Theories of Personality PDF

THEO211 ➔ Specific guess that can be tested using LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO THEORIES OF scientific PERSONALITY method Taxonomy...

THEO211 ➔ Specific guess that can be tested using LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO THEORIES OF scientific PERSONALITY method Taxonomy ➔ Classification according to natural PERSONALITY relationships ➔ Word stems from “persona” ➔ Latin for “mask” WAYS OF LOOKING AT PSYCHOLOGY Personality defined: Essentialist – A pattern of relatively permanent traits and – properties are fixed at birth (innate potential) unique characteristics that give both consistency Socialization and individuality to a person’s behavior - – humans are not blank slates but concern of psychology rather they learn ‘properties’ through the environment (particularly from parents). TRAITS Positivist ➔ Consistency of behavior over time – Examines causes that influence ➔ Individual differences in behavior outcome (cause-and-effect of variables) ➔ Stability across situations Social Constructionist – Makes you unique and common at the same – aspects of humanity are created through social time! interactions through time – Pattern is different for each individual. WHY DIFFERENT THEORIES? – biological, social, psychological CHARACTERISTICS ➔ Unique qualities Different Personal Backgrounds ➔ (e.g., temperament, physique, and ➔ Childhood experiences intelligence) ➔ Interpersonal relationships Different Philosophical THEORY ➔ Orientations ➔ A set of related assumptions that allows Unique Ways of Looking at the World scientists to use logical deductive Data Chosen to Observe is different reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses. ➔ tools used to generate research and THEORISTS’ PERSONALITIES AND THEIR organize observations, but neither “truth” THEORIES OF PERSONALITY nor “fact” ➔ do not deal with “oughts” and “shoulds.” Psychology of Science (Philosophy) – The empirical study of scientific thought and ➔ deals with broad sets of if-then statements behavior (including theory construction) of the scientist THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES ➔ The personalities and psychology of Philosophy different theorists influence the kinds of ➔ Broader than theory theories that they develop! Speculation ➔ Must be tied to empirical data and science WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL: CRITERIA Hypothesis FOR EVALUATING A THEORY GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  1. Generates Research Behavior 2. Is Falsifiable (Verifiable) 3. Organizes Known Data – direction on what We use our conscious our unconscious mind to follow mind to plan, organize, is the part of our mind 4. Guides Action (Practical) – ex. therapy and prioritize our that operates without 5. Is Internally Consistent – scope & actions. our conscious awareness. It is limitation is defined; operational definition responsible for many 6. Is Parsimonious – simpler theory is of our automatic preferred behaviors, such as breathing and blinking, DIMENSIONS FOR A CONCEPT OF HUMANITY as well as our emotional responses. Determinism v. Free Choice Biological v. Social Influences on Personality Determinists argue Proponents of free will that we don't really argue that ultimately Nature refers largely Nurture encompasses have control over our we have the autonomy to our genetics. It the environmental behavior because to make our own includes the genes we factors that impact external factors decisions despite any are born with and who we are. This constrain us. constraints. other hereditary includes our early factors that can impact childhood how our personality is experiences, the way Pessimism v. Optimism formed and influence we were raised, our the way that we social relationships, develop from and the surrounding The pessimist, on the An optimistic person childhood through culture. other hand, observes sees good things adulthood. mainly the negative everywhere, is aspects of everything generally confident Uniqueness v. Similarities around. and hopeful of what the future holds. Differences are Similarities are motion particular characters patterns, which are From the optimist's found in individual observed universally point-of-view the world motions and can and are independent is full of potential represent identities. of individuals. opportunities. Causality v. Teleology – past experiences vs. future goals RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY THEORY Present events have Present events are Must Generate Research their origin in previous motivated by goals – Theory gives meaning to data experiences and aspirations for the – Data comes from experimental research future that direct a Adult behavior → early person’s destiny designed to test hypothesis generated by the childhood experiences theory (Freud) Systematic observations – Predictions are consistent and accurate Two