Counseling Methods and Tools PDF

The different methods and tools in Counseling LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Illustrate the different methods and tools of counseling. 2. Distinguish the different methods and tools of counseling.  COUNSELING METHODS Counseling Methods- It is a learning process that a...

The different methods and tools in Counseling LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Illustrate the different methods and tools of counseling. 2. Distinguish the different methods and tools of counseling.  COUNSELING METHODS Counseling Methods- It is a learning process that assists the clients to move towards useful involvement and contribution to society.  3 schools of thought in psychology that became dominant Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanistic perspective  Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Draws attention to the darker forces of the unconscious and the influence that it has on how we feel about ourselves. - Itencompasses a vast number of therapeutic models that utilize dreams, fantasies, associations and the expression of thoughts both verbally and physically.  Behaviorism Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904- 1990) - Focuses on the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior. - The behaviorist approach proposes two main environmentally determined processes, namely, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves learning by reinforcement (e.g., rewards and punishment.) Behavioral therapy tends to be highly focused on teaching client's new behaviors to minimize or eliminate the issue. Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning – is a type of unconscious or automatic learning. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. Ivan Pavlov- Russian Psychologist - He started natural reflexes and neutral stimuli and managed to condition dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell through repeated association with the sound of the bell and food.  HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE Represented by Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow & George Kelly - It attempts to understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity and the capacity for self-reflection and growth. - Humanistic therapeutic models are rooted in insight and focus on self-development, growth and responsibilities. - They seek to help individuals gain self- empowerment by recognizing their strengths, creativity, and choice in their given circumstances. BASIC COUNSELING APPROACHES COMMONLY USED TODAY THAT PROVIDED PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS FOR COUNSELORS TO 1.PSYCHOANALYTIC DRAW FROM: THERAPY (Sigmund Freud) – Psychoanalysis is based on Freud’s explanation that human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and early experiences. - the goal of therapist is to help a client become conscious of this energy and early experiences and thereby become empowered and harness both positively. Psychological Conditions/Diagnosis Post-traumatic stress disorder – a trauma and stress related disorder that may develop after exposure to an event or ordeal in which death or severe harm occurred or was threatened. Schizoid personality disorder – a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social interests. Bereavement  Anxiety Depression Emotion struggles or trauma Identity problems Self-esteem issues Relationship issues Self-destructive behavior Sexual problems 2. ADLERIAN THERAPY (Alfred Adler) – believed that the first six years of life influence an individual. - But ensuing behavior depended on how one interprets his/her past and its continuing influence him/her. - Helps the client identify the errors they’ve made in the development of their style of life, so that they can healthily focus on appropriate compensations for their weaknesses, develop their strengths, feel encouraged about their capacity to create meaning and connections in life and achieve success in a socially useful way. Example: Young children perceive they are “less than” others because they are not as competent as older, more well- developed people in their world. Adlerian play therapists work with clients to help them develop positive ways to strive toward being and feeling adequate. 3. EXISTENTIAL THERAPY – (Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow, Rollo May) - Focuses on the human capacity to define and shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal circumstance through reflection, decision-making and self-awareness. - LOGOTHERAPY (Viktor Frankl)–A psychotherapeutic approach, based on the idea that human beings are most motivated by a search for meaning or “will to meaning” which is the minds’ and psyches’ biggest stressor. It help to people find meaning through “creative values”, experiential values, and attitudinal values. “ You can choose to be the person you want to be”.  THREE WAYS OF DASEIN MITWELT – Ones’ relationship with others UMWELT – One’s relationship with environment EIGENWELT – One’s relationship with self  THERAPIST GUIDES THE CLIENT THROUGH CONFRONTATIONS WITH ANXIETIES ABOUT 4 THEMES 1.Death 2.Freedom & Responsibility 3.Isolation 4.Meaningless COMMON TECHNIQUES No set techniques Therapist can use any approach that meets the needs of the client  EXISTENTIAL THERAPY SHEET INSTRUCTION. Answer the following questions about your values and purpose in life. 1.For you, what is the meaning of your existence? 2.What is most important to you in your life? 3.Make a list of activities that are most enjoyable for you. 4.What are the situations when you feel satisfied and content? 4. PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY (Carl Rogers) – people get, share, or surrender power and control over themselves and others, and so, empowerment depended on the self and such required non-directive process. - The process includes the counselor use of active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification and just “being there” for the counselee in a non-interventionist way. Schizophrenia is a serious mental health condition that affects how people think, feel and behave. It may result in a mix of hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking and behavior. Hallucinations involve seeing things or hearing voices that aren't observed by others. Delusions involve firm beliefs about things that are not true. People with schizophrenia can seem to lose touch with reality, which can make daily living very hard. You could be diagnosed with schizophrenia if you experience some of the following symptoms. Hallucinations. Delusions. Disorganized thinking. Lack of motivation. Slow movement. Change in sleep patterns. Poor grooming or hygiene. Changes in body language and emotions 5. GESTALT THERAPY (Frederick S. Perls) – Gestalt is commonly translated as “pattern” or “form” and the Gestalt psychology states that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. - One of the key elements of Gestalt therapy is its focus on the “here and now” which has made it reputed as the “feel-good” therapeutic techniques. - Gestalt therapy techniques include confrontation, dialog with parties, role-playing, relieving, and re- experiencing unfinished business in the forms of resentment and guilt. - Counselors push for doing and experiencing rather than just talking about one’s feelings as a client. - Itinvolves recognizing and letting go, accompanied by actions like breaking a glass or hitting something 6. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (Eric Berne) – its emphasis on decisions and contracts that must be made by client. This involves the identification of the ego states behind each and every transaction. - A psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy wherein social interactions (or “transactions”) are analyzed to determine the ego state of the communicator (whether parent-like, childlike, or adult- like) as a basis for understanding behavior  Ego state was a consistent pattern of feeling and experience directly related to a corresponding consistent pattern of behavior. The three Ego states are: Parent, Adult and Child. 3 EGO STATES: a. Parent Ego state (Exteropsyche) – include a set of feelings, thinking and behavior that we have copied from our parents and significant others. b.Adult Ego state (Neopsyche) – is about our direct responses to the here and now. Being spontaneous and aware with the capacity for intimacy. c.Child Ego state (Archaeopsyche) – is a set of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings Parent ego state - When people act, think, or feel as their parent/caregivers once did, they are in the Parent ego state. For example, if you hear yourself saying "You must/should wake up early", a message you are now replaying that you had heard many a times from your own parents, you are now in your Parent ego state  Adultego state - is not related to a person's age. When a person is living in the here and now, gathering facts, computing them, and acting on the basis of facts, rather than on the basis of parental tradition or childhood feelings, they are in the Adult ego state.  Child ego state - contains all natural feelings, needs, impulses, and potentialities of an infant. It also contains creative, manipulative, intuitive capacities as well as feelings and behaviours learnt during childhood like compliance, procrastination, anger etc. For example on my recent trip to England, everywhere I went, I could feel an exciting feeling in the air, because of the Football World Cup and people kept shouting "It's coming home"...This excitement was from their Child ego state 7. BEHAVIOR THERAPY – (Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura, Burrhus Frederic Skinner etc.) – uses many action-oriented methods to help people take steps to change what they are doing and thinking. It is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental disorders. Its based on the idea that all behaviors are learned and that behaviors can be changed. - The counselor is active and directive, and functions as a teacher or trainer in helping clients work on improving behavior. People most commonly look form for behavioral therapy to treat: Depression Anxiety Panic Disorders Disorders involving excessive anger, like Intermittent explosive disorder  It can also help treat conditions and disorders like: Eating disorders Post traumatic stress disorder Bipolar disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Phobias (including social phobias) Obsessive compulsive disorder Self-harming behavior Substance use disorders 8. RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY (Albert Ellis) – form of cognitively- oriented behavioral therapy and is based on the assumption that human beings are born with a potential for both rational or straight thinking, and irrational or crooked thinking. - They can train to master themselves and control themselves like choosing not to be upset. 9. REALITY THERAPY, based on CHOICE THEORY (William Glasser) – is a short-term approach that focuses on the present and highlights a client’s strengths. The therapy is based on the principle that humans choose to behave in certain ways and that these choices can help or hamper your success. - What a client needs from a counselor is encouragement to assess the current style of living then leave them to employ a process of honest self-examination, leading and resulting to improvement of one’s quality of life. Reality therapy is sometimes used to help people struggling with: Mental health issues like mood disorders or anxiety disorders Behavioral problems in children, teens, or adults Substance use disorders or behavioral addictions Relationship conflicts with friends, family, or partners Existential anxiety or people looking for meaning or fulfillment Problem solving for specific issues at work, in life, or in relationships  Cartoon Analysis Questions 1. Who are characters/symbols in your output/cartoon and what do they represent?? Describe your drawing. 2. What issue is being portrayed in your output? What therapy is needed in the cartoon? 3. What is the message you are trying to expressed? 4. Do you think the output/cartoon you made is effective to picture out the client’s behavior that needs an intervention of the practitioner?  Government SETTINGS setting – government agencies such as social welfare, correctional department, court system, child and women affairs services, schools, military, police, hospitals, mental and foster homes & rehabilitation centers. Private sectors setting – NGO or specialized for profit centers & organizations that render a variety of counseling services. Civil society setting – generally charities or non- profit and issue based centers or organizations such as for abused women, abandoned children and elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals or religious groups. School setting – dynamic and complex role of 1. Psychoanalytic Therapy – Sigmund Freud 2. Adlerian Therapy- Alfred Adler 3. Existential Therapy -Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow, Rollo May 4. Person centered Therapy – Carl Rogers 5. Gestalt Therapy – Frederick Perls 6. Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne 7. Behavior Therapy - Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura, Burrhus Frederic Skinner etc. 8. Rational Emotive Therapy – Albert Ellis 9. Reality Therapy – William Glasser 10.Humanistic Therapy – Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow