tinywow_Week-1-2-ICT-PLM_65384511.pdf

LIVING IN THE I.T. ERA A period that has a particular quality or character. We are living in an era in which technology is developing very rapidly.....  UNIT I: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Week 1 - 2...

LIVING IN THE I.T. ERA A period that has a particular quality or character. We are living in an era in which technology is developing very rapidly.....  UNIT I: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Week 1 - 2  Introduction/Overview Week 1 to 2 Unit 1: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) will give an overview of Information and Communication Technology, Define the difference between IT and ICT. It will discuss the different Components of Computer, explain the function of computers such as Input Process and Output. Discover the power of Computers and explore the Digital Age/Information Age/Computer Age. History of Computer.  Learning Goals/objectives At the end of the lessons, the student are expected to: Understand ICT; Identify IT and ICT; Recognize the different Components of Computer; Capabilities of Computer; Limitations of Computer System; Explain the Input Process and Output; Describe the power of Computers; and Differentiate the Digital Age/Information Age/Computer Age History Computers: A Brief Timeline  Motivation: Reflect on the following questions: How many times have you checked your phone this morning? How many updates have you posted on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram today? Do you use the internet/ mobile for an hour after you woke up this morning? Have you followed a celebrity/ a crush on his/ her social media  Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Information and Communications Technology (ICT) often deals with the use of different technological inventions like mobile phones, telephones, computer, Internet, and other devices, as well as software and applications to locate, save, send, and manipulate information. ICT has greatly contributed to how easy our lives has been today. Our gadgets have become part of our necessity that we check on them after we wake up. It made communication easier. We can use cellular phones that are designed for communicating with other people even they are miles away from us. It has also assisted us in our work since there are Internet-based jobs. It has revolutionized our education and in the modernization of our economy. What is ICT? A technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. Modern information and communication technologies have created a "global village," in which people can communicate with others across the world as if they were living next door. Information Technology It refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies. INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM DATA – a collection of independent and unorganized facts. INFORMATION – is the processed and organized data presented in a meaningful form. DATA PROCESSING - is the course of doing things in a sequence of steps. COMPUTER - an electronic machine that follows a set of instructions in order that it may be able to accept and gather data and transform these into information. INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM Data Data Information Processing FUNCTIONS OF INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM INPUT – accepts and gather data. PROCESSING – processes data to become information. STORE – stores data and information. OUTPUT – presents information. Components of the computer The computer’s components are recognized as to become the most crucial because without it, it’ll not work. Just in case the unit stops functioning. To be able to know about simple computer troubleshooting, you then also must be acquainted with computing devices. 3 Major Components of information Processing System HARDWARE – tangible part of a computer system. SOFTWARE – non-tangible part that tells the computer how to do its job. USER – refer to people who use and operate the computer system, write computer programs, and analyze and design the information system. Capabilities of Computer System SPEED - means the duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or completing an activity. ACCURACY - means the level of precision with which calculations are made and tasks are performed. RELIABILITY - the quality due to which the user can stay dependable on the computer. ADAPTABILITY - the quality of it to complete a different type of tasks: simple as well as complex. STORAGE - the ability of the computer to store data in itself for accessing it again in future. Limitations of Computer Systems No matter how efficient, fast and reliable computer systems might be but yet do not have any common Lack of common-sense sense because no full-proof algorithm has been designed to programmed logic into them. Limitations of Computer Systems They are unable to see Zero IQ and think the actions to perform in a particular situation unless that situation is already programmed into them. Limitations of Computer Systems The computer system does not have the Lack of Decision-making ability to make decisions on their own because they do not possess all the essentials of decision-making  Datapath A datapath is a collection of functional units such as arithmetic logic units or multipliers that perform data processing operations, registers, and buses. It manipulates the data coming through the processor. It also provides a small amount of temporary data storage. Datapath components Programmable registers - small units of data storage that are directly visible to assembly language programmers. They can be used like simple variables in a high-level program. The program counter (PC) - holds the address for fetching instructions. Multiplexers have control inputs coming from control. They are used for routing data through the datapath. Processing elements - compute new data values from old data values. In simple processors the major processing elements are grouped into an Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU). Special-purpose registers - hold data that is needed for processor operation but is not directly visible to assembly language programmers. Control Control generates control signals that direct the operation of memory and the datapath. The control signals do the following. Tell memory to send or receive data. Tell the ALU what operation to perform. Route data between different parts of the datapath. It generates control signals that direct the operation of memory and the datapath. Memory A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. Two types of memory Volatile memory is memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power. Non-volatile memory, sometimes abbreviated as NVRAM, is memory that keeps its contents even if the power is lost. EPROM is an example of non-volatile memory. Input devices External devices such as keyboards, mice, disks, and networks that provide input to the processor. In modern processors, this data is placed in memory before entering the processor. Input handling is largely under the control of operating system software.  INPUT DEVICES Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU. Keyboard, Mouse, Trackpad, Biometrics, Game Controller, Microphone, Webcam, Scanner, Touch Screen  Output External devices such as displays, printers, disks, and networks that receive data from the processor.  OUTPUT DEVICES Media used by the computer in displaying its responses to our requests and instructions. Monitor, Speaker, Printer  Why computers are powerful? Computers can perform the information processing cycle operations (input, process, output, and storage) with amazing speed, reliability, and accuracy. It can store huge amounts of data and information; and communicate with other computers. Digital Age/Information Age/Computer Age Historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology. The modern age regarded as a time in which information has become a commodity that is quickly and widely disseminated and easily available especially through the use of computer technology. The Information Age A historical period that began in the mid-20th century, characterized by a rapid epochal shift from the traditional industry established by the Industrial Revolution to an economy primarily based upon information technology. Very fast growth in communication and information technology. Information Age Timeline 1946s-1970s 1980s and Mainframe computing 1990s Home computing 2000s Present Wireless computing Data Science  1946 ENIAC ERA The first programmable general- purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States and completed in 1946.  Home computers Home computers were a class of microcomputers that entered the market in 1977 and became common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user.  1990’s The internet era An electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world  2000’s Wireless Computing Transferring the data or information between computers or devices that are not physically connected to each other and having a “wireless network connection”. Click icon to add picture Present Data Science Data science is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data History of Computers: A Brief Timeline The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. Census results. The government sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers that took up entire rooms. Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf the Internet, play games and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards. 1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. 1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas. 1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University, attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts. 1939: Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a Palo Alto, California, garage, according to the Computer History Museum. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. 1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000 vacuum tubes. 1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum. 1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea during the war 1954: The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, is developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the University of Michigan. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work. 1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). 1969: A group of developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating system that addressed compatibility issues. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM) chip. 1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk," allowing data to be shared among computers. 1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1974-1977: A number of personal computers hit the market, including Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Radio Shack's TRS-80 — affectionately known as the "Trash 80" — and the Commodore PET. 1975: The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair 8080, described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models." Two "computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board, according to Stanford University. 1977: Radio Shack's initial production run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000. It sold like crazy. For the first time, non-geeks could write programs and make a computer do what they wished. 1977: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage 1978: Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet program. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1979: Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar. "The defining change was to add margins and word wrap," said creator Rob Barnaby in email to Mike Petrie in 2000. The first IBM personal computer, introduced on Aug. 12, 1981, used the MS-DOS operating system. (Image credit: IBM) 1981: The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced. It uses Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system. 1983: Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a GUI. It also features a drop-down menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1985: Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This was the company's response to Apple's GUI. Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video capabilities. 1985: The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World Wide. 1986: Compaq brings the Deskpro 386 to market. Its 32-bit architecture provides as speed comparable to mainframes. 1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs. 1994: PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the Dark 2," "Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are among the games to hit the market. 1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford University. 1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which was struggling at the time, ending Apple's court case against Microsoft in which it alleged that Microsoft copied the "look and feel" of its operating system History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 1999: The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting to the Internet without wires. 2001: Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits. Not to be outdone, Microsoft rolls out Windows XP, which has a significantly redesigned GUI. 2003: The first 64-bit processor, AMD's Athlon 64, becomes available to the consumer market. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 2004: Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the dominant Web browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches. 2005: YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-based mobile phone operating system. 2006: Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii game console hits the market 2007: The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smartphone. History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin applications to the taskbar and advances in touch and handwriting recognition, among other features. 2010: Apple unveils the iPad, changing the way consumers view media and jumpstarting the dormant tablet computer segment. 2011: Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS. 2012: Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4 History of Computers: A Brief Timeline 2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10. 2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their System. 2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers  Activities / Assessment: 1. Writing term papers on the following topics: 1.1 Information Communication Technology definition 1.2 Write an essay about the elements of the computer system 1.3 Classification of Computers 1.4 Capabilities and Limitations of Computer 1.5 Make a timeline of History of Computer, note the important events 2. Design the futuristic computer for 2050. Name your computer and list down its capabilities.