Questions and Answers
What region in the Philippines has the highest production of Tilapia in 2023?
What is the most important factor to consider in constructing brackish water ponds?
What describes an intensive approach in aquaculture systems?
What is one of the considerations when choosing species to culture?
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What region in the Philippines had the highest production of catfish based on the data from 2022?
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According to PSA data on 2022, how many tilapia hatcheries were documented?
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How many percent of tilapia production is done in a freshwater environment?
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What is a bodily feature in Osphronemus goramy that can only be seen on males?
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Macrobrachium rosenbergi is locally known in the Philippines as?
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In fish breeding selection, specific traits are usually utilized as considering factors for crossing two broodstock. What best describes quantitative traits?
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What sex chromosomes are typically found in male O.niloticus?
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Which term refers to the interaction between genotype and environment in determining phenotype?
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Which of the following best describes a complete dominant gene action?
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In the context of phenotypes, what does the term 'qualitative' refer to?
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What is the result of a cross between two heterozygous individuals carrying a complete dominant trait?
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When preparing a breeding pond, why is it important to level the pond bottom?
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Which quality is NOT associated with good broodstock characteristics?
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What is one main advantage of operating a tilapia hatchery?
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Which factor is NOT essential in establishing a tilapia hatchery?
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What is the typical turnover time for a tilapia hatchery?
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What is the recommended duration to wait before collecting berried Ulang from the breeding pond?
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Which method is appropriate for transporting Ulang breeders over long distances?
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Which solution is used for disinfecting collected berried females prior to placement in spawning tanks?
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What is the correct duration for disinfecting breeders in a saline solution?
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How should the rostrum of each prawn be treated before long-distance transport?
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Study Notes
Genetic Principles
- Genes follow Mendelian genetics, where two alleles segregate during meiosis.
- Environmental factors must be present for a phenotype to be expressed (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals).
Quantitative Phenotypic Variation
- Phenotypic Variance (𝑉𝑃) is the sum of:
- Genotypic Variance (𝑉𝐺)
- Environmental Variance (𝑉𝐸)
- Genetic-Environmental Interaction (𝑉𝐺−𝐸)
Genetic Variance
- Genetic Variance (𝑉𝐺) is crucial for improving population productivity.
- Breakdown of Genetic Variance:
- Additive Variance (𝑉𝐴)
- Dominance Genetic Variance (𝑉𝐷)
- Epistatic Genetic Variance (𝑉𝐼)
Types of Genetic Variance
- Dominant Genetic Variance: Interaction of alleles at a single locus.
- Epistatic Genetic Variance: Interaction of alleles across multiple loci.
- Additive Genetic Variance: Sum of effects from all alleles at various loci.
Selection and Breeding
- Selection aims to alter population means based on performance; superior individuals are chosen for breeding (SAVED), while inferior ones are culled (REMOVED).
Selection Programs
- Mass Selection: Selecting the best individuals in a population, commonly practiced.
- Example species include Siamese fighting fish with diverse colorations.
Additive Gene Action
- Occurs when heterozygous phenotypes are intermediate between homozygous phenotypes.
- Example: Rainbow Trout with varying pigmentations (Golden, Palomino).
Quantitative Phenotypes
- Traits measured continuously, including weight, length, body composition, and fecundity.
- Variations are commonly described by statistical measures (mean, variance, standard deviation).
Continuous Variation
- Quantitative phenotypes do not have descriptive identities but are categorized by central tendencies.
- Controlled by polygenic genes, leading to a spectrum of characteristic variations.
Genetic Overview
- Genetics explores heredity and how traits are passed between generations.
- Study of gene information in the organism's development and function.
Chromosomal Genetics
- Sex Chromosomes (XY for males, XX for females; ZZ for males, WZ for females).
- Interaction of genotype (G) and environment (E) represented as P = G + E + GxE.
Qualitative Phenotypes
- Complete Dominant Gene Action: One allele expressed more strongly leading to a clear phenotype (e.g., coloration in channel catfish).
- Incomplete Dominant Gene Action: Dominant allele shows stronger effect than recessive, but heterozygous phenotype is not identical to homozygous dominant.
Pond Treatment and Preparation
- Use tea seed powder (100-200 kg/ha) and lime (100-200 kg/ha) to eliminate predators and unwanted species.
- Check screens of inlet and outlet before filling the pond with water.
Conditioning and Stocking of Breeders
- Ensure physical quality of breeders by checking for deformities; select healthy ones for stocking.
- Stock male and female breeders in separate compartments of the conditioning pond.
- Recommended stocking density:
- Pond: 5-10/m²
- Net enclosure: 3-5/m²
- Feed breeders a high-protein diet to restore energy loss from breeding.
Sex Differentiation of Tilapia
- Identify sex through anatomical features like the anus, genital pore, and urinary pore.
- Use these characteristics to differentiate between males and females for breeding purposes.
Breeding Pond Management
- Collect fertilized eggs from females with eggs; return them to the conditioning pond after collection.
- Assess female genital papilla to determine readiness for spawning; criteria include swelling and color indicators.
Monitoring and Routine Activities
- Monitor water quality daily: optimal temperature (28-32°C), dissolved oxygen (>5 ppm), and turbidity (30-35 cm).
- Conduct regular maintenance tasks such as weeding, monitoring water levels (0.6-1.0 meters), and collecting eggs/fry/fingerlings.
Egg and Fry Rearing
- Collect eggs 8-10 days post-pairing; separate breeders based on the presence of eggs or fry.
- Stock eggs into hatching jars; clean and count samples for management.
- Rearing units should maintain a stocking density of 800-1,500 fry/m² for further growth to fingerling size.
Nursery Operations
- Implement daily feeding for fry, with 10-30% of their biomass.
- Ensure fingerlings reach the desired size for dispersal.
Benefits and Considerations of Tilapia Hatchery
- Provides quick turnover (1.5 - 2 months), requires small farm area, and reduces feed needs.
- Offers market control and wider opportunities in the growing aquaculture industry.
- Key factors for establishing a hatchery include site selection, water source, infrastructure, market, and capital.
Site Selection
- Proper site selection is critical; poor choices can lead to low productivity, water quality issues, and vulnerability to disease.
- Good breeders can be sourced from established programs like GenoMar, FAC, FaST, and others.
Qualities of Good Broodstock
- Features to look for include normal body shape, small head, developed genital papilla, and proportionate fins.
Inbreeding and Its Effects
- Inbreeding can cause high rates of abnormalities, poor survival, size variability, and decreased production performance.
Preparation of Breeding Pond
- Completely drain, level the pond bottom for proper water drainage and nutrient availability, ensuring healthy conditions for breeding operations.
Pond Treatment
- Utilize tea seed powder (100-200kg/ha) to eliminate predators and unwanted species.
- Apply lime at a rate of 100-200kg/ha for pond conditioning.
Application of Fertilizer
- Enhance natural food growth with inorganic fertilizer (100-200kg/ha).
- Use organic fertilizer in larger quantities (1,000-2,000kg/ha) for nutrient enrichment.
Breeder Conditioning
- Assess physical quality of breeders to select healthy ones without deformities for stocking.
- Deformed breeders should be rejected from conditioning processes.
Stocking and Density
- Stock male and female breeders separately in conditioning ponds with a density of 5-10/m² in ponds and 3-5/m² in net enclosures.
- Provide high-protein supplemental feed to breeders to restore energy between breeding cycles.
Sex Differentiation of Tilapia
- Male tilapia identification: anus, genital pore, and urinary pore examined.
- Female tilapia characteristics include: different anatomy as compared to males.
Breeding Pond Practices
- Check female buccal cavity for eggs; collect and restock if eggs are present.
- Female readiness for spawning determined by genital papilla conditions.
Stocking Ratios
- Stocking density recommendations based on breeder weight:
- 100-250g: 2 pcs/m²
- 251-400g: 1 pc/m²
- 400g and above: 1 pc/2m²
- Ideal sex ratio for breeding: 1 male to 3 females.
Routine Pond Activities
- Daily feeding with commercial or formulated broodstock floating feeds (40% protein) at a rate of 2-3% of body weight, twice daily.
- Monitor water quality: temperature (28-32°C), dissolved oxygen (>5ppm), turbidity (30-35cm).
