DIA 12 Q1 0404 SG Past Paper PDF

‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌Lesson‌‌4.4‌ ‌ Tools‌‌and‌‌Methods‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌ ‌ ‌ Contents‌ ‌ Introduction...

‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌Lesson‌‌4.4‌ ‌ Tools‌‌and‌‌Methods‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌ ‌ ‌ Contents‌ ‌ Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objective‌ 2‌ ‌ Explore‌ 2‌ ‌ Discover‌ 3‌ ‌ Tools‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌ 4‌ ‌ Nonstandardized‌‌Techniques‌ 5‌ ‌ Standardized‌‌Techniques‌ 7‌ ‌ Methods‌‌and‌‌Approaches‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌ 8‌ ‌ Psychodynamic‌‌Approach‌‌(Classic‌‌Theories)‌ 8‌ ‌ Experiential‌‌Theories‌ 13‌ ‌ Cognitive-Behavioral‌‌Theories‌ 15‌ ‌ Eclectic‌‌Counseling‌ 17‌ ‌ Wrap-Up‌ 19‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ 20‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ 21‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ 23‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ 23‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌4.4‌ ‌ Tools‌‌and‌‌Methods‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Introduction‌ ‌ Counseling‌ ‌takes‌ ‌more‌ ‌than‌ ‌just‌ ‌listening‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌client‌ ‌every‌‌session.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌different‌‌from‌‌the‌‌ healing‌ ‌relationships‌ ‌that‌ ‌we‌ ‌might‌ ‌have‌ ‌with‌ ‌friends,‌ ‌family,‌ ‌and‌ ‌other‌ ‌loved‌ ‌ones.‌ ‌It‌‌ involves‌‌the‌‌systematic‌‌use‌‌of‌‌approaches‌‌and‌‌techniques‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌the‌‌client’s‌‌progress.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ There‌ ‌are‌ ‌many‌ ‌approaches‌ ‌and‌ ‌techniques‌ ‌in‌ ‌counseling.‌ ‌The‌ ‌choice‌ ‌of‌ ‌which‌ ‌approach‌‌ and‌ ‌technique‌‌to‌‌use‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌the‌‌client’s‌‌concerns‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌the‌‌counselor’s‌‌skills‌‌and‌‌ worldview.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌ ‌lesson,‌ ‌you‌ ‌will‌ ‌learn‌ ‌about‌ ‌the‌ ‌different‌ ‌tools‌ ‌and‌ ‌approaches‌ ‌that‌‌ counselors‌‌use‌‌to‌‌help‌‌their‌‌clients.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objective‌ ‌ DepEd‌‌Learning‌‌Competency‌ ‌ At‌t‌ he‌e ‌ nd‌o ‌ f‌t‌ his‌l‌esson,‌y ‌ ou‌s‌ hould‌b ‌ e‌a ‌ ble‌t‌ o‌‌ At‌‌the‌‌end‌‌of‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌ illustrate‌t‌ he‌d ‌ ifferent‌p ‌ rocesses‌a ‌ nd‌m ‌ ethods‌‌ able‌‌to‌‌illustrate‌‌the‌‌tools‌‌and‌‌methods‌‌of‌‌ involved‌i‌n‌c‌ ounseling‌ (‌ HUMSS_DIASS‌1 ‌ 2-Id-14).‌ ‌ counseling.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Explore‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ How‌‌Do‌‌Personality‌‌Tests‌‌Work?‌ ‌ 10‌‌minutes‌ ‌ Instructions‌ ‌ Search‌ ‌online‌ ‌for‌ ‌articles‌ ‌or‌ ‌videos‌ ‌that‌ ‌tackle‌ ‌the‌ ‌Myers-Briggs‌ ‌Personality‌ ‌Types.