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Theories of Personality - Introduction to Personality Hypothesis - educated guess or prediction; validity to be tested through Personality - Pattern of relatively Permanent...

Theories of Personality - Introduction to Personality Hypothesis - educated guess or prediction; validity to be tested through Personality - Pattern of relatively Permanent the use of the scientific method traits Deductive reasoning - derive testable hypotheses and test from the Latin word persona (theatrical Inductive reasoning - alters the theory to masks worn by reflect the results Roman actors) Taxonomy - classification of things according to their Theory - model of reality that helps us understand, explain, natural relationships; can involve into theories when predict and control that particular reality they begin to generate testable hypotheses and to explain research findings Scientific theory - set of related assumptions that allow scientists to use logical deduble reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses Theorists' personalities & their theories of personality Theory Defined Set of assumptions Psychology of science - studies both science and set of related assumptions assumptions behavior of scientists logical deductive reasoning. qualifier testable investigates the impact of an individual Theory and its relatives scientist's psychological processes and personal characteristics Philosophy - love of wisdom; pursue wisdom through thinking and reasoning examines how scientists' personalities, cognitive processes, developmental histories and social encompasses epistemology (nature of knowledge); experience affect the kind of science they theory relates most closely to this conduct and the theories they create branch of philosophy because it is a tool used by scientists in their pursuit of knowledge. What makes a theory useful? Speculation - closely tied to generates a number of hypotheses empirically gathered data and to science that can be investigated through research Science - branch of study concerned with observation and classification of organizes research data into a data and with the verification of general laws meaningful structure; provides an through the testing of hypothesis explanation for the results of scientific research tenets must lend itself to confirmation or Falsifiable theory is accountable to disconfirmation experimental results theories rely heavily on unobservable transformations in the unconscious are exceedingly Generates research difficult to either verify or falsify - ability to stimulate and guide further Organizes data research Also be able to organize research data that are not incompatible with each Two different kinds of research: other Descriptive research - expand an existing cannot ask intelligent questions theory; concerned with measurement, without a theoretical framework labeling, and categorization of the units that organizes their information; employed in theory building further research is severely curtailed without intelligent symbiotic relationship with theory; questions provides the building blocks for the theory and receives its impetus from the dynamic expanding theory. Guides action more useful the theory, more research generated by it; greater amount of Ability to guide the practitioner over the descriptive research, more complete the rough course of day-to-day theory problems good theory provides a structure for finding many of those answers Hypothesis testing- indirect verification of the usefulness of the theory therapists constructed answers in an if then framework useful theory will generate many hypotheses that when tested, add to a database that may reshape and enlarge Internally consistent the theory components are logically compatible; limitations of scope are carefully defined and does not offer explanations Theory must be falsifiable that lie beyond that scope Theory must be precise enough to uses language in a consistent manner; suggest research that may either not use the same term to mean two support or fail to support its major different things nor does its two  separate terms to the refer same concept personality theorists who believe in determinism tend to be pessimistic; believes in free choice are Operational definition - defines units in turns optimistic of observable events or behaviors that can be measured Causality vs. Teleology people act as they do because of what has Parsimonious happened to them in the past or act as they do because they have certain expectations of what will Two themes are equal in their ability to happen in the future? generate research, be falsified, give meaning to data, guide the practitioner and be self consistent; simpler one is preferred Conscious vs. Unconscious Two theories are never exactly equal; straightforward theories as more useful than the ones that bog down people ordinarily aware of what they are doing it or under the do unconscious forces and drive them to act without weight of complicated concepts and esoteric language awareness begin on a limited scale and avoid sweeping Biological vs. Social influences generalizations that attempt to explain all of human behavior people = creatures of biology or their personalities shaped largely by social relationships