Egg Collection and Rearing
- Female breeders checked 8-10 days post-pairing for eggs; collect if present and restock accordingly.
- Stock eggs in designated hatching jars; clean and sample for quantification.
Nursery and Fry Rearing
- Sort and grade fry, stocking graded fry at a density of 800-1,500 pcs/m² for further growth.
- Feed fry daily with 10-30% of biomass until they reach desired sizes for dispersal.
Tilapia Hatchery Management
- Tilapia hatcheries are designed for the breeding, hatching, and rearing of tilapia from various developmental stages.
- Benefits of hatcheries include consistent fingerling availability and business potential due to high demand.
Establishing a Tilapia Hatchery
- Important factors to consider: site selection, operational size, water source, infrastructure, market, and sufficient capital.
- Good site selection avoids high seepage, poor water quality, and enhances productivity.
Inbreeding Considerations
- Inbreeding can result in abnormal fish, poor survival rates, size variations, and deteriorating production performance.
- Maintaining genetic diversity is critical for healthy stock.
Broodstock Preparation and Maintenance
- Rinse broodstock thoroughly before placement in brackish water spawning tanks.
- Stocking rates for berried females:
- Gray berried: 10 ppt brackish water
- Orange berried: 5 ppt brackish water
- Optimal density: 5-7 individuals/m².
Disinfectant Preparation
- Disinfectant solution can be calculated using the formula A = B x C ÷ D where:
- A = quantity of needed disinfectant
- B = strength of solution required in ppm
- C = quantity of solution in ml
- D = strength of disinfectant in ppm.
- To prepare a 5 ppm iodine solution using Betadine (10% povidone iodine), apply the formula with appropriate values:
- Betadine has an active iodine concentration of 100,000 ppm.
Care and Maintenance of Berried Females
- Regularly replenish water and siphon debris to maintain water quality.
- Feed with high-protein diets for optimal egg development, including:
- Commercial or farm-made feeds
- Mussels, snails
- Squid or liver.
Disinfection of Newly Hatched Larvae
- Collect larvae using a 250 micron scoop net early in the morning.
- Disinfect larvae in a 3 ppm povidone iodine solution (6 drops per 10 L) with strong aeration for 10-15 minutes.
Equipment and Materials
- Essential hatchery equipment includes:
- Buckets, weighing scales, nets, tools
- Microscope, tally counters, brushes
- Air tubes, airstones, heaters, tubs/basins.
Broodstock Development
- Purchase wild-caught adult ulang and select mature broodstock from rivers such as Upper Pampanga.
- Broodstock selection criteria:
- Healthy and disease-free individuals
- Largest size, strong, active, and bright-colored.
Broodstock Management
- Condition selected male and female breeders in tanks for at least 2 weeks prior to breeding.
- Pair breeders using reciprocal mating selection.
- Stocking rates: 1-2 pcs/m² in ponds, 3-4 pcs/m² in tanks.
Feeding Regimen
- Feed prawn breeders with pelleted feed containing 35-40% crude protein.
- Feeding rate should be 3-5% of total biomass, provided 2-3 times daily for optimal egg and embryo development.
Collection and Hatching
- Berried ulang can be collected after 16-18 days from pond stocking.
- Hatching times vary: orange eggs take 2 weeks, gray or brownish eggs hatch in 2-3 days, typically at midnight or early morning.
Transport of Broodstock
- For short distances, transport ulang breeders in buckets/tubs.
- For longer journeys (2-4 hours), use open containers with aerators or oxygen tanks.
- For transport over 12-15 hours, use double oxygenated polyethylene bags with 2-5 prawns per bag; blunt rostrum edges to prevent injury.
Disinfection Procedures
- Disinfect breeders in a 15 ppt saline solution (15g salt/L) for 10-15 minutes before placing in conditioning tanks.
- Disinfect berried females using a 5 ppm povidone iodine solution (10 drops Betadine/10L water) for 2-3 minutes before introducing to spawning tanks.
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Description
This quiz explores the regions of the Philippines that are known for their tilapia production, specifically identifying which region leads in production as of 2023. Test your knowledge about aquaculture and the environmental factors influencing fish farming in the country.