‌‌ Understand‌‌its‌‌content‌‌and‌‌message,‌‌then‌‌answer‌‌the‌‌guide‌‌questions‌‌that‌‌follow.‌‌You‌‌may‌‌ check‌‌one‌‌example‌‌provided‌‌below.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Myers‌‌Briggs‌‌Personality‌‌Types‌‌Explained‌‌-‌‌Which‌‌One‌‌Are‌‌You?‌‌ ‌ Psych2Go,‌‌“Myers‌‌Briggs‌‌Personality‌‌Types‌‌Explained‌‌-‌‌Which‌‌One‌‌ Are‌‌You?,”‌‌YouTube‌‌(July‌‌5,‌‌2019),‌‌ ‌ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXcWZnQPUXw‌,‌‌last‌‌accessed‌‌ on‌‌June‌‌6,‌‌2021.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Guide‌‌Questions‌ ‌ 1. What‌‌are‌‌some‌‌of‌‌the‌‌personality‌‌types‌‌mentioned‌‌in‌‌the‌‌video‌‌or‌‌article‌‌you‌‌have‌ chosen?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Do‌‌personality‌‌types‌‌define‌‌who‌‌you‌‌are?‌‌Explain‌‌your‌‌answer.‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 3. If‌‌you‌‌were‌‌a‌‌counselor,‌‌would‌‌you‌‌recommend‌‌using‌‌a‌‌personality‌‌test?‌‌Explain‌‌your‌‌ answer.‌‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Discover‌ ‌ ‌ Counseling‌ ‌aims‌ ‌to‌ ‌help‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌become‌‌ W ‌ ords‌‌to‌‌Remember‌ ‌ independent‌ ‌and‌ ‌responsible‌ ‌for‌ ‌oneself.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌‌ ego‌‌‌–‌‌the‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ service‌ ‌that‌ ‌is‌ ‌not‌ ‌confined‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌school‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌‌ mind‌‌that‌‌mediates‌‌ family.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌found‌ ‌in‌ ‌all‌ ‌aspects‌ ‌of‌ ‌life‌ ‌as‌ ‌long‌ ‌as‌‌ between‌‌the‌‌ someone‌ ‌needs‌ ‌help‌ ‌and‌ ‌another‌ ‌one‌ ‌is‌ ‌willing‌ ‌to‌‌ conscious‌‌and‌‌the‌‌ provide‌ ‌it.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌ ‌lesson,‌ ‌you‌ ‌will‌ ‌learn‌ ‌about‌ ‌the‌‌ unconscious;‌‌it‌‌is‌‌ different‌‌tools‌‌and‌‌methods‌‌used‌‌in‌‌counseling.‌‌ ‌ responsible‌‌for‌‌reality‌‌ testing‌‌and‌‌ establishing‌‌a‌‌sense‌‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ of‌‌personal‌‌identity‌ ‌ persona‌‌‌–‌‌the‌‌outer‌‌ or‌‌assumed‌‌aspect‌‌of‌‌ character‌ ‌ psychological‌‌ function‌‌‌–‌‌the‌‌ability‌‌ to‌‌achieve‌‌one’s‌‌goals‌‌ through‌‌oneself‌‌and‌‌ the‌‌external‌‌ environment‌ ‌ cognition‌‌‌–‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌ the‌‌mental‌‌processes‌‌ involved‌‌in‌‌ comprehension‌‌and‌‌ gaining‌‌knowledge‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ How‌ ‌do‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌tools‌ ‌and‌ ‌methods‌ ‌help‌ ‌in‌‌ addressing‌‌the‌‌problems‌‌of‌‌a‌‌client?‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Tools‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌ ‌ A‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌uses‌ ‌a‌ ‌variety‌ ‌of‌ ‌assessment‌‌tools‌‌and‌‌techniques‌‌to‌‌help‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌clients.‌‌ These‌ ‌tools‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌used‌ ‌either‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌assessment‌ ‌phase‌ ‌or‌ ‌the‌ ‌process‌ ‌of‌‌ intervention.‌ ‌They‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌either‌ ‌non-standardized‌ ‌or‌ ‌standardized.‌ ‌Both‌ ‌types‌ ‌of‌‌ techniques‌‌are‌‌used‌‌in‌‌collecting‌‌primary‌‌data.‌‌All‌‌tools‌‌are‌‌useful.‌‌The‌‌only‌‌consideration‌‌ which‌ ‌the‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌should‌ ‌keep‌ ‌in‌ ‌mind‌ ‌is‌‌that‌‌the‌‌tools‌‌used‌‌should‌‌yield‌‌reliable‌‌and‌‌ objective‌ ‌information.‌ ‌Moreover,‌ ‌the‌ ‌use‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌certain‌ ‌tool‌ ‌depends‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌kind‌ ‌of‌‌ information‌‌the‌‌counselor‌‌aims‌‌to‌‌gather.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 4‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Certain‌‌tools‌‌or‌‌techniques‌‌are‌‌also‌‌helpful‌‌during‌‌the‌‌intervention‌‌phase.‌‌Such‌‌tools‌‌may‌‌ include‌ ‌structured‌ ‌activities‌ ‌that‌ ‌can‌ ‌help‌ ‌clients‌ ‌gain‌ ‌insight‌ ‌into‌ ‌themselves‌ ‌or‌ ‌solve‌ ‌a‌‌ problem.‌ ‌These‌ ‌activities‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌done‌ ‌either‌ ‌within‌ ‌sessions‌ ‌or‌ ‌outside‌ ‌sessions‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ form‌‌of‌‌homework.‌‌For‌‌example,‌‌a‌‌counselor‌‌might‌‌ask‌‌a‌‌client‌‌to‌‌accomplish‌‌a‌‌worksheet‌‌ to‌‌track‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌mood‌‌fluctuations.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Nonstandardized‌T ‌ echniques‌ ‌ 1. Questionnaire‌ ‌ A‌‌questionnaire‌‌is‌‌a‌‌set‌‌of‌‌questions‌‌given‌‌to‌‌an‌‌individual‌‌or‌‌a‌‌group‌‌of‌‌individuals‌‌ to‌ ‌gather‌ ‌facts‌ ‌or‌ ‌information‌ ‌about‌ ‌conditions‌ ‌and‌‌practices‌‌that‌‌the‌‌respondents‌‌ presumably‌ ‌know.‌ ‌Questions‌ ‌can‌ ‌either‌ ‌be‌ ‌open-ended‌ ‌or‌ ‌closed-ended.‌ ‌A‌‌ closed-ended‌‌question‌‌necessitates‌‌an‌‌answer‌‌in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌‘yes’‌‌or‌‌‘no’‌‌or‌‌a‌‌limited‌‌ number‌‌of‌‌given‌‌categories,‌‌while‌‌an‌‌open-ended‌‌question‌‌requires‌‌expertise‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ interpretation‌‌of‌‌responses.‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Observation‌ ‌ This‌ ‌is‌‌used‌‌by‌‌professional‌‌counselors‌‌to‌‌study‌‌behavior.‌‌Its‌‌effectiveness‌‌depends‌‌ on‌ ‌the‌ ‌skill‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌practitioner.‌ ‌Counselors‌ ‌are‌ ‌expected‌ ‌to‌ ‌observe‌ ‌well-defined‌‌ behavior‌ ‌without‌ ‌biases‌‌and‌‌prejudices.‌‌The‌‌usefulness‌‌of‌‌the‌‌observation‌‌depends‌‌ on‌‌the‌‌manner‌‌and‌‌purpose‌‌for‌‌which‌‌they‌‌are‌‌conducted.‌ ‌ ‌ 3. Sociometry‌ ‌ This‌‌tool‌‌is‌‌used‌‌in‌‌studying‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌the‌‌social‌‌relationship‌‌of‌‌individuals‌‌within‌‌ a‌‌group.