Theory and Practice of Counseling & Psychotherapy PDF

 ninth edition Theory and Practice of Counseling...

 ninth edition Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy GERALD COREY California State University, Fullerton Diplomate in Counseling Psychology American Board of Professional Psychology $XVWUDOLDä%UD]LOä-DSDQä.RUHDä0H[LFRä6LQJDSRUHä6SDLQä8QLWHG.LQJGRPä8QLWHG6WDWHV Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  About the Author GERALD COREY is a Professor Emeritus of Human Serv- ices at California State University at Fullerton and a licensed psychologist. He received his doctorate in counseling from the University of Southern California. He is a Diplomate in Counseling Psychology, American Board of Professional Psychology; a National Certified Counselor; a Fellow of the Associated Press American Psychological Association (Counseling Psychol- ogy); a Fellow of the American Counseling Association; and a Fellow of the Association for Specialists in Group Work. He also holds memberships in the American Group Psycho- therapy Association; the American Mental Health Counselors Association; the As- sociation for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling; the Associa- tion for Counselor Education and Supervision; and the Western Association for Counselor Education and Supervision. Along with Marianne Schneider Corey, Jerry received the Lifetime Achieve- ment Award from the American Mental Health Counselors Association in 2011 and the Eminent Career Award from the Association for Specialists in Group Work in 2001. Jerry was the recipient of the Outstanding Professor of the Year Award from California State University at Fullerton in 1991. He teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses in group counseling, as well as courses in experiential groups, the theory and practice of counseling, theories of coun- seling, and professional ethics. He is the author or coauthor of 16 textbooks in counseling currently in print, 5 student videos/DVDs with workbooks, and more than 60 articles in professional publications. Theory and Practice of Coun- seling and Psychotherapy has been translated into the Arabic, Indonesian, Por- tuguese, Korean, Chinese, and Turkish languages. Theory and Practice of Group Counseling has been translated into Chinese, Korean, Russian, and Spanish. Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions has been translated into Korean, Japa- nese, and Chinese. Jerry and Marianne Corey often presents workshop in group counseling. In the past 35 years the Coreys have conducted group counseling training workshops for mental health professionals at many universities in the United States as well as in Korea, Ireland, Germany, Belgium, Scotland, Mexico, China, Hong Kong, and Canada. The Coreys also frequently give presentations and workshops at state and national professional conferences. In his leisure time, Jerry likes to travel, hike and bicycle in the mountains, and drive his 1931 Model A Ford. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Recent publications by Jerry Corey, all with Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, include: t Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy, Eighth Edition (2013) t The Art of Integrative Counseling, Third Edition (2013) t Theory and Practice of Group Counseling (and Student Manual, Eighth Edition, 2012) t Becoming a Helper, Sixth Edition (2011, with Marianne Schneider Corey) t Issues in Ethics in the Helping Professions, Eighth Edition (2011, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Patrick Callanan) t Groups: Process and Practice, Eighth Edition (2010, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Cindy Corey) t I Never Knew I Had a Choice, Ninth Edition (2010, with Marianne Schneider Corey) t Group Techniques, Third Edition (2004, with Marianne Schneider Corey, Patrick Callanan, and J. Michael Russell) Jerry is coauthor (with Barbara Herlihy) of Boundary Issues in Counseling: Multiple Roles and Responsibilities, Second Edition (2006) and ACA Ethical Standards Case- book, Sixth Edition (2006); he is coauthor (with Robert Haynes, Patrice Moulton, and Michelle Muratori) of Clinical Supervision in the Helping Professions: A Practi- cal Guide, Second Edition (2010); he is the author of Creating Your Professional Path: Lessons From My Journey (2010). All four of these books are published by the American Counseling Association. He also has made several educational DVD and video programs on various as- pects of counseling practice: DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psycho- therapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes (2013); DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes (2013, with Robert Haynes); DVD—Theory and Practice of Group Counseling (2012); Groups in Action: Evolution and Challenges—DVD and Workbook (2006, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Robert Haynes); and Ethics in Action: CD-ROM (2003, with Marianne Schneider Corey and Robert Haynes). All of these programs are available through Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Theory and Practice of Counseling kĽĻļľĽĻĻń%URRNV&ROH&HQJDJH/HDUQLQJ and Psychotherapy, Ninth Edition Gerald Corey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engage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. 'HVLJQ'LUHFWRU5RE+XJHO )RUSHUPLVVLRQWRXVHPDWHULDOIURPWKLVWH[WRUSURGXFW $UW'LUHFWRU&DU\O*RUVND VXEPLWDOOUHTXHVWVRQOLQHDWwww.cengage.com/permissions. 3ULQW%X\HU-XG\,QRX\H )XUWKHUSHUPLVVLRQVTXHVWLRQVFDQEHHPDLOHGWR 5LJKWV$FTXLVLWLRQV6SHFLDOLVW [email protected] 7RP0F'RQRXJK /LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV&RQWURO1XPEHUĽĻļļńľľļłŁ 3URGXFWLRQ6HUYLFH &HQYHR3XEOLVKHU6HUYLFHV 6WXGHQW(GLWLRQ ,6%1ļľńłŃĻŃĿĻĻĽŃŀĿń 7H[W5HVHDUFKHU3DEOR'Ý6WDLU ,6%1ļĻĻŃĿĻĻĽŃŀĿł 3KRWR5HVHDUFKHU:HQG\*UDQJHU%6* ,QWHULRU&RYHU'HVLJQHU /RRVHOHDI(GLWLRQ ,6%1ļľńłŃļļľľľĻńľľ 7RP,QJDOOV'HVLJQ ,6%1ļĻļļľľľĻńľľ; &RYHU,PDJH/HH$YLVRQ &RPSRVLWRU&HQYHR3XEOLVKHU6HUYLFHV Brooks/Cole 'DYLV'ULYH &RS\HGLWRU.D\0LNHO %HOPRQW&$ńĿĻĻĽľĻńŃ 86$ &HQJDJH/HDUQLQJLVDOHDGLQJSURYLGHURIFXVWRPL]HGOHDUQLQJVROXWLRQV ZLWKRėFHORFDWLRQVDURXQGWKHJOREHLQFOXGLQJ6LQJDSRUHWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP$XVWUDOLD0H[LFR%UD]LODQG-DSDQ/RFDWH\RXUORFDORėFHDW www.cengage.com/global &HQJDJH/HDUQLQJSURGXFWVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQ&DQDGDE\1HOVRQ (GXFDWLRQ/WG 7ROHDUQPRUHDERXW%URRNV&ROHYLVLWwww.cengage.com/brookscole 3XUFKDVHDQ\RIRXUSURGXFWVDW\RXUORFDOFROOHJHVWRUHRUDWRXU SUHIHUUHGRQOLQHVWRUH www.CengageBrain.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  To Terry Hendrix and in memory of Claire Verduin, our first editors at Brooks/Cole; they had faith in the potential of this book and encouraged us to write early in our careers. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents PREFACE XII vii CONTENTS PART 1 Basic Issues in Counseling Practice3 1 Introduction and Overview4 Introduction 5 Where I Stand 6 Suggestions for Using the Book 8 Overview of the Theory Chapters 9 Introduction to the Case of Stan 13 2 The Counselor: Person and Professional17 Introduction 18 The Counselor as a Therapeutic Person 18 Personal Therapy for the Counselor 20 The Counselor’s Values and the Therapeutic Process 22 Becoming an Effective Multicultural Counselor 24 Issues Faced by Beginning Therapists 28 Summary 34 3 Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice36 Introduction 37 Putting Clients’ Needs Before Your Own 37 Ethical Decision Making 38 The Right of Informed Consent 40 Dimensions of Confidentiality 41 Ethical Issues in a Multicultural Perspective 42 Ethical Issues in the Assessment Process 44 Ethical Aspects of Evidence-Based Practice 46 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Managing Multiple Relationships in Counseling Practice 48 Becoming an Ethical Counselor 51 Summary 52 Where to Go From Here 52 Recommended Supplementary Readings for Part 1 53 References and Suggested Readings for Part 1 55 PA RT 2 Theories and Techniques of Counseling 61 4 Psychoanalytic Therapy 62 viii Introduction 63 Key Concepts 64 CONTENTS The Therapeutic Process 72 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 78 Jung’s Perspective on the Development of Personality 83 Contemporary Trends: Object-Relations Theory, Self Psychology, and Relational Psychoanalysis 85 Psychoanalytic Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 91 Psychoanalytic Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 92 Summary and Evaluation 94 Where to Go From Here 97 Recommended Supplementary Readings 98 References and Suggested Readings 99 5 Adlerian Therapy 101 Introduction 102 Key Concepts 103 The Therapeutic Process 109 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 113 Adlerian Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 123 Adlerian Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 125 Summary and Evaluation 127 Where to Go From Here 129 Recommended Supplementary Readings 131 References and Suggested Readings 132 6 Existential Therapy 136 Introduction 139 Key Concepts 145 The Therapeutic Process 154 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 157 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Existential Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 160 Existential Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 162 Summary and Evaluation 163 Where to Go From Here 166 Recommended Supplementary Readings 168 References and Suggested Readings 169 7 Person-Centered Therapy 172 Introduction 173 Key Concepts 178 The Therapeutic Process 179 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 184 ix Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy 189 CONTENTS Motivational Interviewing 191 Person-Centered Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 194 Person-Centered Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 196 Summary and Evaluation 197 Where to Go From Here 203 Recommended Supplementary Readings 205 References and Suggested Readings 206 8 Gestalt Therapy 210 Introduction 212 Key Concepts 213 The Therapeutic Process 219 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 224 