Dimensions for a concept of humanity heredity vs, environment: personal characteristics more the result of heredity or are they Determinism vs. Free Choice environmentally determined determined by forces over which they have no control or can people choose to be what they wish to Uniqueness vs. Similarities be salient feature of people their individuality or is it can behavior be partially free and partially their common characteristics? determined at the same time? study of personality concentrate on those traits that shapes their way of looking at people and colors make people alike or should it look at traits that their concept of humanity make people different Pessimism vs. Optimism Construct validity - instrument measures some hypothetical construct people doomed to live miserable, conflicted and troubled lives or can they change grow into Types of construct validity: psychologically healthy, happy, fully functioning convergent validity - instrument human beings measures some hypothetical construct; should relate to observable behavior (aggressiveness, extraversion, future goals or purposes intelligence have no physical insignificant correlations that do not existence) measure the construct divergent validity - has low or discriminant validity - discriminates between Causality - holds that behavior is a function of past two groups of people known to be experiences different Teleology - explanation of behavior in terms of Additional notes: Predictive validity - test predicts some future behavior ( test of extroversion has productive validity if it Conflates with future behaviors); can predict some future behavior or condition Traits - contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior and stability of behavior across situations pattern is different for each individual Characteristics - unique qualities of an individual ( such as temperament, physique and intelligence) Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis - sex & aggression based on Freud's experiences with patients, analysis of his own dreams and his reading on various sciences & humanities Biography Born on March 6 or May 6 in frieberg, Moravia decided to study in Paris & received a traveling grant from the University of Vienna Worked with Jean martin-charcot on the study of hysteria Worked with Josef Breuer on the study of catharsis Levels of the mental life Unconscious - well protected; don't have access to threatening events two different levels: unconscious proper & preconscious urges, drives or instincts that are beyond our awareness Phylogenetic endowment - originates from the experiences of early ancestors that have been passed on Conscious - mental elements in awareness at any given point in time Dynamics of personality Drive - tried; stimulus within the person Libido - sex drive; aggressive drive Basic drive is characterized by the ff: Impetus - amount of force it exerts Source - region of the body in a state of i Perceptual conscious - medium for the perception of external stimuli Provinces of the mind Id - pleasure principle Ego - reality principle; substitute principle for the id  Superego - moralistic & idealistic principles; two subsystems of the superego are conscience and ego ideal Object - person or thing that serves as the means in which the aim is satisfied Sex - aim is pleasure; body is invested with libido excitation or reducing the removing excitation or sexual pleasure tension reducing the tension Eros-sex according to Freud Aim - seek pleasure by inanatos aggussive - Erogenous zones - producing Mouth & anus are capable of Narcissistic libido is transformed into producing sexual pleasure object libido aim of sexual drive cannot be Secondary narcissism changed; but can be varied (active or adolescents redirect their libido back to passive form; temporarily or the ego and become preoccupied permanently inhibited) with personal appearance and other self-interests Primary narcissism children experience sexual love for libido invested almost exclusively on the mother during infancy own ego; give up much of narcissism and develop greater interest in other second kind of love aim-inhibited people according to Freud due to its original aim of reducing sexual tension is Freud'S interpretation inhibited or repressed  previously experienced unconscious feelings of destruction against one or Two other sexual drives: both parents (fear of punishment) Sadism - need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another Moral - conflict between the ego and person; sexual perversion if its extreme superego; may experience anxiety as an outgrowth of the conflict between Masochism - common need; becomes realistic needs and the dictates of their a perversion when Eros becomes superego subservient to the destructive drive sexual pleasure from suffering pain & Realistic - related to fear; defined as humiliation inflicted by themselves or unpleasant, non specific feeling involving others a possible danger Defense mechanisms Aggression powerful death or instinct possessed used when a behavior is compulsive, by all persons repetitive and neurotic flexible and can take a number of forms ego's purpose need for the barriers that people have erected to check aggression Repression basic defense mechanism as it is involved in Destructive Drive - return the organism to each of the others an inorganic state protects the ego by repressing the impulses of the id (ego threatened by the id); forces Anxiety threatening feelings into the unconscious felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation May occur the ff: that warns the person against Impulses may remain unchanged in the impending danger unconscious Three kinds: impulses could force their way into Neurotic - apprehension about an consciousness in an unaltered form (would unknown danger (exists in the ego; create more anxiety which the person may be originates from id impulses) Freud described displacement through the ff: e.g. Presence of teacher because of 1.) sexual object can be displaced or transformed onto a variety of other objects Fixation including one's self permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development 2.) also used displacement to refer to the. Oral stage excessive smoking nail biting e.g - replacement of one neurotic symptom for , another Regression ( masturbating may be replaced by reversion to the earlier stage compulsive hand washing) Child trouble quite common and are leg. has recalling the overwhelmed) readily has people can redirect their unacceptable time being abused but difficulty forming connections) urges into a variety of people or objects so expressed in displaced or disguised forms that the original impulse is disguised or T ·T visible in children (e.g. Child may regress to concealed demanding a bottle when a younger sibling is born) frequent in older children and in adults Reaction formation usually temporary; demand a more or less repressed impulse may become conscious permanent through adopting a disguise that is directly expenditure of psychic energy opposite its original form Reactive behavior - exaggerated character and by its obsessive and compulsive form ( Projection e.g. Girl deeply hates and resents her seeing in others unacceptable feelings or mother because she knows that society tendencies that demands affection toward parents; consciousactually reside in ones own unconscious hate would produce too much anxiety) (e.g. Man may consistently interpret the actions of older women as attempted seductions) Displacement paranoia - extreme type of projection; characterized by powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution characterized by repressed homosexual feelings toward the persecutor according to Freud  "I love him" = "I hate him" (produces too much anxiety) Introjection incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego; defense mechanism (e.g. May introject or adopt the mannerisms, values or lifestyle of a celebrity) Sublimation repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim expressed through art, music & literature; part of all human relationships and all social pursuits : all defense mechanisms protect the ego against anxiety Stages of development Infantile period - infants possess a sexual and go through a period of pregenital sexual development during the first 4 or 5 years after birth has three phases Oral phase incorporate or receive into one's mouth is the first organ to provide an body (nipple) infant with pleasure Oral receptive first stage of development; sexual - infants feel no ambivalence toward aim of early oral activity is to the pleasurable object and their needs are usually satisfied with a minimum of excessively neat & orderly fashion frustration & anxiety Anal eroticism - anal triad of Oral sadistic orderliness, stinginess & obstinacy aided by the emergence of teeth respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, Phallic phase smiling & crying genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone toddler stage (3 or 4 years old) Anal phase / Sadistic-anal phase aggressive drive; occurs during the dichotomy between male & female second year when and emerges as a development sexually pleasurable zone Two sub phases: early anal period and late anal period Latency period boys & girls go through a period of Early anal period dormant psychosexual development; receive satisfaction by destroying or parents' attempts to punish or losing objects; destructive nature is discourage sexual activity in their stronger than the erotic young children potty training happens; children Continued latency - reinforced through often behave aggressively toward constant suppression by parents & their parents in this scenario teachers and by internal feelings of shame, guilt & morality Late anal period take a friendly interest towards their feces Genital period puberty signals; begins at puberty reproduction is now possible mouth, Anal character anus and other pleasure continue to receive erotic producing areas take an auxiliary satisfaction by keeping & possessing position to the genitals - supremacy objects and arranging them in an as an erogenous zone Psychological maturity - stage after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner  Applications of psychoanalytic theory does not interfere with the Freud'S early therapeutic technique treatment, powerful ally to the relied on a much more active therapeutic progress approach technique is extracting repressed Positive transference - permits patients childhood memories; childhood to more or less relive childhood seduction