Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime PDF

Chapter 4 PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME Prepared by Prof. Christopher C. Girao, MSCJ  THE THREE (3) MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PERSONALITY TRAITS AND INTELLIGENCE 1. Psychodynamic...

Chapter 4 PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME Prepared by Prof. Christopher C. Girao, MSCJ  THE THREE (3) MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PERSONALITY TRAITS AND INTELLIGENCE 1. Psychodynamic theory 2. Behavioral theory 3. Cognitive theory 4. Personality traits 5. Intelligence 1. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY Originated by SIGMUND FREUD who suggests that an individuals early childhood experiences influence their likelihood committing future crimes. Credit image by Feodora Chiosea / iStock / Getty Images Plus 1. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY/ PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Sigmund Freud the “founder of Psychoanalysis” originated this theory. Imperative to this theory are the three (3) elements that make up human personality. ID – This is known as the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE. EGO – It is thought to develop early In a persons life. SUPEREGO- focus in morality, It develops as a person incorporates the moral standard and values of the community. Mental disorders and crime Mental disorders and crime have always been a controversial topic. Many researchers have tried to establish the relationship between mental disorders and criminal behavior. According to American Psychiatric Association (APA), mental disorders are complex conditions characterized by an individual’s cognitive patterns. Categories of mood disorders Conduct disorders According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). Some behaviors include aggression toward others, cruelty to animals, bullying, intimidation and fear. This children have often difficulty controlling their impulses. Types of mental health disorders BIPOLAR – also known as manic-depressive illness is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. SCHIZOPHRENIA – is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior, strange speech and decreased ability to understand reality. Oppositional Defiant Disorders (ODD) It is a behavioral disorder characterized by consistent pattern of angry nor irritable mood. These behaviors often lead to conflicts at home, school and peer relationship. Symptoms(ODD) A. Frequent temper tantrums; B. Excessive argument wit adults; C. Refusal to comply with adult request; D. Questioning rules Metal illness and crime Research has shown that individuals with mental illness are higher risk of criminal behavior due to lack of treatment, social support and substance abuse (Teplin et al,. 2025). 2. BEHAVIORAL THEORY focuses on how an individuals behavior shaped by their environment and experiences (Johnson, 2018). According to this theory individuals learn behavioral patterns through reinforcement, punishment including positive and negative consequences ( Skinner, 1938). Credit: Getty Images/iStockphoto Also known as behaviorism, is a psychological approach that has evolved from the works of John B. Watson, Burrhus Frederic Skinner and Ivan Pavlov. According to his theory human behavior is shaped by the environment learning experience. The fundamental assumption is that all behaviors are acquired through Classical or Operant conditioning. 3. COGNITIVE THEORY Emphasizes the role of an individual perception, thoughts, and beliefs in shaping behavior and personality, (Beck, 1977) According to this theory criminal behavior is often the result of distorted or irrational thinking patterns. COGNITIVE THEORY Proponents Wilhelm Wundt, William James and Edward Titchener. Cognitive theory also know as cognitive psychology, studied Sub Discipline of cognitive theory 1. Moral development 2. Information processing theory 4. THEORY PERSONALITY Proponent: Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) He identified antisocial personality traits with antisocial behavior. Introversion -the quality of being shy and reticent. "the tongue-tied introversion of the self-conscious artist“. (google.com) Extroversion- The term extroversion describes an aspect of a personality that is often characterized by expressive and outgoing patterns of behavior. (google.com) Big five (5) model of personality/ five (5) factor model of personality (FFM) 1. Neuroticism 2. Extraversion 3. Openness 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness Psychopathic personality People with Psychopathy tend to be manipulative, charming and highly intelligent but also engage in various illegal activities. (Hare, 1993) Nurture theory This theory argues that intelligence is no inherited and that low-IQ parents do not necessarily produce low IQ children. In 1931, Edwin Sutherland evaluated the IQ studies of criminals and delinquents and questioned whether criminals have low IQ. Through his ”Differential Association Theory” he ended the belief that feeblemindedness caused crime. Intelligence and crime Numerous studies have found that individuals with lower levels of intelligence are more likely to engage in criminal behavior. In the study of Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990). Low IQ scores are likelier to commit crimes such as theft , burglary an assault. But those have higher IQ scores are less likely to engage in these behavior. However, some researchers have suggested that this relationship may not imply causality. In other words, low intelligence may not necessarily lead to criminal behavior. It may correlated with other factors such as; poverty and limited educational opportunities. Lynam et al,. 2000 Conversly, some studies have shown that high intelligence may predict specific types of criminal behavior, mainly white-collar crime. Studies by Benson and Moore in 1992 and Geis in 1982  PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CRIMINALITY THEORY CAUSES Psychodynamic/ Psychic Processes, Defenses, Tendencies Psychoanalytic Unconscious conflicts, Anger & Sexuality Behavioral Learning Process, Past experience, Stimulus, Rewards and Punishment Information Processing, Thinking, Planning, Cognitive Memory, Perspective & Ethical Values Personality Processes, Antisocial Personality, Personality traits Sociopath/Psychopath, Temperament & Lack of emotional depth Intellectual Processes, Low IQ, Poor School Intelligence Performance & Bad Decision Making. 5. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY It is proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura in the 1070’s, suggests that learning occurs through social interactions and observation. Primary sources of aggressive behavior 1. Family interaction 2. Environmental experience 3. Mass media Thank you for listening FIRE SAFETY AWARENESS QUIZ 1-15 Enumeration QUESTION NO. 1-5 Enumerate the 5 types of combustion. QUESTION NO. 6-8 Enumerate the elements of fire in fire triangle. QUESTION NO. 9-10 Enumerate the two (2) type of chemical reaction. QUESTION NO. 11-13 Enumerate the three (3) types of fuel. QUESTION NO. 14-15 Give your complete and correct student number. QUESTION NO. 1-5 Enumerate the 5 types of combustion. 1.Complete combustion 2.Incomplete combustion 3.Rapid combustion 4.Spontaneous combustion 5.Explosive combustion QUESTION NO. 6-8 Enumerate the elements of fire in fire triangle. 1.HEAT 2.FUEL 3.OXYGEN QUESTION NO. 9-10 Enumerate the two (2) type of chemical reaction. 1. ENDOTHERMIC REACTION 2. EXOTHERMIC REACTION QUESTION NO. 11-13 Enumerate the three (3) types of fuel. 1.SOLID FUELS 2.LIQUID FUELS 3.GASEOUS QUESTION NO. 14-15 Give your complete and correct student number. Thank you for listening