‌‌It‌‌can‌‌also‌‌identify‌‌personality‌‌problems.‌‌The‌‌technique‌‌is‌‌a‌‌valuable‌‌source‌‌ of‌‌information‌‌in‌‌assessing‌‌the‌‌social‌‌behavior‌‌of‌‌an‌‌individual.‌ ‌ ‌ 4. Autobiography‌ ‌ It‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌how‌‌an‌‌individual‌‌describes‌‌himself‌‌or‌‌herself‌‌using‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌own‌‌words.‌‌ It‌ ‌gives‌ ‌valuable‌ ‌information‌ ‌about‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌ ‌interests,‌ ‌abilities,‌ ‌personal‌ ‌history,‌‌ hopes,‌ ‌ambitions,‌ ‌likes,‌ ‌and‌ ‌dislikes,‌ ‌among‌ ‌others.‌ ‌In‌ ‌counseling,‌ ‌structured‌‌ autobiographical‌ ‌items‌ ‌are‌ ‌given‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌individual,‌ ‌and‌ ‌he‌ ‌or‌ ‌she‌ ‌is‌ ‌asked‌ ‌to‌ ‌write‌‌ them‌‌out.‌‌The‌‌autobiographical‌‌material‌‌acquired‌‌is‌‌verified‌‌by‌‌various‌‌other‌‌means.‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 5‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Since‌‌feelings,‌‌values,‌‌and‌‌attitudes‌‌are‌‌immeasurable‌‌by‌‌other‌‌tools,‌‌autobiography‌‌ appears‌‌to‌‌be‌‌the‌‌one‌‌technique‌‌for‌‌appraising‌‌these‌‌characteristics.‌ ‌ ‌ 5. Rating‌‌scale‌ ‌ These‌ ‌are‌ ‌used‌ ‌to‌ ‌determine‌ ‌the‌ ‌presence‌ ‌or‌ ‌absence‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌behavior‌ ‌or‌ ‌trait‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌‌ scale.‌ ‌Through‌ ‌a‌ ‌rating‌ ‌scale,‌ ‌the‌ ‌characteristics‌ ‌are‌ ‌rated‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌given‌‌ number‌‌of‌‌points.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 6. Anecdotal‌‌record‌ ‌ An‌ ‌anecdotal‌ ‌record‌ ‌has‌ ‌short‌ ‌descriptive‌‌accounts‌‌about‌‌some‌‌events‌‌regarding‌‌a‌‌ person.‌ ‌Every‌ ‌account‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌report‌ ‌of‌ ‌an‌ ‌important‌ ‌episode‌ ‌in‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌ ‌life.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌‌ simple‌ ‌statement‌ ‌of‌ ‌an‌ ‌incident‌ ‌deemed‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌observer‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌significant‌ ‌to‌ ‌an‌‌ individual.‌ ‌ ‌ 7. Case‌‌study‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌comprehensive‌ ‌collection‌ ‌of‌ ‌information‌ ‌gathered‌ ‌using‌ ‌different‌ ‌tools‌ ‌and‌‌ techniques.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌best‌ ‌method‌ ‌for‌ ‌studying‌ ‌the‌ ‌whole‌ ‌person.‌ ‌In‌ ‌a‌ ‌case‌ ‌study,‌‌ information‌ ‌about‌ ‌the‌ ‌individual‌ ‌is‌ ‌organized‌ ‌and‌ ‌combined‌ ‌into‌ ‌a‌ ‌whole;‌ ‌that‌‌the‌‌ subject‌ ‌is‌ ‌viewed‌ ‌as‌ ‌someone‌ ‌dynamic‌ ‌who‌ ‌is‌ ‌trying‌ ‌to‌ ‌adjust‌ ‌to‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌‌ environment.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 8. Cumulative‌‌record‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌record‌ ‌of‌ ‌information‌ ‌concerned‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌appraisal‌ ‌of‌‌an‌‌individual‌‌student.