Intellectual Disability PDF

By : Abdallah Omar Negeb Intellectual Disability Definition Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which affect social and practical skills. It originates before the age of 18. Individuals may learn and develop more s...

By : Abdallah Omar Negeb Intellectual Disability Definition Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which affect social and practical skills. It originates before the age of 18. Individuals may learn and develop more slowly than typical children, and may face challenges in areas such as communication, self-care, and social skills. Causes of Intellectual Disability Genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome). Problems during pregnancy (e.g., infections, alcohol use). Birth complications (e.g., lack of oxygen). Health problems like diseases, malnutrition, or exposure to toxins. Poverty and cultural deprivation can also increase the risk. Prevention of Intellectual Disabilities Advances have helped prevent many cases, such as newborn screening for PKU and hypothyroidism, immunizations (e.g., Hib and measles vaccines), and prenatal care (e.g., folic acid supplementation). Signs of Intellectual Disability Delayed milestones (sitting, crawling, walking). Difficulty with communication, remembering things, and understanding social rules. Struggles with problem-solving, logical thinking, and understanding consequences. Diagnosis of Intellectual Disabilities Diagnosed based on intellectual functioning (IQ) and adaptive behavior (skills like daily living, communication, and social interaction). Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior IQ is measured using tests, with scores below 70-75 suggesting intellectual disability. Adaptive behavior is assessed by comparing a child's abilities in areas like self-care, communication, and social skills to others of the same age. Definition under IDEA Under IDEA, intellectual disability is defined as significantly below-average intellectual functioning coupled with deficits in adaptive behavior, adversely affecting educational performance. Special Education Services Early intervention, special education, and transition planning are available for children with intellectual disabilities to help them develop essential skills. Adaptive Skills and Necessary Support Adaptive skills include communication, personal care, home living, social skills, and basic academic skills. Support needs vary based on cognitive ability and environment, as well as the presence of other developmental disabilities. Mild Intellectual Disability Individuals with IQ 50-70 may learn basic reading and writing and contribute to family and community life. They may live independently or need support in managing money, organizing life, and maintaining relationships. Moderate Intellectual Disability Individuals with IQ 35-50 often form relationships and can learn basic tasks with training. They may need lifelong support with money handling, problem-solving, and personal care. Severe/Profound Intellectual Disability Individuals with IQ