Empirical Criteria for Instruments Conscious v. Unconscious Determinants of – Reliability GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  ➔ Consistency of Measurement ➔ Can become conscious by dreams, slip of – Validity: tongue, (primary and final censor); hidden ➔ Construct Validity by Defense Mechanisms – Convergent ➔ Emphasis of Freud’s theory – Divergent Two sources of unconscious processes: – Discriminant 1. Repression – natural/automatic forgetting ➔ Predictive Validity of anxiety filled experiences – blocking of anxiety filled experiences LESSON 2: FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYTIC (punishment and suppression) THEORY ➔ Suppression – force forgetting through punishment SIGMUND FREUD 2. Phylogenetic Endowment – inherited ➔ Born in Freiberg Moravia (now the Czech experiences that lie beyond an individual's Republic) in 1856; spent most of life in personal experience. Vienna, Austria ➔ Mother’s favorite child; eldest son of eight PRECONSCIOUS ➔ Had unconscious death wish for his – Not in conscious awareness but can be brother triggered ➔ Studied Medicine, specializing in ➔ Experiences cannot be forgotten psychiatry; interested in science – Content may come down from conscious or up from unconscious ➔ Studies on Hysteria – characterized by – Contains drives, urges, instincts that motivate paralysis/ improper functioning of parts most of our thinking and behaviors (1895) aka “wandering womb” ◆ Hysteria – convulsion anxiety CONSCIOUS – complete awareness disorder – Mental life that is directly available, plays a ➔ Abandoned seduction theory in 1897 and minor role replaced it with Oedipus Complex ➔ After 1900 developed international circle of Two sources of conscious process: followers (Adler, Jung, and others) ; 1903, 1. Perceptual conscious system- From Ended friendship with Adler, Jung, and either the perception of external stimuli( others using our sense organs) ➔ Died in London in 1939; driven out of 2. Unconscious & Preconscious images Austria by Nazis in 1938 after they have evaded censorship – Unconscious are manifested in 3 ways: PROVINCES OF THE MIND 1. Dreams The Id – pleasure principle 2. Defense Mechanism – Seeks constant and immediate satisfaction of 3. Slip of the tongue instinctual needs – Primary process LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE – Is amoral – having or showing no concern UNCONSCIOUS about whether behavior is morally right or wrong – Beyond awareness ➔ Talks about the wants: sex, hunger ➔ Includes drives, urges, or instincts The Ego – reality principle/ the self ➔ Is known only indirectly – executive branch of personality ➔ The decision maker GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1 – responsible for reconciling the unrealistic – Libido or Sex Drive demands of both the id and the superego with the ➔ Pleasure can be gained through the demands of the real world erogenous zones – area of the body that is – Utilizes Defense Mechanisms to reduce anxiety pleasurable to touch (Mouth, lips, palms, – Secondary Process clitoris) The Superego – idealistic principle ➔ EROS/ Sex can manifest to narcissism or – What we should do/ Moralistic (rightness) love ➔ Sadism- sexual pleasure through inflicting Two subsystem: pain to others. 1. Conscience – results from punishment ➔ Masochism- Inflicting pain to self for improper behavior and tells us “what we should not do” ; product: guilt ➔ Thanatos or Aggression/Destructive 2. Ego – Ideal-stems from rewards for Drive- aims to return the person to an socially acceptable behavior and tells us inorganic state or death, “what we should do” ; product: inferiority – it is ordinarily directed against other feelings people and is called aggression. – Can take a number of forms, such as teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and the enjoyment of other people’s suffering ➔ Impetus – a source, an aim: object that determines the amount of force it exerts ➔ Narcissism – new- born babies are characterized by primary narcissism, that he defines as the “libidinal complement to the egoism of the instinct of self-preservation. ◆ PRIMARY NARCISSISM – Libido is used exclusively to get what they want. ◆ SECONDARY NARCISSISM – Return to puberty phase; Conscious with their appearance DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY ANXIETY – People are motivated to seek pleasure and – it is a felt, affective, unpleasant state reduce tension and anxiety accompanied by a physical sensation that warns ➔ Tension can be manifested through stress the person against impending danger. – The term dynamics of personality refers to – Triggers the fight or flight response those forces that motivate people ➔ The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is DRIVES always felt GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  ➔ Only the Ego can feel or produce it 2. REACTION FORMATION – shows the opposite of what a person really feel; ➔ FEAR VS. ANXIETY - fear happens marked by repression of one impulse and during present; anxiety is more concern ostentatious expression of its exact opposite about the future 3. DISPLACEMENT – Redirecting of unacceptable urges onto objects, TYPES OF ANXIETY person to disguise or conceal their true nature 1. NEUROTIC ANXIETY ➔ I dislike someone and I take my – apprehension about an unknown danger frustrations out on my friend. – stems from the ego's relation with the id 4. FIXATION ➔ Ex. Feeling anxious towards – Fixations develop when psychic energy is teachers blocked at one stage of development, making Psychological change difficult. 