Gestalt Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 233 Gestalt Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 234 Summary and Evaluation 236 Where to Go From Here 239 Recommended Supplementary Readings 241 References and Suggested Readings 241 9 Behavior Therapy 244 Introduction 247 Key Concepts 250 The Therapeutic Process 252 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 255 Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 274 Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 276 Summary and Evaluation 277 Where to Go From Here 281 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Recommended Supplementary Readings 282 References and Suggested Readings 282 10 Cognitive Behavior Therapy 287 Introduction 290 Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 291 Key Concepts 292 The Therapeutic Process 295 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 297 Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy 302 Donald Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification 310 Cognitive Behavior Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 315 x Cognitive Behavior Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 318 CONTENTS Summary and Evaluation 320 Where to Go From Here 324 Recommended Supplementary Readings 327 References and Suggested Readings 327 11 Reality Therapy 333 Introduction 335 Key Concepts 336 The Therapeutic Process 340 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 342 Reality Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 349 Reality Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 352 Summary and Evaluation 354 Where to Go From Here 356 Recommended Supplementary Readings 357 References and Suggested Readings 358 12 Feminist Therapy 360 Introduction 362 Key Concepts 367 The Therapeutic Process 370 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures 373 Feminist Therapy From a Multicultural and Social Justice Perspective 380 Feminist Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 382 Summary and Evaluation 384 Where to Go From Here 388 Recommended Supplementary Readings 390 References and Suggested Readings 391 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  13 Postmodern Approaches 395 Introduction to Social Constructionism 397 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy 400 Narrative Therapy 410 Postmodern Approaches From a Multicultural Perspective 419 Postmodern Approaches Applied to the Case of Stan 421 Summary and Evaluation 423 Where to Go From Here 426 Recommended Supplementary Readings 429 References and Suggested Readings 429 14 Family Systems Therapy 432 xi Introduction 434 CONTENTS Development of Family Systems Therapy and Personal Development of the Family Therapist 437 A Multilayered Process of Family Therapy 445 Family Systems Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective 451 Family Systems Therapy Applied to the Case of Stan 452 Summary and Evaluation 456 Where to Go From Here 458 Recommended Supplementary Readings 458 References and Suggested Readings 459 PART 3 Integration and Application463 15 An Integrative Perspective464 Introduction 465 The Movement Toward Psychotherapy Integration 465 Issues Related to the Therapeutic Process 477 The Place of Techniques and Evaluation in Counseling 483 Summary 497 Where to Go From Here 498 Recommended Supplementary Readings 499 References and Suggested Readings 499 16 Case Illustration: An Integrative Approach in Working With Stan 503 Counseling Stan: Integration of Therapies 504 Concluding Comments 521 AUTHOR INDEX 523 SUBJECT INDEX 528 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Preface This book is intended for counseling courses for undergraduate and graduate stu- dents in psychology, counselor education, human services, and the mental health professions. It surveys the major concepts and practices of the contemporary ther- apeutic systems and addresses some ethical and professional issues in counseling practice. The book aims to teach students to select wisely from various theories and techniques and to begin to develop a personal style of counseling. xii I have found that students appreciate an overview of the divergent contem- P R E FA C E porary approaches to counseling and psychotherapy. They also consistently say that the first course in counseling means more to them when it deals with them personally. Therefore, I stress the practical application of the material and encour- age reflection. Using this book can be both a personal and an academic learning experience. In this ninth edition, every effort has been made to retain the major qualities that students and professors have found helpful in the previous editions: the suc- cinct overview of the key concepts of each theory and their implications for prac- tice, the straightforward and personal style, and the book’s comprehensive scope. Care has been taken to present the theories in an accurate and fair way. I have at- tempted to be simple, clear, and concise. Because many students want suggestions for supplementary reading as they study each therapy approach, I have included an updated reading list at the end of each chapter. This edition tion updates update the material and refines existing discussions. Part 1 deals with issues that are basic bas to the practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Chapter 1 puts the book into perspective, pe then students are introduced to the counselor— as a person and a professional—in pro Chapter 2. This chapter addresses a number of topics pertaining p g to the role of the counselor as a person and the therapeutic relationship. rela onship. Chapter 3 introduces in students to some key ethical issues in coun- seling eling practice, and several of the topics in this chapter have been updated and expanded. Part 2 is devoted to a consideration consid n of 11 theories theo of counseling. Each off the theoryy chapters p follows a common organizational pattern, and students zational patt nts can easily ccompare mpare and cont contrast st the various mmodels. This pattern includes ludes core topics such aas key cconcepts, oncepts, the ttherapeutic process, therapeutic rapeutic proce erapeutic ttechniques echniques and procedures, mmulticultural perspectives, theory applie lticultural perspectiv applied to the cacasee of Stan, and summary and eevaluation. uation. Inn this ninth edition, of the ion, all o chapterss in Part 2 have he chapte haave been revised, updated, up ated, and expanded to reflect r recent trends. Revisions Revisions were were based on the rec- ommendations om mendatio s of experts in each theory,, all of wh whomm are lilisted sted in the Acknowledg- mments section. Both expert aand general reviewers ents sectio eviewers provided rovide suggestions uggestions for adding, addin replacing, anand expanding m material al for tthis is edition. Attention Atten on was given to currcurrent rent Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  trends and recent developments in the practice of each theoretical approach. For each chapter in Part 2, the citations have been updated. Each of the 11 theory chapters summarizes key points and evaluates the con- tributions, strengths, limitations, and applications of these theories. Special attention is given to evaluating each theory from a multicultural perspective as well, with a commentary on the strengths and shortcomings of the theory in working with diverse client populations. The consistent organization of the sum- mary and evaluation sections makes comparing theories easier. Students are given recommendations regarding where to look for further training for all of the approaches. Updated annotated lists of reading suggestions and extensive refer- ences at the end of these chapters are offered to stimulate students to expand on the material and broaden their learning through further reading. In addition, a list of DVD resources has been added to the ninth edition for each of the theory xiii chapters. P R E FA C E what’s new in this edition Significant changes for the ninth edition for each of the theory chapters are out- lined below: chapter 4 Psychoanalytic Therapy t Increased emphasis on the role of the relationship in analytic therapy t Increased coverage on contemporary psychodynamic therapy t Broadened discussion of relational psychoanalysis t A new perspective on therapist neutrality and anonymity t More emphasis on the role of termination in analytic therapy t New material on countertransference, its role in psychoanalytic therapy, and guidelines for effectively dealing with countertransference t Expanded discussion of resistance and how to work with it effectively t Revised and expanded section on brief psychodynamic therapy chapter 5 Adlerian Therapy t Revised material on the concept of lifestyle t Expanded discussion of social interest t New material on early recollections t Streamlined discussion of some key concepts chapter 6 Existential Therapy t Revised material on existential themes t New and expanded coverage of the contributions of Irvin Yalom and James Bugental to existential therapy t More attention on international developments of existential therapy t New material on main aims of existential therapy t Revised section on the client–therapist relationship t Revised discussion of strengths of the approach from a diversity perspective t New discussion of integration of existential concepts in other therapies Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  chapter 7 Person-Centered Therapy t Expanded coverage on the contributions and influence of Carl Rogers on the counseling profession t New section on the Abraham Maslow’s contributions to humanistic philosophy and psychology t New material on Maslow’s concept of self-actualization and relation to person- centered philosophy t Broadened discussion of clients as active self-healers t Updated coverage of the core conditions of congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy t Recent research on contextual factors as the main predictors of effective therapy t New material on the limitations and criticisms of the approach xiv t New material