‌‌ The‌ ‌information,‌ ‌collected‌ ‌periodically‌ ‌through‌ ‌various‌ ‌means,‌ ‌is‌ ‌assembled‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌‌ summary‌‌to‌‌form‌‌a‌‌cumulative‌‌record.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 9. Interview‌ ‌ It‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌a‌‌conversation‌‌with‌‌a‌‌purpose.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌friendly‌‌and‌‌informal;‌‌it‌‌strives‌‌to‌‌build‌‌ a‌ ‌relationship‌ ‌between‌ ‌the‌ ‌interviewer‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌interviewee.‌ ‌This‌ ‌tool‌ ‌is‌ ‌used‌ ‌for‌‌ introductory‌‌meetings,‌‌fact-finding,‌‌evaluations,‌‌information‌‌gathering,‌‌and‌‌providing‌‌ a‌‌therapeutic‌‌environment‌‌for‌‌the‌‌client.‌‌The‌‌interviewee‌‌should‌‌be‌‌permitted‌‌to‌‌talk‌‌ in‌‌a‌‌permissive‌‌atmosphere‌‌with‌‌confidence‌‌and‌‌freedom.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 6‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌1.‌A ‌ ‌‌comfortable‌‌casual‌‌interview‌‌session‌ ‌ ‌ Standardized‌T ‌ echniques‌ ‌ These‌ ‌tools‌ ‌are‌ ‌used‌ ‌to‌ ‌measure‌ ‌intelligence,‌ ‌aptitudes,‌ ‌interests,‌ ‌and‌ ‌personality‌ ‌traits.‌‌ Each‌ ‌test‌ ‌is‌ ‌prepared‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌qualified‌ ‌professional‌ ‌or‌ ‌group‌ ‌of‌ ‌professionals;‌ ‌hence,‌ ‌every‌‌ item‌ ‌is‌ ‌meaningful‌ ‌and‌ ‌has‌ ‌a‌ ‌corresponding‌ ‌value.‌ ‌These‌ ‌tools‌ ‌are‌ ‌developed‌ ‌through‌‌ careful‌ ‌and‌ ‌rigid‌ ‌processes‌ ‌to‌ ‌make‌ ‌sure‌ ‌that‌ ‌they‌ ‌provide‌ ‌reliable‌ ‌information.‌ ‌They‌‌ consume‌‌less‌‌time‌‌to‌‌administer,‌‌are‌‌reusable,‌‌and‌‌can‌‌be‌‌scored‌‌easily.‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Aptitude‌‌test‌ ‌ An‌ ‌aptitude‌ ‌test‌ ‌can‌ ‌measure‌ ‌a‌ ‌trait‌ ‌that‌ ‌characterizes‌ ‌an‌ ‌individual’s‌ ‌ability‌ ‌to‌‌ perform‌ ‌a‌ ‌specific‌ ‌task‌ ‌or‌ ‌obtain‌ ‌the‌ ‌learning‌ ‌needed‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌given‌ ‌area.‌ ‌It‌ ‌supposes‌‌ that‌ ‌an‌ ‌individual‌ ‌has‌ ‌a‌ ‌natural‌ ‌ability‌ ‌that‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌further‌ ‌developed‌ ‌to‌ ‌its‌ ‌full‌‌ potential‌ ‌through‌ ‌education‌ ‌or‌ ‌training.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌aptitude‌ ‌cannot‌ ‌be‌ ‌expanded‌‌ beyond‌‌a‌‌certain‌‌point.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 7‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Achievement‌‌tests‌ ‌ These‌ ‌are‌ ‌used‌ ‌to‌ ‌measure‌ ‌the‌ ‌level‌ ‌and‌ ‌rate‌ ‌of‌ ‌learning‌ ‌compared‌ ‌with‌ ‌those‌ ‌of‌‌ others.‌ ‌It‌ ‌also‌ ‌gauges‌ ‌strengths‌ ‌and‌ ‌weaknesses‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌subject‌ ‌area.‌ ‌These‌ ‌tests‌ ‌are‌‌ extensively‌‌used‌‌because‌‌of‌‌their‌‌straightforwardness‌‌and‌‌the‌‌relative‌‌ease‌‌of‌‌usage‌‌ in‌ ‌identifying‌‌correct‌‌context‌‌measures.