2. MORAL ANXIETY (Oral-smoking, Anal-OCD/messy) – similar to guilt and results 5. REGRESSION – Relation of ego with the superego; knowing the – Regressions take place when a person right or wrong reverts to earlier, more infantile modes of ➔ Fear of violating moral codes behavior. (Baby talking = need attention) ➔ Ex. Moral anxiety, for example, would 6. PROJECTION result from sexual temptations if a child – Is seeing in others those unacceptable believes that yielding to the temptation feelings or behaviors that actually reside in one's would be morally wrong. own unconscious. ➔ Person’s own attribute is perceived to 3. REALISTIC ANXIETY others – Closely related to fear ➔ When carried to extreme, projection can – Ego’s relation with the real world become paranoia, which is characterized ➔ Feeling of involving a real/possible events; by delusions of persecution. deals with present danger 7. INTROJECTION ➔ No fearful objects (unlike fear) but the – Introjection involves the incorporation of positive situation itself qualities of another person in order to reduce ➔ Ex. Riding a fast Antipolo-bound jeepney feelings of inadequacy. – However, realistic anxiety is different from fear ➔ Ex. Hero worship might be a good in that it does not involve a specific fearful object. example (Celebrity, film characters) 8. SUBLIMATION ➔ We cope with anxiety through defense – Contributes to the welfare of society. mechanism – They involve elevating the aim of the sexual instinct to a higher level and are manifested in cultural accomplishments, such as art, music, and DEFENSE MECHANISMS other socially beneficial activities. ➔ Use to protect ego/ the self from anxiety ➔ Healthy coping that allows people to ➔ To reduce anxiety level channel their impulse on acceptable activity (Jogging, watching sitcoms, 1. REPRESSION cleaning room) – Involves forcing unwanted, anxiety loaded experiences into the unconscious. Others: – Most basic of all because it is an active process 9. RATIONALIZATION in the rest. – Always reasoning out/ cannot accept a fact GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  10. DENIAL – Area of development: superego and gender – Does not accept the validity of the matter Male Oedipus Complex – sexual feelings for one parent STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT and hostile feelings for the other – Castration Complex - castration anxiety Infantile Period (Birth-5): most crucial or fear of losing the penis, breaks up the part of personality formation male Oedipus complex and results in a well-formed male superego ➔ Oral Phase Female Oedipus Complex – Infant is primarily motivated to receive (Electra) pleasure through the mouth. – Counterpart of Male oedipus complex – Weaning (another source of feeding other than (Daughter wanting a sexual relationship the mother’s) is the principal source of anxiety with her father) during this stage. – Penis Envy - a situation that leads to – Area of development: mouth only a gradual and incomplete shattering Oral Receptive Phase – of the female Oedipus complex and a ambivalence through pleasurable weaker, more flexible female superego objects Oral Sadistic Phase – Being aggressive (Biting, crying, chewing objects) ➔ Anal Phase – second year of life, when toilet training is the child's chief source of frustration. – Area of development: training phase – If parents use punitive training methods, a child may develop the anal triad all of which mark the anal character: Orderliness Stinginess Obstinacy (Stubborn) – Anal Character – people who continue to receive erotic satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion. Early Anal Period – children receive satisfaction by destroying LATENCY PERIOD (5-PUBERTY) or losing objects. ➔ The sexual instinct is partially Late Anal Period – children suppressed. sometimes take a friendly interest ➔ Dormant psychosexual stage toward their feces, an interest that brought by parents’ attempt to stems from erotic pleasure of punish or discourage sexual defecating. activity in their children ➔ Phallic Phase ➔ Low sexual drive due to school and – Genitals become the primary source of other activities pleasure GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  GENITAL PERIOD – Generated considerable research (PUBERTY-ADULTHOOD) ➔ The genital period begins with – Difficult to falsify puberty when adolescents – Very loose organizational framework experience a reawakening of the genital aim of Eros, and it – Not a good guide to solve practical problems continues throughout adulthood. (the desire to be with a loved one) – Internally consistent theory – Obviously, not parsimonious APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Freud’s Concept of Humanity Free Association Deterministic and Pessimistic ➔ patients are required to say Causality(past) over Teleology(future goals) whatever comes to mind, no matter how irrelevant or distasteful Unconscious over Conscious ➔ Transference – patient transfers childhood sexual or aggressive Biology over Culture feelings onto the therapist and Equal emphasis on Uniqueness and Similarity away from symptom formation ➔ Resistance – unconscious blocking of progress of the patient. Can be a sign that the treatment is advancing Dream Analysis ➔ Representation of dream ➔ Manifest (conscious) – Actual ➔ Latent (unconscious) content – Symbols, hidden meaning Freudian or Unconscious Slips (Parapraxes) ➔ temporary dysfunctions of the memory apparatus that arise due to unconscious intentions interfering with conscious ones and which manifest as slips of the tongue or pen or bungled actions. CRITIQUE OF FREUD AND HIS THEORY Did Freud Understand Women? Was Freud a Scientist? – Theories are difficult to test GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1 LESSON 3: ADLER AND ADLERIAN THEORY Consciousness is important (INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY) AGGRESSION ⬇ ALFRED ADLER MASCULINE PROTEST ➔ Born in a Vienna Austria in 1870 ⬇ ➔ Second son of middle class Jewish STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY parents + ➔ He suffered Rickets w/c prevented him to STRIVING FOR SUCCESS walk until 4 years of age ◆ Rickets TENETS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY – A disease due to lack of Vitamin D. Characterized by imperfect calcification and 1. The sole dynamic force behind all our softening of bones resulting to bow legs. actions, is the striving for either success ➔ His health problems lead him to pursue or for superiority. medicine and received his medical degree a. The Final Goal-The final goal of success in 1895 or superiority toward which all people ➔ Published Study of Organ Inferiority and strive unifies personality and makes all Its Psychical Compensation in 1907 behavior meaningful. ➔ Charter member of Freud’s organization People are not always conscious of their ➔ Rivalry with Freud led to his departure final goal, even though they may be aware from the group of their immediate subgoals. ➔ Founded the Society for Individual ➔ Inferiority (being small and incomplete) of Psychology infants lead them to have a fictional goal ➔ Died in Scotland in 1937 (to be big, strong, complete). ➔ Only through feelings of Inferiority can we clearly see our fictional goal. ➔ Neglected/pampered children will lead to INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY their goal remaining unconscious. ➔ Loved and secured children can lead to ➔ Alfred Adler was an original member of their goal to become conscious. Freud's psychoanalytic group b. The Striving Force as Compensation ➔ Broke from Freud and advocated a theory ➔ Because people are “blessed” to be born of personality and an approach to with small, inferior bodies, they feel inferior psychotherapy that were nearly the exact and attempt to overcome these feelings opposite to those of Freud. through their natural tendency to move ➔ Humans either strive for success or toward completion. strive for superiority. ➔ As a creation of the individual, the striving force can take one of two Adler’s idea differed from Freud in Four Ways courses—personal gain or community benefit. People are motivated by social interest ➔ At birth, it exists as potentiality not People are responsible for who they are actuality. Behavior are shaped by view of future GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  c. Striving for Personal Superiority b. Physical Inferiorities ➔ Psychologically unhealthy individuals ➔ all humans are "blessed” with organ strive for personal superiority with little inferiorities and that these small, inferior concern for other people. organs stimulate subjective feelings of – Sometimes, they cloak themselves with interest inferiority and move people toward for others, but their basic motivation is personal perfection or completion. benefit. 