on the diversity of styles of practicing person-centered therapy t More emphasis on how the basic philosophy of the person-centered approach P R E FA C E can be applied to other therapeutic modalities t Inclusion of emotion-focused therapy, stressing the role of emotions as a route to change t Revised coverage on person-centered expressive arts t New section on motivational interviewing (person-centered approach with a twist) t Additional coverage of the stages of change as applied to motivational inter- viewing chapter 8 Gestalt Therapy t Revised discussion of the role of experiments in Gestalt therapy t More emphasis on therapist presence t Added description of emotion-focused therapy and its relationship to Gestalt therapy t More attention to the relational approach to Gestalt practice chapter 9 Behavior Therapy t Increased attention to the trends in contemporary behavior therapy t Broadened discussion of the role of the therapeutic relationship in behavior therapy t Expanded and updated discussion of social skills training t Revision of multimodal therapy section t Revised discussion of systematic desensitization and exposure procedures t Revision of section on EMDR t More attention to the role of mindfulness and acceptance strategies in contem- porary behavior therapy t New material on mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and stress reduction t Expanded and revised treatment of dialectical behavior therapy chapter 10 Cognitive Behavior Therapy t Revised and expanded coverage of Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy t Increased coverage of Judith Beck’s role in the development of cognitive therapy Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  t Increased attention on Donald Meichenbaum’s influence in the development of CBT t New material on Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training t Revised section on Meichenbaum’s constructivist approach to CBT t Increased coverage of relapse prevention t Increased discussion of CBT from a multicultural perspective t New material on the potential limitations of the multicultural applications of CBT chapter 11 Reality Therapy t Revised discussion of the relationship of choice theory to reality therapy t Expanded discussion of the role of questions in reality therapy t Revision of section on the role of planning in reality therapy t More emphasis on the value of reality therapy with reluctant clients xv t Additional material on reality therapy from a diversity perspective P R E FA C E chapter 12 Feminist Therapy t Updated treatment of the principles of feminist therapy t Updated discussion of the role of assessment and diagnosis in feminist therapy t Increased attention given to empowerment t New example of applying feminist therapy interventions with the case of Alma t Revised and expanded discussion on therapeutic techniques and strategies chapter 13 Postmodern Approaches t Additional material on parallels between solution-focused brief therapy and positive psychology t Broadened discussion of the key concepts of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) t More emphasis on the client-as-expert in the therapy relationship in postmod- ern approaches t Revision of material on techniques in the postmodern approaches t New material on listening with an open mind in narrative therapy t More emphasis on the collaborative nature of narrative therapy and SFBT chapter 14 Family Systems Therapy t A reconceptualization and streamlining of the chapter t New section describing the multilayered process of family therapy t More emphasis on the personal development of the family therapist t Addition of reflection questions to assist in the personal application of family theory t New material on genogram work for understanding the self of the therapist and clients t Expanded section on recent developments in family therapy t New material on the postmodern perspective on family therapy t More attention given to feminism, multiculturalism, and postmodern constru- ctionism as applied to family therapy Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  In Part 3 readers are helped to put the concepts together in a meaningful way through a discussion of the integrative perspective and consideration of a case study. Chapter 15 (“An Integrative Perspective”) pulls together themes from all 11 theoretical orientations. This chapter has been revised to expand discus- sion of the psychotherapy integration movement; revise treatment of the various integrative approaches; update and expand the section on integration of multi- cultural issues in counseling; revise the section on integration of spirituality in counseling; add material on research demonstrating the importance of the thera- peutic relationship; more discussion on the central role of the client in determin- ing therapy outcomes; and update coverage of the conclusions from the research literature on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Chapter 15 develops the notion that an integrative approach to counseling practice is in keeping with meeting