‌ ‌ ‌ 3. Interest‌‌inventory‌ ‌ An‌‌interest‌‌is‌‌an‌‌attitude‌‌towards‌‌certain‌‌objects,‌‌activities,‌‌or‌‌experiences.‌‌It‌‌reveals‌‌ what‌ ‌we‌ ‌deem‌ ‌attractive‌ ‌or‌ ‌repulsive.‌ ‌Interest‌ ‌inventory‌ ‌is‌ ‌conducted‌ ‌to‌ ‌assist‌‌the‌‌ individual‌ ‌in‌ ‌identifying‌ ‌and‌ ‌clarifying‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌ ‌interests‌ ‌in‌ ‌consideration‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ demands‌ ‌of‌ ‌varied‌ ‌courses‌‌and‌‌careers.‌‌It‌‌also‌‌helps‌‌in‌‌choosing‌‌a‌‌job‌‌and‌‌shaping‌‌ experiences‌‌aligned‌‌with‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌interests.‌ ‌ ‌ 4. Personality‌‌test‌ ‌ Personality‌ ‌is‌ ‌inclusive‌ ‌of‌ ‌everything‌ ‌about‌ ‌one’s‌ ‌physical,‌ ‌socio-emotional,‌ ‌and‌‌ personal‌ ‌characteristics.‌ ‌Therefore,‌ ‌personality‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌sum‌ ‌total‌ ‌of‌ ‌an‌ ‌individual’s‌‌ behavior‌‌in‌‌social‌‌situations.‌‌A‌‌personality‌‌test‌‌is‌‌conducted‌‌to‌‌assist‌‌the‌‌individual‌‌in‌‌ resolving‌‌emotional‌‌conflicts.‌ ‌ ‌‌ Methods‌‌and‌‌Approaches‌‌in‌‌Counseling‌‌ ‌ The‌ ‌process‌ ‌of‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌is‌ ‌guided‌ ‌by‌ ‌approaches,‌ ‌theory,‌ ‌and‌ ‌research‌‌—‌‌all‌‌of‌‌which‌‌ inform‌ ‌the‌ ‌method‌ ‌of‌ ‌practice.‌ ‌Approaches‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌thought‌ ‌of‌ ‌as‌ ‌philosophical‌ ‌lenses‌‌ through‌ ‌which‌ ‌a‌ ‌particular‌ ‌life‌ ‌problem‌ ‌or‌ ‌concern‌ ‌is‌ ‌understood‌ ‌and‌ ‌addressed.‌ ‌Thus,‌‌ different‌‌approaches‌‌in‌‌counseling‌‌provide‌‌differing‌‌explanations‌‌as‌‌to‌‌why‌‌a‌‌client‌‌has‌‌a‌‌ certain‌ ‌problem.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌a‌ ‌client‌ ‌has‌ ‌been‌ ‌feeling‌ ‌a‌ ‌lot‌ ‌of‌ ‌guilt.‌ ‌One‌ ‌approach‌‌ attributes‌ ‌the‌ ‌client’s‌ ‌problem‌ ‌to‌‌early‌‌childhood‌‌experiences,‌‌such‌‌as‌‌the‌‌internalization‌‌ of‌‌a‌‌rigid‌‌punishment.‌‌Another‌‌might‌‌see‌‌it‌‌as‌‌the‌‌inability‌‌to‌‌accept‌‌one’s‌‌self‌‌because‌‌of‌‌ conditions‌‌of‌‌worth.‌ ‌ ‌ Psychodynamic‌A ‌ pproach‌(‌ Classic‌T ‌ heories)‌ ‌ The‌‌psychodynamic‌‌approach‌‌is‌‌characterized‌‌by‌‌its‌‌emphasis‌‌on‌‌unconscious‌‌forces‌‌and‌‌ early‌ ‌childhood‌ ‌experiences‌ ‌with‌ ‌parents‌ ‌in‌ ‌explaining‌ ‌behavior.‌ ‌Its‌ ‌first‌ ‌proponent‌ ‌was‌‌ Sigmund‌‌Freud‌,‌‌an‌‌Austrian‌‌physician.‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 8‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ A.‌ ‌Freud’s‌‌Psychoanalytic‌‌Theory‌‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌2.‌‌‌Sigmund‌‌Freud‌ ‌ ‌ It‌‌aims‌‌to‌‌restructure‌‌the‌‌personality‌‌by‌‌resolving‌‌intrapsychic‌‌conflict,‌‌or‌‌those‌‌concerning‌‌ multiple‌ ‌internal‌ ‌psychological‌ ‌processes‌ ‌of‌ ‌an‌‌individual.‌‌A‌‌psychoanalytic‌‌counselor‌‌may‌‌ use‌‌the‌‌following‌‌methods‌‌or‌‌techniques:‌ ‌ ‌ Table‌‌1.