experiences scenes of childhood sexual experiences would come forth. Negative transference - must be recognized by the therapist and explained to patients to overcome any Freud'S late therapeutic technique goal is resistance to treatment to uncover repressed memories through free association & dream analysis Dream analysis purpose of psychoanalysis is to strengthen transform the manifest content of the ego; make the superego more dreams to the more latent content independent, widen its field of perception & enlarge its organization so Manifest content - surface meaning or that it can appropriate fresh portions of the conscious description given by the the id. dreamer Free association - verbalizing every thought Latent content - unconscious material that comes to one's mind Posttraumatic stress disorder - purpose is to arrive at the unconscious repeatedly dream of frightening or by starting with a present conscious traumatic experiences idea Condensation - unconscious material dream analysis is Freud's favorite has been abbreviated or condensed transference before appearing on the manifest level Transference - strong sexual or aggressive Displacement - dream image is replaced feelings, that patients develop toward their by some other idea only remotely analyst during the course of treatment related to it Freudian slips / Parapraxes Unconscious intention of the person unconscious slips - product of both unconscious Carl Jung - analytical psychology Biography July 26, 1875 - kesswill, Switzerland raised with neurotic parents (moody father, dominant mother ) associated ideas (e.g. The word spends alone time with painting as mother sparks an emotional his hobby response that blocks the smooth religious doubts & conflicts flow of thought) bizarre dreams Archetypes introverted & isolated; avoided other ancient or archaic images that children derive from the collective unconscious ff archetypes are great mother, wise Libido - sexual energy; broad, old man and hero undifferentiated Psyche - narrower psychic energy that Instinct fuels psychological activities unconscious physical impulse toward action; saw the archetype More on collective & personal as the psychic counterpart to an unconscious instinct Persona public face or role Personal unconscious forgotten or suppressed Anima experiences that have lost their feminine aspects of male psyche intensity for some reason ( unpleasantness, disturbing) Animus masculine aspect of the female Complexes psyche emotionally toned conglomeration of  is therefore unique to each individual Shadow dark side/ contains primitive animal instinct Complex contents of the personal unconscious Self emotionally toned unity integration & harmonious of conglomeration of associated ideas the total personality e.g. Word mother is emotional response for an individual that blocks the smooth flow ultimate symbol is mandala of thought Stages of development of Middle life- period of personality tremendous potential Childhood Old age - death is the goal of ego development begins when a child life; helping establish new goals distinguishes between self & others Self-realization. Puberty to young adulthood pulls together other archetypes & unites adapt to the growing demands of reality them focus is external on education process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogeneous individual Additional notes: Conscious - sensed by the ego; unconscious elements have no relationship with the ego luck & good saw the ego as the center of eda i - consciousness according to Jung: must be completed by the more Collective unconscious comprehensive self roots in the ancestral last of the entire species Personal unconscious most controversial; most distinctive embraces all repressed, concept forgotten or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular inherited and pass from one generation to individual the next as psychic potential; do not lie dormant but are active & influence a formed by our individual experiences and person's thoughts, emotions & actions  responsible for people's many myths, legends & religious beliefs Hero powerful person, sometimes part e.g. Mother may unexpectedly react with god love & tenderness to her infant achievement of consciousness was one of our ancestors' greatest accomplishments Archetypes ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious; generalized and derive from the contents of the collective unconscious Causality & teleology Complexes - individualized components of Causality - holds that present events the personal unconscious have their origin in previous experiences Instinct - unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the Teleology - present events are motivated archetype as the psychic counterpart by goals & aspirations for the future that to an instinct direct a person's destiny Great mother Progression & regression associated with both positive & negative feelings Progression - adaptation to the outside represents two opposing forces - world involves the forward flow of fertilizing & nourishment for on psychic energy hand & power & destruction on the other inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions Wise old man humans' preexisting knowledge Regression - adaptation to the inner of the mysteries of life world relies on a