Pastorino Psychology 5e Ch 11 PDF

What Is Psychology? Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 5e...

What Is Psychology? Foundations, Applications, and Integration, 5e Chapter 11: Personality Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to 1 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  How do we develop our personalities, and how stable or changeable are they? Question: Do you think you inherit your personality, or is it formed through experiences? Is personality stable over time or can it change? Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Chapter Objectives (1 of 3) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 11.01 Discuss Freud’s perspective on personality, describing how his levels of awareness, psychosexual stages, and personality structures interact to generate behavior. 11.02 Discuss Neo-Freudian perspectives on personality, indicating their differences from and similarities to Freud’s theory. 11.03 Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the psychoanalytic approach in explaining personality. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  Chapter Objectives (2 of 3) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 11.04 Define traits, and apply the various trait approaches to understanding personality (Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, and the five factor theory). 11.05 Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the trait approach in explaining personality. 11.06 Describe social cognitive approaches to personality, such as Bandura’s reciprocal determinism and Rotter’s locus of control. 11.07 Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the social cognitive approach in explaining personality. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  Chapter Objectives (3 of 3) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 11.08 Define self-actualization, and describe how the humanistic views of Maslow and Rogers propose that it can be achieved. 11.09 Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the humanistic approach in explaining personality. 11.10 Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of using personality inventories, projective tests, and rating scales to measure personality. 11.11 Describe the purpose of direct observation and the clinical interview in assessing personality. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  Section 11.1 The Psychoanalytic Approach: Sigmund Freud and the Neo-Freudians Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  Freud’s Level of Awareness Freud saw personality as the product of unconscious conflict. Personality operates at three levels of awareness, each one influencing behaviour. Freud’s three levels of human awareness: 1. The conscious are thoughts, impulses, and urges we are aware of. The things you could be aware of at any moment are infinite, Freud believed that it is necessary to have a holding place for easily accessible thoughts or impulses of which you can become aware. 2. The preconscious is a holding place for accessible thoughts, impulses, and memories we can become aware of. 3. The unconscious is inaccessible thoughts, impulses, memories, and behaviors we unaware of – But still influence behavior. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  Freud’s Structure Of Personality Id: Stores unconscious energy force that seeks pleasure and gratification. Freud saw the impulses driving the id as sexual and aggressive - similar to animals, unconsciously and selfishly motivated by sexual and aggressive instincts to promote survival. Pleasure principle: Drives people to maximize pleasure and gratification, and to avoid pain. Ego: Acts according to the reality principle and negotiates between instinctual needs of the id and the demands of society. Reality principle: The desires of the id can only be met by behaving appropriately. Superego: Judges the rightness or wrongness of our actions, using defense mechanisms to handle hostility. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  EXAMPLE ID – Baby’s cry because they are hungry, tired or wet. (Pleasure and gratification seeking) Reality principle - When a baby cries and does not immediately receive food they experience reality. Children learn that their id demands can only be fulfilled when they behave appropriately. EGO – A 4 year old with a functioning ego won’t cry like a baby if they want food. They will ask for something to eat and wait for it to be prepared. SUPEREGO – Say the 4 year old decides to steal a cookie from the kitchen to satisfy their impulse. The superego acts as their moral conscience in this example – distinguishing right from wrong Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development (1 of 2) Oral stage (Birth – 18 Anal stage (18 Phallic stage (3-6 months) months- 3 years) years) The mouth, tongue and lips is Anus and rectum are Learning the importance of the center of erogenous erogenous zones. genitals – child receives pleasure pleasure from self-stimulation. A child learns to quell Babies receive pleasure from their id impulses Boys experience the Oedipus biting, licking, sucking and (production of feces), complex. chewing mostly in the form of toilet training. Girls experience the Electra Fixation can lead to complex. becoming overly reliant or Fixation can lead to demonstrative of oral anal-retentiveness or (Unconscious sexual urges for behaviors. anal-expulsiveness. the other-sex parent) Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development (2 of 2) Latency stage (6 years – puberty) Genital stage (Begins with puberty) Shows a break from these Occurs around puberty. pseudosexual concerns – We theoretically stay in this stage for the rest of our sexual impulses pushed to lives, redirecting sexual impulses to other, the background. appropriate targets. More emphasis on social Heterosexual intimate relations reflect the pursuits (peer relations). unconscious desire to choose a mate in the image of Sexuality reappears at ones other-sex parent puberty in the genital stage. If a child develops unconscious attractions to the same-sex parent during the phallic stage – homosexual intimate relations may arise in adulthood Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Neo-Freudian Theories Explaining Variations in Personality Neo-Freudians agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts were important to understanding personality. Placed less emphasis on the role of instinctual impulses of sex and aggression. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Carl Jung and the Collective Unconscious A student of Freud’s who came to reject his ideas about personality, but maintained the interplay between conscious and unconscious processes. Personal unconscious: Forgotten memories and repressed experiences. Collective unconscious: Images and ideas from the earliest development of the human psyche. Includes archetypes (eg below), or mental representation, symbols, and predispositions to respond in certain ways. Anima and animus: The female and male aspect of each person. Persona and shadow: The character we assume when relating to others (e.g. teacher, martyr, rebel), and the negative qualities we try to hide. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Alfred Adler and the Inferiority Complex Adler also began as a student of Freud’s but disagreed with his emphasis on aggressive and sexual urges as the major driving forces in personality. Claimed personality develops from attempts to compensate for feeling inferior: Moderate inferiority feeling of helplessness lead to constructive achievement and creative growth. Deep inferiority feelings impede positive growth and development and cause an inferiority complex. Birth order important factor in personality - each sibling grows up with a different experience and not necessarily treated the same by parents. Further studies however have not found any reliable relationship between birth order and personality. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  Karen Horney, Basic Anxiety, and Culture Agreed with Freud on significance of early childhood in personality developments but rejected his belief that development arose from instinctual conflict. Basic anxiety (a feeling of helplessness in children) caused by family environment and disturbance in early relationships. Children cope with basic anxiety by pursuing love, power, prestige, or detachment. Argued that culture plays a larger role in personality development than biology and instinct. Personality is influenced by all the events and people in the culture that make a child feel unsafe and unloved, giving rise to basic anxiety. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Discussion Activity 1 In small groups think about what your beliefs are, and share them with group members. a. Is our personality shaped by the five psychosexual stages as Freud suggests, by forgotten memories as Carl Jung suggests, by feelings of inferiority and birth order as Alfred Adler suggests, or by our basic anxiety and feelings of helplessness as Karen Horney suggests? b. Can you provide examples of personality traits in people you know that might support one belief or another? c. Does knowing the roots of our personality help us to change those traits that do not serve us well, and develop new traits? Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Contributions and Criticisms of the Psychoanalytic Approach Freud is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century based on: His notion of the unconscious as influencing behaviour. Importance of early development in later life. His theory on dreams and sleep analysis. Critics say: He overemphasized sex and aggression and underemphasized environment and social conditions that may affect personality His theories are not open to scientific exploration – based on case studies His theories are sexist and promote the notion of male superiority. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Section 11.2 The Trait Approach: Consistency and Stability in Personality Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory Believed that three types of traits help us understand a persons uniqueness: Central traits: − Tendencies we have across most situations − Core qualities and the foundation of our personalities that typify our usual behaviors. Secondary traits: − Describe how we behave in certain situations. − situational, and less consistent and predictable. Cardinal traits: behavior across all situations. Very basic and permanent element of our personalities. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Raymond Cattell’s Factor Analytic Trait Theory Used factor analysis to document relationships among traits. − Traits used to describe people are entered into a program which groups related traits into factors. Found 36 surface traits that could describe personality. Hypothesized that there must be common, underlying source traits account for surface traits. These are basic, broad, and relatively universal and include the core of our personality. Identified 16 source traits, but those did not easily lend themselves to research. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Hans Eysenck Narrows the Traits: the PEN Model Eysenck and Rachman found two factors they believed measured people’s key characteristics: introversion/extraversion (Where a person’s energy is directed) emotional stability/neuroticism (Control over one’s emotions) Psychoticism: Tendencies toward recklessness, disregard for common sense, inconsideration of others, hostility, anger and impulsivity. Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism (PEN) Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Paul Costa and Robert McCrae’s Five Factor Trait Theory Five core dimensions of personality, appearing across all cultures: 1. Openness to new experiences – degree to which one is thoughtful and rational in considering new ideas and experiences. 2. Conscientiousness – degree to which one is aware of and attentive to others and tasks. 3. Extraversion – degree to which one’s energy directed inward or outward. 4. Agreeableness – degree to which one gets along well with others and acts unselfishly. 5. Neuroticism – degree to which one is emotionally stable or unstable. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Genetic Contributions to Personality Personality Trait perspective Behavioral genetics neuroscience Internal disposition to How much genes and Genes influence behave consistently heredity influence neurotransmitter functioning. across situations. personality. Considers relationship between Inherit some aspects Personality learned from a serotonin transporter gene of our personalities. adoptive children and and anxiety. inherited from biological Newborn infants parents. dopamine receptor gene and show differences in novelty seeking. temperament – Twin studies - traits are related to genes. heritible Interaction between biology, environment and personality Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Stability and Change in Personality More detail on page 504 Research supports the stability of SOME personality traits over time. However age, culture and gender are important when considering stability and change in personality. Age: Older people are lower in extraversion and neuroticism; and higher in agreeableness and conscientiousness. Gender: Females higher neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness. Males higher in assertiveness and openness to new ideas. Culture: Personality changes in adulthood gradual and modest. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  The Influence of the Environment on Traits Person-situation interaction: relationship among traits, situations, and behaviors. Situational factors influence the stability and consistency of traits: Many display same traits when faced with similar circumstance. When situations differ, our behavior may change. Thus, traits do not always predict how we will behave across different situations. Personality is both stable and changeable Some traits are more consistent across life span and from culture to culture. Some traits more easily influenced by one’s biology, society, gender, environment, and daily situations. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Knowledge Check Activity 1 Which theorist or theory proposes that there are 36 surface traits and 16 source traits, and was used as a starting point for later theories? a. Allport b. Cattell c. Eysenck d. Five Factor theory Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  Knowledge Check Activity 1: Answer Which theorist or theory proposes that there are 36 surface traits and 16 source traits, and was used as a starting point for later theories? b. Cattell Cattell’s research (1965) originally yielded 36 surface traits that could describe personality. He then hypothesized that there must be common underlying factors that account for the 36 surface traits. Cattell referred to these factors or dimensions as source traits. Cattell then identified 16 source traits. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  Section 11.3 The Social Cognitive Approach: The Environment and Patterns of Thought Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28 Reciprocal Determinism: Albert Bandura’s Interacting Forces Bandura: Personality is the product of three interacting forces: Environment, behavior, and thoughts. − We choose to place ourselves in certain environments which influence our behavior and the way we think. − The way we think may guide which environments we choose to be in as well as the behavior we exhibit. − Our behavior may, in turn, change the environment and the way we think. Reciprocal determinism: Mutual interaction among the three factors. Self-efficacy: A critical cognitive element in this interplay which refferes to one’s expectation of success in a given situation. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Environment Resources Consequences Physical setting Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Julian Rotter’s Locus of Control: Internal and External Expectations Locus of control: how much control we expect to have on an event or outcome. These expectations fall on a continuum from internal too external: Internal locus of control: outcome attributed to factors within our control. External locus of control: outcome attributed to factors outside our control. Expectation of control affects differences in personality. − E.g. You enter an exam room expecting to do well, average or poorly. Some attribute the outcome of an event to internal forces such as hard work, while others attribute the outcome to external forces such as good luck, fate or environmental factors. − Not surprisingly internals tend to have higher academic achievement than internals. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Contributions and Criticisms of the Social Cognitive Approach Emphasizes importance of our own thoughts and perceptions. Expanded understanding of personality. More open to quantifiable research than other models. (Objectively measuring social and cognitive processes is easier than measuring unconscious forces or biological tendencies) Fails to address some contributions to personality: biology, genes, unconscious and emotional factors. Criticized for not specifying the exact nature of personality development. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  Knowledge Check Activity 2 Which of the following does the social cognitive perspective emphasize as an influence on personality? a. Unconscious impulses b. Internal control c. Self-actualization and self-esteem d. The environment and patterns of thoughts Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Knowledge Check Activity 2: Answer Which of the following does the social cognitive perspective emphasize as an influence on personality? d. The environment and patterns of thoughts The social cognitive approach sees personality as influenced by both the environment and one’s thoughts. The social cognitive approach looks at the characteristic ways a person perceives and interprets events in the environment. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34  Section 11.4 The Humanistic Approach: Free Will and Self-Actualization Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  Abraham Maslow and the Hierarchy of Need Theory Humanistic approach emphasizes the individual’s choice and free will in shaping personality. Human is seen as an active participant in their growth as a person. Humans have a built-in drive toward fulfilling their natural potential (attainment of this potential is referred to as self-actualization) Two humanistic theorists have charted somewhat different paths to achieving self –actualization. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Maslow’s pathway to self-actualization forms a hierarchy. Physical or biological needs at the bottom. Psychological and social needs at the top. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36 Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  Carl Rogers and Self Theory Believed that human beings naturally stive for fulfillment and enhancement, a built in motive that he referred to as the actualizing tendency. Actualizing tendency is set at birth, infant recognizes that they are separate from the parent and an independent being. Experience the self as “I” or “me”. Gradually evolves into the self concept. Our perception or image of our abilities and uniqueness. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38  Experiences that maintain or Determines the degree to which we listen to societal enhance the person are norms and standards. valued. Acceptance and love, no strings attached. Those that do not are When acceptance is offered, children come to accept rejected. themselves without distortion. E.g if a parent communicates When conditions of worth are communicated, self- that good grades are valued concepts are distorted. the child will report how well they are doing and describe E.g. A child kicks a dog because it chewed a themselves as a “good cherished toy. A parent can express displeasure and student”. Alternatively they still let the child know that they are loved. However if may hide negative test scores the parent attacks the child’s self the child will believe in fear of being rejected or that feeling angry will lose the parents love and unloved. acceptance Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  Contributions and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach Focused more positive aspects of the individual. Focused less on negativity of earlier models. Criticized for being too naïve and overly optimistic, that all people are good and motivated toward attaining self-actualization. Some concepts are poorly defined and not subject to scientific inquiry. Major source of data is derived from clients self-statements. How reliable and valid are such statements? Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Knowledge Check Activity 3 Which of the following elements does Rogers believe promotes the fulfilment of one’s potential? a. Unconditional positive regard b. Esteem c. Sympathy d. Adaptability Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  Knowledge Check Activity 3: Answer Which of the following elements does Rogers believe promotes the fulfilment of one’s potential? a. Unconditional positive regard For Rogers, it is the degree of unconditional positive regard, or acceptance and love with no strings attached, that we receive from others. Our good points as well as bad points are accepted. People accept us and love us for who we are. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Section 11.5 Scientifically Measuring Personality Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Personality Inventories Personality inventories are objective self-report forms. You are typically asked to indicate how well a statement describes you or to answer true or false to specific statements. − Main problems with self-report measures is the test takers honest or truthfulness. Reliability is degree to which a test yields consistent measurements over time. Validity is degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) designed to identify problem areas in functioning in an individuals personality and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) which measures positive traits Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Projective Tests: Tell Me What You See (1 of 2) Shown an ambiguous image and asked to describe what you see. Thought to reflect underlying unconditional urges and desires. Derived from the psychoanalytic perspective. Subject to interpretation. Identifies themes in a person’s life. Delineates an individual’s problem-solving style. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45 Projective Tests: Tell Me What You See (2 of 2) Rorschach Inkblot test: Interpretation of images are coded according to specific guidelines to decrease subjectivity and enhance validity. Thematic Apperception test (TAT): Subject tells a story about image on the card. The response is then coded for any consistent themes, emotions, or issues. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46  Rating Scales and Direct Observation and Clinical Interviews Rating scale Clinical interviews Format similar to Used by most mental health professionals. checklist. Asks clients questions to identify their Check the statement that difficulty in functioning. best applies to you. Format, time and questions differ from Attempts to minimize clinician to clinician. E.g a clinician that self-distortion when favors the social cognitive approach is others answer on behalf more inclined to as questions about social of another person. situations and thought patterns. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47  Discussion Activity 2 In groups of two or three, discuss your thoughts on personality tests. a. Have you, or do you know someone who has, taken a personality test, such as the Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory, or the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? b. Do you feel the results were accurate? Why or why not? c. How can the subjectiveness of self-report instruments be minimized? Student pairs then share their answers with the class. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48  Section 11.6 Integrating Psychology: The Big Picture Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 49  Four Different Views of Personality This chapter presented four different views of personality: Psychoanalytic, trait approach, social cognitive and humanistic approach. Instead of looking at which is right, many psychologists prefer to consider these viewpoints as complementary. Taken together, these result in a more complex and richer view of personality. Underscore the necessity in understanding and integrating different areas of contemporary psychology. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 50  Self-Assessment Can you identify identify the four different views of personality presented in this chapters? Which aspects of the four views do you find most meaningful to your life today? Can you identify the theorist who were considered to be leaders in the development of these views? Can you describe Sigmund Freud contributions to modern understanding o personality? Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 51  Summary (1 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to: Discuss Freud’s perspective on personality, describing how his levels of awareness, psychosexual stages, and personality structures interact to generate behavior. Discuss Neo-Freudian perspectives on personality, indicating their differences from and similarities to Freud’s theory. Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the psychoanalytic approach in explaining personality. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 52  Summary (2 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to: Define traits, and apply the various trait approaches to understanding personality (Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, and the five factor theory). Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the trait approach in explaining personality. Describe social cognitive approaches to personality, such as Bandura’s reciprocal determinism and Rotter’s locus of control. Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the social cognitive approach in explaining personality. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53  Summary (3 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to: Define self-actualization, and describe how the humanistic views of Maslow and Rogers propose that it can be achieved. Indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the humanistic approach in explaining personality. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of using personality inventories, projective tests, and rating scales to measure personality. Describe the power of direct observation and the clinical interview in assessing personality. Pastorino, What Is Psychology?, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 54