Theories of Personality
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Questions and Answers

What are self-actualization needs primarily focused on?

  • Realization of one’s potential (correct)
  • Understanding and curiosity
  • Physical security and stability
  • Social acceptance and belonging

    • Which needs are likely to cause feelings of fear and insecurity?

  • Safety Needs (correct)
  • Self-Actualization Needs
  • Cognitive Needs
  • Love and Belongingness Needs

    • What can result from unmet esteem needs?

  • Creativity and self-fulfillment
  • Excitement and curiosity
  • Malnutrition and fatigue
  • Self-doubt and lack of confidence (correct)

    • Cognitive needs are primarily associated with which of the following?

    <p>Desire to know and understand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to metapathology according to self-actualization needs?

    <p>Lack of self-fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotic needs are characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Reactive and compensatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Body Ego represent in personal identity development?

    <p>The awareness of physical self as distinct from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to aggressive behavior and defensiveness?

    <p>Love and belongingness needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of identity relates to satisfaction with one's self-image?

    <p>Ego Ideal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Epigenetic Principle describe the growth of identity?

    <p>Stages build on one another and retain earlier traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiological needs, when unmet, could lead to which of the following?

    <p>Malnutrition and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ego Identity primarily refer to?

    <p>Understanding of roles in different social contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the conflict in each developmental stage according to the content?

    <p>Conflict between harmonious and disruptive elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In identity development, resolving a paternal mystery contributes to which aspect?

    <p>Ego Ideal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of conflicting elements at each development stage?

    <p>Dynamics that contribute to identity maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What identifies the harmony versus disruption aspect in identity development?

    <p>The conflict between syntonic and dystonic elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does unconditional positive regard entail?

    <p>Acceptance and love without conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the concept of incongruence?

    <p>Mismatch between experiences and self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is NOT associated with persons of tomorrow?

    <p>Defensiveness in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals demonstrate integration in their lives?

    <p>By bridging gaps between their real self and ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by defensiveness in the context of self-concept?

    <p>Protecting the self by denying reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of harmonious relationships?

    <p>Unconditional self-acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does NOT reflect empathy?

    <p>Imposing one's feelings onto others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'living fully in the moment' emphasize for persons of tomorrow?

    <p>Appreciating freshness and novelty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'existence precedes essence' signify in existentialism?

    <p>Individuals create their own essence through choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which central question is reflected in the concept of Dasein?

    <p>Who am I and why am I here?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do existentialists perceive theories in relation to human experience?

    <p>They consider theories dehumanizing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Mitwelt' refer to in the context of Dasein?

    <p>The social world with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actualizing tendency primarily driven by?

    <p>The innate drive to achieve potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does incongruence refer to in the context of self-concept?

    <p>A significant gap between self-concept and ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In existentialism, what is the significance of searching for meaning in life?

    <p>It is a fundamental aspect of human experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes positive regard?

    <p>The need to feel loved and accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of Dasein refers to the personal relationship one has with oneself?

    <p>Eigenwelt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common criticism of existentialism from a theoretical perspective?

    <p>It provides no theoretical framework for existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal self typically associated with?

    <p>A person one aspires to be, often embodying positive attributes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does free will play in existentialist thought?

    <p>It is essential for personal responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT one of Rogers' key conditions for psychological growth?

    <p>Acceptance of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does positive self-regard develop according to the provided information?

    <p>From positive regard and independence from others’ approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of maintaining an unhealthy personality according to the concept of self-concept?

    <p>Incongruence between self-concept and ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emotion that stems from awareness of nonbeing?

    <p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of self-concept includes all experiences and perceptions of oneself?

    <p>Self-Concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological response can lead to a limitation in life's richness?

    <p>Defensive living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anxiety is described as being proportionate to the threat faced?

    <p>Normal Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is intentionality characterized in the context of anxiety?

    <p>By encouraging growth and awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the result of neurotic guilt?

    <p>Emotionally dysfunctional behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What healthier response is suggested when confronting death?

    <p>Living authentically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'to grasp what it means to exist' imply?

    <p>Acknowledging the possibility of nonexistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Eigenwelt guilt primarily relate to?

    <p>Fear of fulfilling one's potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theories of Personality

    • This document details different theories of personality, including Erik Erikson's, Abraham Maslow's, Carl Rogers', and Rollo May's.
    • Various perspectives on personality development and the driving forces behind behavior are explored.

    Erik Erikson's Post-Freudian Theory

    • Built upon Freudian theory, focusing on social and historical influences, and life-cycle approach to personality.
    • Views the ego as a positive force, crucial for self-identity and adaptation to life’s challenges within social structures.
    • Key concepts include Ego Development, Three Interrelated Aspects, and Conflicts of Opposites.

    Abraham Maslow's Holistic-Dynamic Theory

    • Assumes the whole person is motivated by various needs, continually striving for self-actualization, considered a state of psychological health and growth.
    • The theory describes a hierarchical structure of needs: physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization.
    • Individuals must first satisfy lower-level needs before progressing to higher ones.

    Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Theory

    • Emphasizes human potential and self-actualization.
    • Key concepts include positive regard (need for love and acceptance), positive self-regard (independent of others), and congruence (internal experience matches expressed behavior).
    • Key conditions for growth are congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy.
    • Focuses on fostering personal growth and self-fulfillment.

    Rollo May's Existential Psychology

    • Emphasizes freedom, responsibility, and the search for meaning in life, emphasizing individual choice and the inherent human condition of confronting anxiety, guilt and existential questions.
    • Key concepts include Intentionality, Care, Love, Will, Freedom, and Destiny.
    • Views personality as a continuous process of developing and taking responsibility for the choices that shape one's existence.

    Trait and Factor Theories

    • Focus on identifying and measuring underlying personality traits (e.g., the Big Five [OCEAN], Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness).
    • Cattell's work and his 16 personality factors are highlighted.
    • Eysenck's three primary traits (neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism).
    • McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model (FFM) is described in further detail, including its key components, criteria to identify personality factors, and specific characteristics or aspects associated with the "Big Five" personality traits.

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    Related Documents

    Erik Erikson's Post-Freudian Theory Outline PDF

    Description

    Explore various theories of personality, including the works of Erik Erikson, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. This quiz delves into personality development, life-cycle approaches, and the motivations behind behavior. Test your knowledge on key concepts and the evolution of these influential theories.

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