backward flow of archetypal meaning is psychic energy unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single necessary backward step in the individual successful attainment of a goal personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher Attitudes - predeposition to act or react  in a characteristic direction; insisted transmits to perceptual consciousness that a person has both introversion & extroversion attitude Extroverted - sensations are not greatly influenced by oriented tour their subjective Introversion - turning inward of psychic attitudes; perceive external stimuli energy with an orientation toward the objectively oriented subjective perceive the external world; do so Introverted- largely influenced by 5 senses; selectively & with their own guided by their sense stimuli rather than the subjective view stimuli themselves Extroversion - attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective & Intuiting - perception beyond the workings of away from the subjective consciousness; more creative & based on the perception of absolute elementary facts more influenced by their surroundings than their inner world Extraverted- oriented toward facts in the external world; merel erceive them sublimall Functions - can combine both intro & extra Introverted - guided by unconscious with any one or more of four functions/types perception of facts that are subjective and have little or no resemblance to external Four functions reality often appear peculiar to people of other Feeling - describe the process of evaluating types an idea Or event distinguished from emotion; evaluation of every conscious activity Extroverted feeling - use objective data to Jung's method of investigation make evaluations not guided so much by their subjective Word association test opinion demonstrate the validity of Freud'S hypothesis; unconscious operates as an Introverted feeling - base their value autonomous judgments primarily on subjective process perceptions rather than objective facts based on the principle that complexes create measurable emotional responses 100 stimulus words chosen Sensing - receives physical stimuli &  traumatized by the death of his younger brother Rudolf Dream analysis more interested in social agreed with Freud about dreams uncover relationships elements from the personal & collective unconscious & to integrate them into Adlerian theory consciousness in order to Striving for success or superiority - facilitate the process of self one dynamic force behind realization people's behavior dreams are often compensatory; person's marked by physical unconscious self will strive to complete deficiencies & strong feeling through the dream process of competitiveness with his older brother Active imagination person to begin with any Masculine protest - implied will to impression power or a domination of others reveal archetypal images emerging from the unconscious Striving for superiority Psychotherapy limited to those people who strive for personal superiority Transformation - therapist must first be our others transformed into a healthy human being by undergoing psychotherapy Counter transference - describe a therapist's feelings toward the patient; can be either a help or a hindrance to treatment Alfred Adler - individual psychology Biography February 07, 1870 - kudolfsheim, Vienna, Austria had a rivalry with his older brother sigmund ( not Freud)  defensive, be watchful when people behave erratically Organ dialect - deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual's goal body's organs speak a language which is usually more expressive & discloses the individual 's opinion e.g. Man suffering from rheumatoid arthritis in his hands Conscious & unconscious (according to Adler) Unconscious - part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by the individual Avoided dichotomy between the unconscious & life the conscious - two cooperating parts of the same unified system Inferiority complex- motivated largely by Conscious - understood & regarded by the exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority individual as helpful in striving for success; unconscious thoughts are not helpful Subjective perceptions strive is not shaped by reality but by their subjective perceptions of reality (fictions) Social interest Physical inferiorities gemeinschaftsgefühl - social feeling; develop a fiction or belief system on how to overcome these physical deficiencies physical feeling of oneness with all humanity; implies deficiencies do not cause particular style of life; membership in the social community of all simply provide motivation for reaching future people goals natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together Unity & self- consistency of personality natural inferiority of individuals necessitates each person is unique & indivisible their union to form a society IP insists on the fundamental unity of personality & the notion that speaks n Importance inconsistent behavior does not exist people begin life with a basic striving force behavior forces other people to be on the that is activated by ever present physical deficiencies inferiority all people possess feelings of inferiority Pampered style of life lies at the heart of most neuroses have weak social interest but a Style