3. Unity of Personality d. Striving for Success ➔ Adler believed that all of our behaviors are ➔ In contrast, psychologically healthy people directed toward a single purpose and that strive for the success of all humanity, but the entire personality functions in a self they do so without losing their personal consistent manner. identity. a. Organ Dialect ➔ Social progress > personal credit ➔ People sometimes use a physical disorder to express style of life, a condition that NEED FOR COMPLETION Adler called organ dialect. ⬇ – e.g. a man with Rheumatoid Arthritis INFERIORITY A boy who wets his bed ⬇ b. Conscious and Unconscious GOAL ➔ Conscious and unconscious processes ↙ ↘ are unified and operate to achieve a single SUCCESS SUPERIORITY goal. The part of our goal that is not clearly understood is unconscious; to the extent “And the moral of the story is that you don’t that we comprehend our goal is conscious remember what happened. What you remember becomes what happened.” - John 4. Social Interest Green ➔ Human behavior has value to the extent that it is motivated by social interest, that “Meanings are not determined by situations, is, by a feeling of oneness with all of but we determine ourselves by the meanings humanity. we give to situations” – Alfred Adler Social Interest binds the human species together. Our inferiorities as individuals lead us to INTRODUCTION TO ADLERIAN THEORY this binding together a. Origins of Social Interest 2. Subjective Perceptions ➔ Although social interest exists as ➔ People's subjective view of the world—not potentiality in all people, it must be reality—shapes their behavior. fostered in a social environment. a. Fictionalism – Mothers and fathers have crucial roles in ➔ Fictions are people's beliefs and furthering the social interest of their expectations of the future. children ➔ Fictions guide behavior, because people – Parent/child relationship is so strong that act as if these fictions are true. it negates the effects of heredity – e.g. “Men are superior to women” “What b. Importance of Social Interest goes around comes around” ➔ Without social interest, societies could not exist, because individuals could not protect themselves from danger. GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1 – Thus, an infant's helplessness predisposes it ➔ In other words, we have considerable toward a nurturing person. ability to freely choose our actions and – "the sole criterion of human values," and the personality. "barometer of normality." – The worthiness of all one's actions must be viewed by these standards. ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT – Creative power is not limited to healthy people; unhealthy individuals also create their own personalities. ➔ The most important factor in abnormal development is underdeveloped social interest. ➔ In addition, people with useless style of life tend to (1) set their goals too high, (2) live in their own private world, and (3) have a rigid and dogmatic style of life. External Factors in Maladjustment Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies 5. Style of Life ➔ Severe physical defects do not by ➔ The self-consistent personality structure themselves cause abnormal development, develops into a person’s style of life. but they may contribute to it by generating ➔ it is a product of the interaction of heredity, subjective and exaggerated feelings of environment, goal of success, social inferiority interest, and creative power. Pampered Style of Life ➔ Flavor of a person's life including goals, self- concept, attitudes, feelings for others. ➔ Children who see themselves as being ➔ Style of life is relatively well set by 4 or 5 pampered develop low levels of social years of age interest and continue to have an overriding ➔ Healthy individuals are marked by flexible drive to establish a permanent parasitic behavior while unhealthy individuals are relationship with their mother or a mother inflexible substitute. 6. Creative Power Neglected Style of Life ➔ our ability to create our own style of life. ➔ Children who feel neglected often use ➔ Movement towards a specific goal these feelings as building material for a (direction) useless style of life— one characterized by ➔ Heredity and environment provide the distrust of other people. building materials for our style of life, but he insisted that ultimately style of life is Safeguarding Tendencies shaped by our creative power; that is, by our ability to freely choose which building ➔ Both normal and neurotic people protect materials to use and how to use them. their fragile self-esteem. GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  ➔ These safeguarding tendencies maintain a Masculine Protest neurotic status quo and protect a person ➔ Both men and women sometimes from public disgrace. Also, this is largely overemphasize the desirability of conscious. being manly, a condition Adler called the masculine protest. Excuses ➔ The frequently found inferior status – The most common safeguarding tendency is of women is not based on excuses, which frequently take the form of "Yes, physiology but on historical but" or "If only." developments and social learning – By making excuses for their shortcomings, people can preserve their inflated sense of personal worth. APPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL ➔ “Yes I would like to go to college but my PSYCHOLOGY parents could not pay for it” Family Constellation – Adler believed Aggression that people's perception of how they fit into – People often safeguard a weak self-esteem by their family is related to their style of life. behaving aggressively toward themselves or others. 1. He claimed that firstborns are likely to – Safeguarding through aggression may take the have strong feelings of power and form of: superiority, to be overprotective, and to have more than their share of anxiety. 1. Depreciation – Undervalue other’s 2. Second Borns (like Adler himself) are achievements and overvalue yours likely to have strong social interest, 2. Accusation – Blaming others for one’s provided they do not get trapped trying to failures. overcome their older sibling. 3. Self-accusation – guilt and self-torture. 3. Youngest children are likely to be Blaming yourself pampered and to lack independence, whereas only children may have even less Withdrawal social interest and tend to expect others to – People with a neurotic style of life often try to take care of them. escape from life's problems by running away from them; that is, by withdrawing or safeguarding Early Recollections – A more reliable through maintaining distance. method of determining style of life is to ask – People can withdraw psychologically by: people for their earliest recollections (ERs). Moving backward – Moving back to a ➔ Adler believed that ERs are not chance more secured period of life. memories but templates on which people Standing still – Not moving in any project their current style of life. direction. ➔ ERs need not be accurate accounts of Hesitating – Procrastinating to waste time early events; they have psychological (e.g. “It’s too late now”) importance because they reflect our Constructing obstacles – Creating your current view of the world. own obstacles to show you can knock it down. Dreams – Adler believed that dreams can provide clues to solving future problems. However, dreams are disguised to deceive GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  the dreamer and usually require LEVELS OF PSYCHE interpretation by another person. CONSCIOUS Psychotherapy – The goal of Adlerian ➔ Psychic images sensed by the ego therapy is to create a relationship between ➔ No relationship with unconscious therapist and patient that fosters social ➔ Ego is the center of the conscious not interest. To ensure that the patient's social personality interest will eventually generalize to other ➔ Takes a minor role in the theory relationships, the therapist adopts both a ➔ More geared towards the relationship with maternal and a paternal role the unconscious CRITIQUE OF ADLER PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS Adler’s Theory Is – ➔ Repressed, forgotten, or subliminally ➔ High on Generating Research, Organizing perceived experiences Known Data, and Guiding Action ➔ Formed by personal experience (so each ➔ Moderate on Parsimony(least complex one of us is different) explanation for an observation) ➔ Much like Freud’s unconscious and ➔ Low on Verification, Falsification, and preconscious combined Internal Consistency ➔ Contents are called Complexes (emotionally toned collection of associated CONCEPT OF HUMANITY ideas) ➔ Very High on Free Choice and Optimism ➔ Causes emotions that may block smooth ➔ High on Social Factors and Uniqueness flow of thought ➔ Average on Unconscious Influences ➔ Very Low on Causality COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS ➔ Ideas from the experiences inherited from our ancestors LESSON 4: CARL JUNG (ANALYTICAL ➔ Ideas are active and influence a person’s PSYCHOLOGY) thoughts, emotions and actions ➔ Does not refer to inherited ideas rather – Assumes Occult Phenomena Influence Lives humans' tendency to react in a certain (beyond the range of ordinary knowledge or manner understanding; mysterious) ➔ Our present behavior is somehow a glimpse of our ancestors’ behavior. – Inherited Experiences from Ancestors in a form ➔ Serves as blueprint of our behavior of Collective Unconscious (experiences passed down from ancestors) ARCHETYPES – Archetypes are highly developed ➔ Archaic images derived from the collective aspects of this (organization of CU unconscious ➔ Somehow similar to complexes but more – Aim at Achieving Balance between Opposing emotionally toned collections of images Forces (male and female, introverted and ➔ Generalized contents of the collective extroverted, etc.) unconscious. ➔ Expressed in certain types of dreams, fantasies, delusions, and hallucinations ➔ Different from instincts (everyone has the same instincts) GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  ➔ Psychic counterpart of instinct. SHADOW Archetypes are generalized contents – the dark side of personality. ➔ In order for people to reach full ARCHETYPES psychological maturity, they must first realize or accept their shadow. 1. Persona – the side of our personality that we show to others ANIMA 2. Shadow – the dark side of personality. In – the feminine side order for people to reach full psychological maturity, they must first realize or accept ➔ 2nd test of courage their shadow. ➔ Came from men’s early experiences with 3. Anima – their feminine side women- mothers, sisters and lovers. 4. Animus – their masculine side ➔ Men are inclined to project their anima to 5. Great Mother – nourishment and their wife/lover not for who she really is but destruction (Mother Earth) for what the collective unconscious have 6. Wise Old Man – wisdom and meaning determined. 7. Hero – the image we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil but who has a single ANIMUS fatal flaw (Superman) – the masculine side 8. The Self – the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection ➔ Symbolic to thinking and reasoning. ➔ The ultimate in psychological ➔ Came from women’s early experiences maturity is self-realization, which is with men- fathers, brothers and lovers. symbolized by the mandala, or ➔ Women are inclined to project their animus perfect geometric figure. to their husband/lover not for who he really is but for what the collective unconscious have determined. PERSONA – the side of our personality that we show to GREAT MOTHER others – nourishment and destruction ➔ No.1 personality that needs to ➔ Derivative of Anima accommodate to the outside world. ➔ Two opposing forces: Sustain life ◆ E.g. Doctor= “bedside manner”, (nourishment) or neglect offspring politician= assertive to win votes (destruction). ➔ If identified too closely individuality ➔ Derived from the idea of mother earth. remains unconscious and self-realization can be blocked. WISE OLD MAN ➔ Balance between society’s expectations – Wisdom and meaning and what we truly are. ➔ Derivative of Animus ➔ Unconscious, therefore cannot be directly experienced ◆ E.g. priests, preachers, politicians, guru, and etc GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  Progression and Regression HERO – the image we have of a conqueror who Progression vanquishes evil but who has a single fatal flaw ➔ Forward flow of psychic energy ➔ Necessary for adaptation to outside world ➔ Symbolically like Superman, Macbeth, Regression Achilles ➔ Backward flow of psychic energy ➔ Frees us from feelings of impotence and ➔ Necessary for adaptation to inner world misery (Psyche) ➔ Model for the ideal personality PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES THE SELF – the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or ATTITUDES perfection ➔ Predisposition to act in a characteristic direction ➔ Archetype of archetypes INTROVERSION ➔ ‘balance all archetypes together ➔ The turning inward of psychic ➔ Pulls together all other archetypes and energy with an orientation toward unite them for self-realization the subjective EXTROVERSION ➔ The turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective and away from the subjective FUNCTIONS ➔ These two attitudes can combine with four basic functions to form eight general personality types. THINKING ➔ Logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas FEELING ➔ Evaluating an idea or event SENSATION ➔ Receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness INTUITION ➔ Perception beyond the workings of consciousness DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY Causality and Teleology Jung Compares the Stages of Life to the Sun’s ➔ Behavior is shaped by both Journey through the Sky, with the Brilliance of the Sun Representing Consciousness GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1  Self-Realization (Individuation) ➔ Means being “psychologically healthy” ➔ Requires assimilation of unconsciousness into total self ➔ Process of integrating opposites into a harmonious self ➔ Rarely achieved JUNG’S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Word Association Test Dream Analysis STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Active Imagination 1. CHILDHOOD Psychotherapy (Four Stages) ➔ Anarchic – chaotic and sporadic consciousness ○ Confession of a pathogenic secret ➔ Monarchic – development of ego and logical and verbal thinking ○ Interpretation, explanation, and elucidation ➔ Dualistic – ego divides into objective and subjective ○ Education as social beings 2. YOUTH ○ Transformation ➔ The period from puberty until middle life CRITIQUE OF JUNG ➔ Major difficulty to overcome is Jung’s Theory Is: conservative principle or the tendency to ➔ Moderate on Generating Research and cling to childhood/past Organizing Observations ➔ Low on Practicality, Internal Consistency, 3. MIDDLE LIFE and Parsimony (simplest assumption) ➔ Very Low on Falsifiability ➔ Begins at approximately age 35 or 40 ➔ Period of anxiety and potential 4. OLD AGE ➔ Lessening or reduction of consciousness ➔ Death is the goal of life GARAY PSYCH 2-Y1-1