Introduction to Agriculture and the Ecosystem - University of Southern Mindanao PDF

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO Introduction to Agriculture and the Ecosystem  Agriculture and Society Bernadith T. Borja Plant Pathology Division, CA University of Southern PHILIPPINE TILAPIA...

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO Introduction to Agriculture and the Ecosystem  Agriculture and Society Bernadith T. Borja Plant Pathology Division, CA University of Southern PHILIPPINE TILAPIA INDUSTRY  3 General Facts about Tilapia Family: Cichlidae Genera: Oreochromis, Tilapia, Sarotherodon Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus): Belongs to Oreochromis genus; native to Africa and the eastern Mediterranean region.  4 First Introduction to the Philippines: o Mozambique Tilapia (O. mossambicus): Imported from Thailand in 1950. o Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus): Introduced in 1972, became popular with farmers and consumers  5 Characteristics of Nile Tilapia Adaptability: Hardy and resistant to disease. Ease of Breeding: Simple breeding process with rapid growth rates. Environmental Tolerance: Can survive across a wide range of temperature and salinity levels. Farm Suitability: Ideal for farming in diverse systems  Breeding and Strain Development in the Philippines Several organizations in the Philippines have developed improved strains of tilapia for better performance in aquaculture. Key strains include: Institution Strain Developed 7 Description BFAR-National GETEXCEL Genetically Enhanced Freshwater Fisheries Tilapia - Excellent strain Technology Center for entrepreneurial (BFAR-NFFTC) livelihood projects. Freshwater Aquaculture FaST Freshwater Aquaculture Center of the Central Center Selected Strain. Luzon State University (FAC-CLSU) Genomar Supreme GST Genomar Supreme Philippines Tilapia (Continued breeding from GIFT Foundation International). PhilFishGen GMT Genetically Male Tilapia (Produces only male offspring for more  8 Strains for Freshwater and Brackish Water  9 Other Notable Tilapia Freshwater Strains Strains in the Brackish Water Strains Philippines iBEST (Improved Brackish Cold-Tolerant Tilapia Water Enhanced Selected SEAFDEC Strain Tilapia) BEST 200 Red Tilapia  10 Major Product Forms of Tilapia: 🐬 Whole Fish 🐬 Fillet 🐬 Pulp/Minced Parts 🐬 Skin  Market Preferences by Form and 11 Location Form Preferred By Market Preferences Whole Fish Local consumers Whole fish (live, fresh) sold in wet markets; frozen whole gutted for export Fillet Export, supermarkets, Frozen whole, fillet, restaurants belly, and skin preferred by institutional buyers Pulp/Minced Parts Local Value-added products: microenterprises surimi, siomai, longganisa, etc. Skin Leather and gelatin Used for specialized production products like leather  12 DOMESTIC TILAPIA PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES (2002-2020) Key Statistics  13 99% growth in tilapia production from 2002 to 2020. Aquaculture production increased by 115.58% inland municipal production by 32.39% during the same period. Peak production 321,187.79 metric tons (MT) in 2019.  14 Decline in inland municipal catch: -23.08% (2014-2016) slight increase of 5.74% (2016-2018) followed by a -3.22% decline (2019-2020)  15 Government Interventions Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) Ba Law (D f A) o at li k ult ent Sig (BA ure m la a Ag part sa IL) ric De Ilo S g  16 Inland Municipal Fishing Challenges Tilapia was identified as an invasive species in certain bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers. BFAR issued Fisheries Office Order No. 338, series of 2019, limiting the dispersal of tilapia in communal bodies of water and promoting the stocking of diverse, non-invasive species.  17 Production Trends Year Production (MT) Production Aquaculture Inland Municipal Change (%) Catch 2002 Baseline ~161,000 +115.58% +32.39% 2014- Decline -23.08% Stable Decline 2016 2016- Recovery +5.74% Stable Recovery 2018 2019 321,187.79 Peak Peak Peak  18 Pond Operations (Earthen Ponds) 03 Harvest Preparati on 01 02 Farm Activity  19 Aquafarm-Type Production Fresh water Brackish water Marine Other Marketing/Trading  21 Key Players in the Market: Consolidators: Largest traders supplying to supermarkets and bulk buyers in major fish terminal markets Agents (Consignacion): Facilitate transactions between viajeros Wholesalers: Buy tilapia in bulk and distribute to other markets Retailers: Smallest market players selling directly to consumers  22 Processing Small-Scale Processors: Produce smoked tilapia and "tilanggit" (similar to danggit) Medium-Scale Processors: Export fresh fish as fillet or whole gutted-frozen tilapia Tilapia Processing Facilities: Total: 15 in the Philippines  23 Markets Local Markets: Products Sold: Wet markets Supermarkets/Restaurants (palengke), and Export Products supermarkets, and processing plants  24 Tilapia Supply and Market ChannelMarket Chain Description Key Features Channel 1 Direct