of life strong desire to perpetuate the refer to the flavor of person's life pampered includes a person's goal, self-concept, expect others to look after, feelings for others, attitude toward the world overprotect, & satisfy one's needs style of life is fairly well established by age not receive too much love; feel 4 or 5 express their social interest through unloved action may also feel neglected Neglected style of life Creative power neglect responsible for the final goal,determines likely to borrow heavily from these method of striving for that goal & feelings in creating a neglected style contributes to the of life development of social have little confidence in themselves & interest tend to overestimate difficulties places them in control of their own lives connected with life's major makes each person a free individual problems more suspicious & more likely to be dangerous to others Abnormal development Underdeveloped social interest Safeguarding tendencies Neurotics tend to: hide their inflated self image & to set their goals high maintain their current style of life live in their own private world symptoms are formed as a have a rigid & dogmatic style of life protection against anxiety; Adler'S interpretation is largely conscious & shield a person's fragile self esteem External factors in from public disgrace maladjustment discussed with reference to the construction of neurotic symptoms Exaggerated physical deficiencies not sufficient to lead to maladjustment Excuses must be accompanied by accentuated "yes but" or "if only" feelings of "yes but" - state what they claim  they would like to do self-esteem invariably act to cause "if only" -same excuse phrased in a the people surrounding them to different way suffer more than they do Self-accusation - marked by self torture & guilt Aggression - safeguard their suicide, masochism, depression exaggerated superiority complex; to converse of depreciation protect their fragile self-esteem people devalue themselves in order to inflict suffering on others while protecting their own magnified Depreciation feelings of self- esteem undervalue other people's achievements and to overvalue one's own Withdrawal intention to is belittle another so people run away from difficulties that person will be placed in a Modes of withdrawal favorable light Moving backward -psychologically Accusation reverting to a more secure period of life tendency to blame others for one's elicit sympathy,deleterious attitude failures & seek revenge; offered so generously pampered safeguarding tenuous children Standing still avoid all responsibility by enduring themselves against any threat of failure people safeguard their self-esteem & protect them senes against failure by doing nothing Hesitating - closely related to standing still procrastinations; "it's too late now" some people hesitate when faced with difficult problems most compulsive behaviors are attempts to waste time allows neurotic individuals to preserve their inflated sense of self  esteem Constructing obstacles protect their self-esteem & prestige; if they fail to hurdle the barrier, can always resort to an excuse Melanie Klein: object relations theory Biography March 30, 1882 - Vienna, Austria believed that her birth was unplanned has observed that both parents infants possesses an active did not enjoy working at their phantasy life respective jobs relationships with her family psychic representations of ended in tragedy unconscious id instincts; met sandor ferenczi who's a should not be confused with member of Freud'S circle the conscious fantasies of began to psycho analyze one older children and adults of her children Object relations theory - places less possess unconscious emphasis on biologically based drives images of "good" & "bad" & more importance on consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships Unconscious fantasies - connected more maternal, stressing the with the breast continue to exert intimacy & nurturing of the an impact on psychic life as infant mother matures generally see human contact & relatedness shaped by both reality & by Psychic life of the infant inherited predispositions Phantasies one of the fantasies involves  the Oedipus complex / child's wish to destroy one parent & sexually possess the other Positions can be contradictory as these uses the term to indicate fantasies are unconscious (e.g. the position that alternate Little boy can fantasize both back & beating his mother & having forth babies with her) not periods of time or Objects phases of development agreed with Freud that through humans have innate drives or which a person passes instincts (including death instincts) believed that from early Paranoid-schizoid position - infancy children relate to organizing experiences that these external objects includes both (fantasy & reality) paranoid feelings of being persecuted and a splitting of internal & external objects into Active fantasy - infants introject or the good & the bad take into their psychic structure gratification & frustration threaten including father’s penis, mother’s the very existence of the infant's hands and face and other body vulnerable ego; desires to control the parts breast by devouring & harboring Introjected objects - more than create fantasies by biting, internal thoughts about external tearing annihilating the breast objects; fantasies of internalizing the object in concrete and physical Persecutory breast - fearing its own death instinct that fears the terms (e.g. Children who have infant interjected their mother believe that she is constantly inside their Ideal breast - provides love, own body) comfort, gratification  infants begin to view external objects as a Klein states that paranoid whole and to see that schizoid position develops during good & bad can exist in the first 3/4 months of life J egos the same person perception is subjective & fantastic rather than objective & infant develops a more realistic realistic picture of the mother & persectory feelings are considered to be paranoid ( not based on recognizes that she is an independent person who any real or immediate danger can be good or bad; ego from the outside world) is have a biological predisposition beginning to mature to to attach a positive value to which it can tolerate some nourishment and the life instinct of its own destructive - assign a negative value to feelings rather than hunger & the death instinct projecting them outward Conscious ambivalent - does not infant also realizes that capture the essence of the paranoid the mother might go schizoid position away & be lost forever do in an unconscious feelings of anxiety over primitive fashion losing a loved object with may experience themselves as a a sense of guilt passive object rather than an active subject Projective identification "he's dangerous" instead of infants split off "iam aware that he is unacceptable parts of dangerous to me" themselves, project them in another object & Depressive position introject back to themselves occurs during 5th or 6th month Psychic Defense Mechanisms infants Introjection fantasy - into taking projective identification spirt off one's own body ; originally mother's of themselves unacceptable parts breast  impulses Projection feelings & - another reside within person splitting-tolerate I good bad of themselves & of aspects external them objects by splitting Internalizations in the kleinian theory Ego ego reaches maturing at a much earlier stage ignored the id; based her theory on the ego's early ability to sense both destructive & loving forces Superego emerges much earlier in life, not an outgrowth of the Oedipus complex, much more harsh & cruel more mature superego produces feelings of inferiority & guilt early superego produces terror Oedipus complex begins at a much earlier age; begins during the earliest months of life; reaches its climax during the genital stage significant part of the Oedipus complex is children's fear of retaliation from their parent stressed the importance of children retaining positive feelings toward both parents Oedipus complex serves the same need for both genders (establish a positive attitude with the good or gratifying object & to avoid the bad or terrifying object Female Oedipal development infant sees the mother's breast as both good & bad begin to view the breast as more positive than negative Male Oedipal development feminine position - infant adopts a passive homosexual  attitude towards the father & heterosexual attitude towards his mother social smile John bowlby - attachment theory - grasping reflux Biography born in London Familiar > - Focusing on People (3-6 months) father was a well-known surgeon began training in child psychiatry under selective social response - Melanie Klein was raised by a nanny; cries when his manny left Stages of separation anxiety Protest - infants cry when caregiver is not present; infants search for their caregiver Despair - infants become quiet as separation continues Attachment theory - based on Bowlby'S Detachment - infants become emotionally observations that both human & detached from other people (including their primate infants go through a clear caregiver); infants will disregard it the sequence of reactions when separated caregiver is present from their primary caregivers Phases of Attachment two of attachment : ways > - social Gestures w/ limited Selection 10-3 months) secure - -prefers mother's voice aface Insecure -  & 16 months 3 > Intense Attachment - Proximity Seeking - years) out when mom leaves - cries fear of strangers - Behaviors -> Partnership 13 years end of- childhood) can visualize - and understand explain why have to leave can they Mary Ainsworth Biography born in Glendale, OH influenced by Bowlby'S theory Strange situation - 20 minute laboratory session where a mother & infant are alone in a playroom 4 attachment styles Secure attachment - warm & loving bond between the mother & the child Anxious - ambivalent / ambivalent attachment - infants tend to distrust caregivers; constantly seek approval Avoidant attachment - learned to accept that their emotional needs are likely to remain unmet; often struggle with expressing their feelings Disorganized attachment - combo of avoidance & anxious attachment; often display intense anger & rage Secure attachment - infant is happy when mom returns Anxious-resistant attachment - infant becomes upset when the mother leaves; seeks contact with the mother but reject attempts Anxious-avoidant - infant stays calm when the mother leaves; stranger enters & accepts; ignores the mother