured neuroticism, extraversion, and openness (N, E, O). The later revised NEO-PI (1992) added agreeableness and conscientiousness as fully- developed dimensions. 1. Neuroticism (N): o High N: Anxious, Description of the Five Factors temperamental, self-pitying, emotional, vulnerable to McCrae and Costa agree with Eysenck’s stress. conceptualization that personality traits o Low N: Calm, follow a bipolar and bell-shaped eventempered, self- distribution. satisfied, unemotional. 2. Extraversion (E): o High E: Affectionate, jovial, talkative, fun-loving. o Low E: Reserved, quiet, loners, passive. 3. Openness to Experience (O): PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 28  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES o High O: Creative, imaginative, curious, liberal, variety-seeking. o Low O: Conventional, conservative, lacking curiosity. 4. Agreeableness (A): o High A: Trusting, generous, good-natured, yielding. o Low A: Suspicious, unfriendly, critical, stingy. 5. Conscientiousness (C): o High C: Ordered, organized, disciplined, ambitious, achievement-focused. o Low C: Disorganized, negligent, lazy, aimless. These dimensions comprise the Big Five personality traits. Units of the Five-Factor Theory McCrae and Costa proposed that personality can be predicted by analyzing three central and three peripheral components. Core Components: 1. Basic Tendencies: o Personality capacities and dispositions inferred rather than directly observed. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 29  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES o Shaped by biology, early influences on personality experience, and traits. psychological intervention. 2. Objective Biography: 2. Characteristic Adaptations: o A cumulative record of o Personality adjustments behaviors, thoughts, and developed as responses to feelings across a lifespan. environmental demands. 3. External Influences: 3. Self-Concept: o Environmental responses o A significant adaptation shaped by the interaction of that incorporates personal external situations and beliefs, attitudes, and personality. evaluations of self. Postulates For Basic Tendencies: 1. Individuality Postulate: Every adult exhibits unique trait patterns resulting from differences in genotype. 2. Origin Postulate: Personality traits are solely influenced by genetic and biological factors. 3. Development Postulate: Personality traits change in childhood but stabilize by age 30. 4. Structure Postulate: Personality traits are hierarchically organized from narrow traits to general personality dimensions. Peripheral Components: For Characteristic Adaptations: 1. Biological Bases: o Genes, hormones, and brain 1. Environmental Adaptation: structures are the main Personality traits shape how we PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 30  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES learn and adapt to environmental changes. Critique of Trait and 2. Maladjustment: Factor Theories When traits are extreme, they may become maladaptive (e.g., 1. Does it generate research? social shyness, belligerence). o Five-factor model receives 3. Plasticity Postulate: high empirical research While basic tendencies remain support. stable, characteristic adaptations 2. Is it falsifiable? can change over time due to o Moderate to high ratings; maturation or environmental cultural studies suggest factors. differences exist. 3. Organizes knowledge effectively using personality traits. 4. Guidance to practitioners: Mixed Related Research reviews on practical applications. 5. Internal consistency: Supported A. Traits and Academics cross-culturally despite some challenges. Noftle and Richard Robins studied the 6. Parsimony: Excellent, as it relationship between traits and reduces many variables into five academic outcomes. key factors. B. Traits, Internet Use & Well- being Concept of Humanity Dutch youth studies explored how personality traits impact internet usage 1. Humans differ from animals as and well-being. they can self-report attitudes and behaviors. C. Traits and Emotion 2. McCrae and Costa highlighted genetic factors as key Murray McNiel & William Fleeson components of personality. investigated extraversion’s relationship 3. Environment is also important but with positive mood and neuroticism secondary in influencing with negative mood. personality traits. Theory’s emphasis: Individual differences over similarities. PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 31  PSYC104 1ST SEM FINALS –ROBIE ANN A. FROLLES PAGE ROSARIA, SOPHIA MARIE M.–BS PSYCH 2-I 32