Tilapia Hatchery Management PDF

TILAPIA HATCHERY MANAGEMENT CARLON M. VILLOTA, RFT BFAR-NFTC, CLSU, Science City of Munoz What is tilapia hatchery? A place for artificial breeding, hatching, rearing and nursery from various stages of development of tilapia: eggs (hatchlings), pre-swim-up fry, swim-up...

TILAPIA HATCHERY MANAGEMENT CARLON M. VILLOTA, RFT BFAR-NFTC, CLSU, Science City of Munoz What is tilapia hatchery? A place for artificial breeding, hatching, rearing and nursery from various stages of development of tilapia: eggs (hatchlings), pre-swim-up fry, swim-up fry, post fry to fingerlings. Tilapia hatchery benefits: Allows the tilapia grow-out farmer to have ready fingerlings whenever he needs As long as the demand of fingerlings exists, a well managed tilapia hatchery can turn to be a good business Why go into tilapia hatchery business? 1.Short turnover (1.5 – 2 months) 2. Small farm area requirements 3. Open to more investment options: high, medium, or small 4. Relatively low risk 5. Operations require less feed 6. Farmers have greater control of prices 7. Wider market opportunities (e.g., market for improved strains, species switch, etc.) 8. Tilapia farming is the fastest growing industry in aquaculture worldwide Factors to Consider in Establishing Tilapia Hatchery 1.Site selection 2. Size of operation 3. Source of water 4. Infrastructure 5. Market 6. Capital  Factors to Consider in Establishing Tilapia Hatchery Site selection Selecting a good site for your hatchery is key to the success of your operations. Improper site selection may lead to: 1. Difficulties in holding water in the pond, 2. High seepage, 3. Unfavorable water quality characteristics, 4. Dike erosion, 5. Vulnerability to fish diseases due to poor environmental conditions, 6. Low productivity of the pond, resulting in low yields and economic loss, 7. Inability to drain water completely, and 8. Difficulties in harvesting fry or fingerlings. Factors to Consider in Establishing Tilapia Hatchery Size of operation In order to estimate the total land area required for pond and hatchery construction, you must first determine the scale of your operation, including the number and sizes of ponds you will be constructing. Source of water The most common sources of water used for aquaculture are surface waters (streams, rivers, lakes),groundwater (wells, aquifers) and pipe-borne water. The quantity and quality of water should be adequate to support production since the ponds may require a year- round water supply. Factors to Consider in Establishing Tilapia Hatchery Infrastructure The selected location should have basic amenities such as access roads and access to electricity, communication facilities and a market Market Marketing is an important component of hatchery operations. It requires knowledge of your customers and their desires. Consider the following when formulating your market strategies: 1. Advertisement of product. 2. Number of clients and their requirement per year 3. The capacity of production per year. 4. Transport equipment and personnel. Factors to Consider in Establishing Tilapia Hatchery Capital A business plan should be developed before the start of the project detailing the amount of capital to be invested and estimated potential returns or profits. Essential Components of Fish Hatcheries Hatchery facilities Broodstock Collection Husbandry Hatchery operations Nursing of produced fry/fingerlings TYPES/METHOD’S OF TILAPIA HATCHERY Pond Based Hatchery Hapa Based Hatchery Tank Based Hatchery  Pond Based Hatchery it is the simplest and the most common method of tilapia fingerlings production. Fry collection This method use an open pond with smaller and shallower in dimension. Breeders were stocked after through pond preparation. Fry collection will start on the 10th day after stocking up to the 21st day where in the pond will drain. Fingerlings collection The method utilizes small backyard hatcheries as well as large commercial hatcheries. The pond serves both as spawning and rearing pond. Breeders are stocked into the ponds and allowed to spawn naturally.  Hapa Based Tilapia Hatchery A hapa (net enclosures or bitinan) is made of fine- mesh netting, may vary in size depending on the purpose for which it will be used For fry and fingerling production or for conditioning prior to dispersal, a hapa, measuring 3m x 3m x 1.5 is the most common used in fry/fingerling production. It is usually installed in ponds, lakes or along riverbanks with slow moving current The stocking densities range from 4–5 breeders per m2 at sex ratio of 1:3 to 1:7 with weights ranging from 50 grams to 250 grams. Feeding is one of most important aspect in hapa method because of inadequate natural food due to limited space. Advantages of Hapa-Based Fry and breeders are easily handled Assurance of uniform fry of relatively the same age Minimize loss of fry Hapa’s can be set up in pond stocked with fish Disadvantages of Hapa-Based Management is more demanding compared to other method Mortalities may occur due to aggressiveness during spawning Feeding is a must Hapas can be destroyed during stormy weather Hapa material will degrade in sunlight and needs replacing Fish may easily escape if the hapa is damaged Localized poor water quality is likely due to uneaten food and metabolic waste Hapa mesh will