xvi the needs of diverse client populations in many different settings. Numerous tables and other integrating material help students compare and contrast the 11 P R E FA C E approaches. The “Case of Stan” has been retained in Chapter 16 to help readers see the application of a variety of techniques at various stages in the counseling process with the same client. This chapter illustrates an integrative approach that draws from all the therapies and applies a thinking, feeling, and behaving model in counseling Stan. Applying the various theories to a single case example allows for a comparison among the approaches. The video program (DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes) can be used as an ideal supplement to this chapter. For each of the 13 sessions in the DVD program in my counseling with Stan, I apply just a few selected techniques designed to illustrate each theory in action. New to accompany this ninth edition is a series of lecturettes that I present for each chapter in this textbook. This ex- panded DVD program now includes both demonstrations of my counseling with Stan and brief lectures that highlight my perspective on the practical applications of each theory. This text can be used in a flexible way. Some instructors will follow my se- quencing of chapters. Others will prefer to begin with the theory chapters (Part 2) and then deal later with the student’s personal characteristics and ethical issues. The topics can be covered in whatever order makes the most sense. Readers are offered some suggestions for using this book in Chapter 1. In this edition I have made every effort to incorporate those aspects that have worked best in the courses on counseling theory and practice that I regularly teach. To help readers apply theory to practice, I have also revised the Student Manual, which is designed for experiential work. The Student Manual for Theory and Prac- tice of Counseling and Psychotherapy still contains open-ended questions, many new cases for exploration and discussion, structured exercises, self-inventories, and a variety of activities that can be done both in class and out of class. The ninth edition features a structured overview, as well as a glossary, for each of the theories, and chapter quizzes for assessing the level of student mastery of basic concepts. CourseMate, a new online resource, is available to accompany this textbook. It contains the video program for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  The Case of Stan and Lecturettes, as well as a glossary of key terms, interviews with ex- perts (questions and answers by experts in the various theories), and case examples for each of the theories illustrating ways of applying these concepts and techniques to a counseling case. The newly revised and enlarged Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy (Eighth Edition) features experts working with the case of Ruth from the vari- ous therapeutic approaches. The casebook can either supplement this book or stand alone. An additional chapter covering transactional analysis is available on WebTutor.® This material is provided in the same format as the 11 theory chapters in this book and includes experiential exercises that can be completed individually or in small groups. Accompanying this ninth edition of the text and Student Manual is a DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes, in which I demonstrate an xvii integrative approach in counseling Ruth (the central character in the casebook). P R E FA C E It contains lecturettes on how I draw from key concepts and techniques from the various theories presented in the book. This DVD program has been developed for student purchase and use as a self-study program, and it makes an ideal learning package that can be used in conjunction with this text and the Student Manual. The Art of Integrative Counseling (Third Edition), which expands on the material in Chapter 15 of the textbook, also complements this book. Some professors have found the textbook and the Student Manual or the online program (CourseMate) to be ideal companions and realistic resources for a single course. Others like to use the textbook and the casebook as companions. With this revision it is now possible to have a unique learning package of several books, along with the DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes. The Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy and the Art of Integrative Counseling can also be used in a various classes, a few of which include case-management practicum, fieldwork courses, or counseling techniques courses. Also available is a revised and updated Instructor’s Resource Manual, which includes suggestions for teaching the course, class activities to stimulate inter- est, PowerPoint presentations for all chapters, and a variety of test questions and final examinations. This instructor’s manual is now geared for the following learning package: Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Student Manual for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Case