sale from tilapia Shortest channel, typical producers to consumers in backyard operations Channel 2 Processed and export Contract growing products (fillet, smoked schemes ensure supply, tilapia) products sold in supermarkets, hotels, specialty shops Channel 3 Involves traders, Longest market chain, wholesalers, prevalent in large tilapia consolidators, retailers markets Channel 4 Common for small to Includes or excludes mediumscale producers traders in sales to selling to retail/domestic consumers markets  25 TILAPIA HATCHERY BENCHMARKING Typical Hatchery and Modern Hatchery  26 FARM PRACTICES Farms use superior strains like STRAIN SELECTION iEXCEL Frequent feeding (2-4 times daily), sometimes FEEDING supplemented with probiotics. Both farm types follow biosecurity practices like BREEDING the removal of dead fish. Typical farms: Lower stocking density (1-3 STOCKING pieces/m²), male-to-female ratio 1:3. ITypical farms rely on irrigation and groundwater, WATER SOURCE while modern farms use safer ground and spring water. Both farm types follow a standard procedure: PREPARATIO draining, leveling, drying, treatment with lime, N fertilizer application, and water filling.  Technological and Machinery Capacities Typical Farms Modern Farms  28 Labor Capacity Typical farms employ 2 to 6 laborers per hectare. Modern farms are more efficient, employing 1 to 6 laborers per hectare but may hire additional workers for pond preparation, stocking, or harvesting.  29 Productivity Egg-to-Fry Survival: Modern farms: 70-90%, significantly enhanced by artificial incubation systems. Fry-to-Fingerling Survival: Both modern and typical farms show comparable survival rates: 70-95% in modern farms and 70-90% in typical farms. Fingerling Sizes: Sizes 24, 22, 17, and 14 are produced in both farms. Modern farms with larger fingerlings Comparison of Hatchery 30 Types Parameter Typical Farm Modern Farm Production Method Natural spawning, Artificial incubation, limited systems advanced systems Pond Preparation Irregular before each Consistent, thorough cycle preparation Water Source Irrigation and Ground and spring groundwater water, safer Stocking Density 1-3 pieces/m² 3-6 pieces/m² Comparison of Hatchery 31 Types Breeding Practice Manual feeding Frequent feeding, probiotics Technological Basic pumps and Advanced tech: Equipment aeration systems filtration, solar, incubation Labor Capacity 2-6 laborers/ha 1-6 laborers/ha, additional as needed Egg-to-Fry Survival 70-90% 70-90%, enhanced by Rate incubation Fry-to-Fingerling 70-90% 70-95% Survival Fingerling Sizes 24, 22, 17, 14 24, 22, 17, 14 (larger Produced sizes due to fine mesh hapa) TILAPIA GROW-OUT BENCHMARKING  33 Production System Culture Systems: Tilapia grow-out is practiced in various systems Management Types: Extensive, Semi- Intensive, and Intensive.  34 Polyculture vs. Monoculture Polyculture: Tilapia is sometimes grown with species like giant freshwater prawn, white shrimp, tiger shrimp, and milkfish. Monoculture: The majority of modern farms focus on monoculture under semi-intensive or intensive conditions ASPECT TYPICAL FARM 35 MODERN FARM Pond Preparation Draining, drying, leveling, Follows standard pond treatment with lime or tea preparation process strictly. seed, fertilization, water filling Water Management Occasional flushing, irregular water quality monitored fertilization, using kits, 1–4m water depth. Water Quality Physical assessment of pond Monitored regularly with water quality. commercial water testing kits. Feeding Management Manual broadcasting twice a Follows a strict feeding guide, day broadcasting 2–3 times daily Probiotic Use Occasional use of probiotics Probiotic use and off-flavor prevention is common practice. Stocking Uses superior-quality sex- Similar strain selection but reversed tilapia fingerlings follows stricter stocking  36 Technological and Machinery Capacity Farm Type Technological Capacity Typical Farms Equipped with basic water pump systems. Modern Farms More advanced with water pumps, solar power, and aeration systems  Productivity 37 Parameter Typical Farms Modern Farms Average Yield 3–8 MT/ha/cycle 7–15 MT/ha/cycle Survival Rate 30–80% 50–80% Feed Conversion Ratio 1.0–1.5 Strictly controlled for (FCR) better FCR performance. Culture Period 5–6 months to reach 3–6 4–6 months to reach pcs/kg tilapia 250–300 grams per fish Marketable Size 3–6 pcs/Kg 250–300 grams per fish ContractGrowing Practiced in some Similar schemes used regions, with farmers but more prevalent due selling produce to to vertical integration of processors in exchange processors. for feed access  38 Team Presentation Joriscyl Daroy II Joshua Gabutero Reymart Aj Gabriel Gutib JOB TITLE JOB TITLE Cabisada JOB TITLE Sleepy Baby boy ng Mala Joshua Garcia ng JOB TITLE One call away fisheries Fisheries Boy Mulawin at Leader ng (superman) ng Fisheries Isda ng Fisheries  39 Team Presentation Phillip Jame Talite JOB TITLE The Visiual at Pogi ng Fisheries References Insert Running Title 40 Insert Running Title 41