get clogged limiting water circulation and need periodic scrubbing  Tank-Based Hatchery Tilapia can also be spawned in concrete, fiber glass, plastic or metallic tank. However, provisions of dissolve oxygen should be considered (installed agitators, blower and a compressor) and maintain good water quality parameters. Stocking density ranges from 7-14 breeders per square meter at 1:3 to 1:7 sex ratio and weight of breeder ranges from 50 grams to 1 kgs. The depth of water should remain from 50cm. to 70cm Advantages Easy to manage Durable (Long-lasting lifespan) Assurance of uniform fry of relatively the same age Minimize loss of fry Disadvantages Expensive to set up compared to ponds and hapas. Provision of aeration and water exchange is necessary (additional cost in electricity) Feeding is a must Requires frequent monitoring Selection/Culling of future breeders  Broodstock Selection Select quality broodstock to improve tilapia production. Choose pure quality stocks and do not crossbreed with other species to preserve the genetic quality. Acquire stocks ONLY from reliable and established sources. Sourcing of Good Quality Breeders GenoMar FAC FaST BFAR iEXCEL- for freshwater environment iBEST- for brackish water environment COLD- for cold weather regions DART- red tilapia Qualities of Good Broodstock Head is small, gill flaps normal Body has normal curves with no flat areas Lateral line is consistent Fins are normally proportioned Genital papilla are completely developed Fish Marking used for Improved GET EXCEL Broodstocks  Inbreeding Inbreeding is reproduction from the mating of two genetically related individuals (homozygosity). Results of inbreeding are: high frequency of abnormal fish poor survival wide variation in size production performance deteriorates Preparation of Breeding Pond Pond Draining Completely drain the pond to eliminate predators and other unwanted species. Levelling of pond bottom Just after the pond draining, levelling of the pond follows. Pond bottom should be leveled to slope toward the drainage structure to ensure complete drainage. Makes sub-surface nutrients available at the surface. Pond Treatment To ensure elimination of predators and unwanted species: Tea seed powder (100kg-200kg/ha) Application of lime (100-200kg/ha) Application of Fertilizer To enhance the growth of natural food: inorganic fertilizer(100-200kgs/ha) organic fertilizer(1,000-2,000kgs/ha Checking of screens of inlet and outlet before water filling Conditioning of breeders (parallel with pond preparation) Checking physical quality of breeders No Deformities – good breeders, selected for Stocking/Conditioning Deformed – rejected for conditioning Stocking of male and female breeders in separate compartments/conditioning pond Stocking density Pond – 5 to 10/m2 Net enclosure – 3 to 5/m2 Feeding of breeders Breeders are given supplemental feeds with high protein content To regain their energy loss during the previous breeding Healthy breeders will give healthy offspring Sex Differentiation of tilapia 1 23 1.Anus 2.Genital pore 3.Urinary pore 1 2 1.Anus 2.Urinary pore Stocking of breeders in breeding pond Checking of Female buccal cavity With eggs – collect the eggs and re stock the breeder to the same conditioning ponds Without eggs –for stocking to breeding pond Selection of breeders for stocking in breeding pond Female Codes on sexual maturity Checking of female and male genital papilla Ready to spawn – selected for stocking in breeding pond Swollen – selected for stocking in breeding pond Reddish – selected for Not ready – restock to the conditioning pond stocking in breeding pond Had spawned – restock to the conditioning pond Not reddish – re stock to Abdomen slightly the conditioning pond distended Swollen/Protruding Pinkish to reddish Genital pore fully open Checking of Markings to avoid of inbreeding to maintain the good quality of fingerlings Weighing, counting, computation of average body weight and stocking of breeders To determine the following; average body weight (ABW) of breeders computation of feeds Stocking density 100-250g 2pc/m2 251-400g 1pc/m2 400g above 1pc/2m2 sex ratio 1male:3female Routine Pond Activities Daily Feeding Type of feed: Commercial or formulated feeds Form of feed: Brood Stock Floating Feeds (40%cp) Feeding rate: 2-3% of the body weight Feeding frequency: Twice a day (9-10 AM and 3-4 PM) Water Quality Monitoring Water temperature (28-32°C) Dissolved oxygen (>5ppm) Turbidity (30-35cm) Checking and Monitoring of Water Level (0.6-1.0 meter) Weeding Collection of Eggs/Fry/Fingerlings Egg collection (8-10days after pairing) female breeders - check the buccal cavity With eggs/fry – collect the eggs and fry, put it in pail and re stock the breeders to breeding pond Without eggs – restock to the breeding pond Stocking of eggs to hatching jars Clean the eggs in the designated fry trough Sample 1ml cleaned eggs (count quantity of 1 ml eggs) Nursery/Rearing of Fry Sorting/grading fry Estimation and stocking of Fry stocking of graded fry in hapa or tank for further rearing to fingerling size (Stocking density – 800 to 1,500pcs/m2) Nursery/Rearing of Fry Daily feeding of fry in rearing units (10-30% biomass) Fingerlings ready for dispersal upon reaching desired size ACTIVITY FLOW CHART OF POND BASED OPERATION  Goodluck and Congratulations