Approach to Counseling and Psychotherapy, The Art of Integrative Counseling, and two video programs: DVD for Integrative Counseling: The Case of Ruth and Lecturettes, and DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes. Acknowledgments The suggestions I received from the many readers of prior editions who took the time to complete the survey at the end of the book have been most helpful. Many other people have contributed ideas that have found their way into this ninth edition. I especially appreciate the time and efforts of the manuscript reviewers, who offered constructive criticism and supportive commentaries, as well as those Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  professors who have used this book and provided me with feedback that has been most useful in these revisions. Those who reviewed the complete manuscript of the ninth edition are: Sylinda Banks, Norfolk State University Jayne Barnes, Nashua Community College Eric Bruns, Campbellsville University Joya Crear, George Mason University Samantha Daniel, Fayetteville State University Melodie Frick, West Texas A&M University Amanda Healey, Sam Houston State University Paula Nelson, Saint Leo University Terence Patterson, University of San Francisco xviii Holly Seirup, Hofstra University P R E FA C E Special thanks are extended to the chapter reviewers, who provided consulta- tion and detailed critiques. Their insightful and valuable comments have generally been incorporated into this edition: t Chapter 4 (Psychoanalytic Therapy): William Blau, Copper Mountain College, Joshua Tree, California; and J. Michael Russell of California State University, Fullerton t Chapter 5 (Adlerian Therapy): James Robert Bitter, East Tennessee State University, and I coauthored Chapter 5 t Chapter 6 (Existential Therapy): Emmy van Deurzen, New School of Psy- chotherapy and Counselling, London, England, and University of Sheffield; J. Michael Russell of California State University, Fullerton; David N. Elkins, Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University; Bryan Farha, Oklahoma City College; Jamie Bludworth, private practice, Phoeniz, Arizona; Kirk Schneider, the Existential-Humanistic Institute; and Victor Yalom, president, Psychotherapy.Net t Chapter 7 (Person-Centered Therapy): Natalie Rogers, Person-Centered Ex- pressive Arts Associates, Cotati, California; David N. Elkins, Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University; and David Cain, Cali- fornia School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University, San Diego t Chapter 8 (Gestalt Therapy): Jon Frew, Private Practice, Vancouver, Washington, and Pacific University, Oregon; Ansel Woldt, Kent State University t Chapter 9 (Behavior Therapy): Sherry Cormier, West Virginia University; Frank M. Dattilio, Harvard Medical School, and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; and Arnold A. Lazarus, Rutgers University, and the Lazarus Institute t Chapter 10 (Cognitive Behavior Therapy): Sherry Cormier, West Virginia University; Frank M. Dattilio, Harvard Medical School, and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Windy Dryden, Professor of Psychothera- peutic Studies at Goldsmiths College, London; and Donald Meichenbaum, Research Director of the Melissa Institute for Violence Prevention Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  t Chapter 11 (Reality Therapy): Robert Wubbolding, Center for Reality Therapy, Cincinnati, Ohio t Chapter 12 (Feminist Therapy): Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Cornell College; Barbara Herlihy, University of New Orleans, and I coauthored Chapter 12 t Chapter 13 (Postmodern Approaches): John Winslade, California State Uni- versity, San Bernardino; Linda Metcalf, Texas Women’s University, and the Solution Focused Institute for Education and Training; and John Murphy, Uni- versity of Central Arkansas t Chapter 14 (Family Systems Therapy): Jon Carlson, Governors State Univer- sity; James Robert Bitter, East Tennessee State University, and I coauthored Chapter 14 I want to acknowledge those on the Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning team who are involved with our projects. These people include Seth Dobrin, editor of counseling, xix social work, and human services; Julie Martinez, consulting editor, who monitored P R E FA C E the review process; Caryl Gorska, for her work on the interior design and cover of this book; Elizabeth Momb, media editor; Naomi Dreyers, supplemental materials for the book; Michelle Muratori, Johns Hopkins University, for her work on up- dating the Instructor’s Resource Manual and assisting in developing the other sup- plements; and Rita Jaramillo, project manager. We thank Ben Kolstad of Cenveo Publisher Services, who coordinated the production of this book. Special recogni- tion goes to Kay Mikel, the manuscript editor of this edition, whose exceptional editorial talents continue to keep this book reader friendly. We appreciate Susan Cunningham’s work in preparing the index. The efforts and dedication of all of these people certainly contribute to the high quality of this edition. – Gerald Corey Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  pa rt 1 Basic Issues in Counseling Practice 1 Introduction and Overview 4 2 The Counselor: Person and Professional 17 3 Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice 36 Recommended Supplementary Readings for Part 1 53 References and Suggested Readings for Part 1 55 3 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  c h a p te r 1 Introduction and Overview introduction where i stand suggestions for using the book overview of the theory chapters introduction to the case of stan Intake Interview and Stan’s Autobiography Overview of Some Key Themes in Stan’s Life 4 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  introduction Counseling students can begin to acquire a counseling style tailored to their own personality by familiarizing themselves with the major approaches to therapeutic practice. This book surveys 11 approaches to counseling and psychotherapy, pre- senting the key concepts of each approach and discussing features such as the therapeutic process (including goals), the client–therapist relationship, and spe- cific procedures used in the practice of counseling. This information will help you develop a balanced view of the major ideas of each of the theories and acquaint you with the practical techniques commonly employed by counselors who adhere to each approach. I encourage you to keep an open mind and to seriously consider both the unique contributions and the particular limitations of each therapeutic system presented in Part 2. You do not gain the knowledge and experience needed to synthesize various 5 approaches by merely completing an introductory course in counseling theory. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW This process will take many years of study, training, and practical counseling ex- perience. Nevertheless, I recommend a personal integration as a framework for the professional education of counselors. The danger in presenting one model to which all students are expected to subscribe is that it can limit their effectiveness in working with a diverse range of future clients. An undisciplined mixture of approaches, however, can be an excuse for failing to develop a sound rationale for systematically adhering to certain con- cepts and to the techniques that are extensions of them. It is easy to pick and choose fragments from the various therapies because they support our biases and preconceptions. By studying the models presented in this book, you will have a better sense of how to integrate concepts and techniques from differ- ent approaches when defining your own personal synthesis and framework for counseling. Each therapeutic approach has useful dimensions. It is not a matter of a theory being “right” or “wrong,” as every theory offers a unique contribution to under- standing human behavior and has unique implications for counseling practice. Accepting the validity of one model does not necessarily imply rejecting other models. There is a clear place for theoretical pluralism, especially in a society that is becoming increasingly diverse. Although I suggest that you remain open to incorporating diverse approaches into your own personal synthesis—or integrative approach to counseling—let me caution that you can become overwhelmed and confused if you attempt to learn everything at once, especially if this is your introductory course in coun- seling theories. A case can be made for initially getting an overview of the major theoretical orientations, and then learning a particular approach by becoming steeped in that approach for some time, rather than superficially grasping many theoretical approaches. An integrative perspective is not developed in a random fashion; rather, it is an ongoing process that is well thought out. Successfully integrating concepts and techniques from diverse models requires years of reflec- tive practice and a great deal of reading about the various theories. In Chapter 15 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  I discuss in more depth some ways to begin designing your integrative approach to counseling practice. See the video program for Chapter 1, DVD for Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy: The Case of Stan and Lecturettes. I suggest that you view the brief lecturette for each chapter in this book prior to reading the chapter. where i stand My philosophical orientation is strongly influenced by the existential approach. Because this approach does not prescribe a set of techniques and procedures, I draw techniques from the other models of therapy that are presented in this book. 6 I particularly like to use role-playing techniques. When people reenact scenes from their lives, they tend to become more psychologically engaged than when they CHAPTER ONE merely report anecdotes about themselves. I also incorporate many techniques derived from cognitive behavior therapy. The psychoanalytic emphasis on early psychosexual and psychosocial develop- me