‌‌‌Psychoanalytic‌‌methods‌‌or‌‌techniques‌ ‌ Method/Technique‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Free‌‌association‌ ‌ This‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌encourage‌‌the‌‌patient‌‌to‌‌verbalize‌‌ whatever‌‌enters‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌mind‌‌to‌‌liberate‌‌suppressed‌ emotions.‌ ‌ Dream‌‌analysis‌‌ This‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌examine‌‌behavioral‌‌processes‌‌and‌‌ interpret‌‌them‌‌using‌‌dreams.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 9‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Method/Technique‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Confrontation‌‌and‌‌ This‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌give‌‌feedback‌‌to‌‌make‌‌clients‌ ‌aware‌‌of‌‌ clarification‌ ‌ what‌‌is‌‌happening‌‌to‌‌them.‌‌ ‌ Interpretation‌ ‌ This‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌give‌‌clients‌‌a‌‌better‌‌understanding‌‌of‌‌their‌‌ inner‌‌conflict,‌‌which‌‌can‌‌manifest‌‌through‌‌resistance,‌‌ transference,‌‌and‌‌other‌‌processes.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ B.‌ ‌Adler’s‌‌Individual‌‌Psychology‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌goal‌ ‌of‌ ‌Adlerian‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌is‌ ‌to‌ ‌understand‌ ‌clients‌ ‌and‌ ‌assess‌‌why‌‌they‌‌do‌‌things‌‌in‌‌ certain‌‌ways.‌‌Counselors‌‌apply‌‌particular‌‌techniques‌‌to‌‌aid‌‌clients‌‌in‌‌reorienting‌‌themselves‌‌ towards‌‌positive‌‌functioning.‌ ‌ ‌ Adlerian‌‌counseling‌‌emphasizes‌‌four‌‌objectives:‌‌(a)‌‌establishment‌‌and‌‌maintenance‌‌of‌‌an‌‌ egalitarian‌ ‌relationship,‌‌(b)‌‌analysis‌‌of‌‌the‌‌client’s‌‌lifestyle,‌‌(c)‌‌interpretation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌client’s‌‌ lifestyle‌‌in‌‌a‌‌way‌‌that‌‌promotes‌‌insight,‌‌and‌‌(d)‌‌reorientation‌‌and‌‌reeducation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌client‌‌ to‌‌achieve‌‌behavior‌‌change.‌‌Adlerian‌‌techniques‌‌can‌‌be‌‌explained‌‌through‌‌the‌‌four‌‌phases‌‌ of‌‌Adlerian‌‌psychotherapy.‌ ‌ ‌ Table‌‌2.‌‌‌The‌‌four‌‌phases‌‌of‌‌Adlerian‌‌psychotherapy‌ Phases‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ First‌‌phase:‌‌Establishing‌‌the‌‌relationship‌ ‌ Use‌‌of‌‌listening‌‌skills‌ ‌ Effective‌ ‌listening‌ ‌skills‌ ‌are‌ ‌essential‌ ‌in‌ ‌promoting‌‌ mutual‌‌trust‌‌and‌‌respect.‌ ‌ Winning‌ ‌respect‌ ‌and‌‌ Winning‌ ‌the‌ ‌respect‌ ‌of‌ ‌clients‌ ‌and‌ ‌offering‌ ‌hope‌ ‌can‌‌ offering‌‌hope‌ ‌ intensify‌‌their‌‌motivation‌‌towards‌‌becoming‌‌involved‌‌in‌‌ counseling.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 10‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Phases‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Encouragement‌ ‌ Encouragement‌ ‌gives‌ ‌the‌ ‌feeling‌ ‌of‌ ‌support,‌‌which‌‌can‌‌ help‌‌clients‌‌to‌‌believe‌‌in‌‌themselves.‌ ‌ Second‌‌phase:‌‌Performing‌‌analysis‌‌and‌‌assessment‌‌ ‌ Lifestyle‌‌analysis‌ ‌ Identify‌ ‌the‌‌client’s‌‌strengths‌‌that‌‌may‌‌be‌‌used‌‌to‌‌solve‌‌ his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌problems.‌ ‌ Dream‌ ‌analysis‌ ‌to‌‌be‌‌used‌‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌sees‌ ‌dreams‌ ‌as‌ ‌an‌ ‌attempt‌ ‌to‌ ‌deal‌‌ to‌‌conduct‌‌lifestyle‌‌analysis‌ ‌ with‌‌hardships‌‌in‌‌life.‌ ‌ Third‌‌phase:‌‌Promoting‌‌insight‌‌ ‌ Insight‌‌process‌‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌helps‌ ‌clients‌ ‌understand‌ ‌how‌‌ self-defeating‌‌patterns‌‌work‌‌and‌‌their‌‌dynamics.‌‌It‌‌uses‌‌ insight‌ ‌to‌ ‌prepare‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌reorientation‌‌ process,‌‌wherein‌‌self-defeating‌‌patterns‌‌are‌‌rectified.‌ ‌ Fourth‌‌phase:‌‌Reorientation‌ ‌ Spitting‌‌the‌‌client’s‌‌soup‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌involves‌ ‌determining‌ ‌the‌ ‌pay-off‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌ ‌game‌ ‌and‌ ‌interpreting‌ ‌it‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌client;‌ ‌this‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌‌ used‌‌for‌‌clients‌‌that‌‌engage‌‌in‌‌manipulative‌‌games.‌‌ ‌ The‌‌push-button‌‌technique‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌considered‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌rational‌ ‌emotive,‌ ‌which‌‌ includes‌ ‌focusing‌ ‌on‌ ‌pleasant‌ ‌and‌ ‌unpleasant‌‌ experiences‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌feelings‌ ‌they‌ ‌generate.‌ ‌It‌ ‌signifies‌‌ the‌‌level‌‌of‌‌control‌‌a‌‌client‌‌can‌‌exercise‌‌when‌‌they‌‌push‌‌ the‌‌button‌‌and‌‌put‌‌a‌‌stop‌‌to‌‌self-defeating‌‌processes.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 11‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Phases‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Fourth‌‌phase:‌‌Reorientation‌ ‌ Catching‌‌oneself‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌wherein‌ ‌clients‌ ‌are‌ ‌helped‌ ‌to‌ ‌avoid‌‌ defeating‌ ‌patterns‌ ‌by‌ ‌making‌ ‌them‌ ‌more‌ ‌conscious‌ ‌of‌‌ themselves,‌ ‌or‌ ‌in‌ ‌other‌ ‌words,‌ ‌by‌‌catching‌‌themselves.‌‌ A‌ ‌good‌ ‌example‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌use‌ ‌of‌ ‌humor,‌ ‌wherein‌‌ clients‌ ‌are‌ ‌encouraged‌ ‌to‌ ‌laugh‌ ‌at‌ ‌their‌ ‌self-defeating‌‌ tendencies.‌‌ ‌ Acting‌‌as-if‌ ‌ This‌ ‌method‌ ‌helps‌ ‌a‌ ‌client‌ ‌experience‌ ‌success.‌ ‌It‌‌ advances‌ ‌a‌ ‌“can‌ ‌do”‌ ‌spirit,‌ ‌and‌ ‌it‌ ‌involves‌ ‌acting‌ ‌as‌ ‌if‌‌ clients‌‌can‌‌achieve‌‌whatever‌‌they‌‌set‌‌their‌‌mind‌‌to.‌‌ ‌ Task‌‌setting‌‌and‌‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌focuses‌ ‌on‌ ‌instilling‌ ‌the‌ ‌value‌ ‌of‌‌ commitment‌ ‌ effort‌ ‌to‌ ‌bring‌ ‌about‌ ‌change.‌ ‌It‌ ‌uses‌ ‌homework‌‌ assignments.‌‌ ‌ ‌ C.‌‌Jung’s‌‌Analytic‌‌Psychology‌ ‌ ‌ Jung’s‌‌approach‌‌emphasizes‌‌the‌‌role‌‌of‌‌unconscious‌‌processes‌‌ in‌ ‌psychological‌ ‌functioning.‌ ‌The‌ ‌approach‌ ‌applies‌ ‌the‌‌ analysis‌‌and‌‌interpretation‌‌of‌‌dreams‌‌and‌‌other‌‌procedures‌‌to‌‌ uncover‌ ‌the‌ ‌unconscious‌ ‌processes,‌ ‌to‌ ‌boost‌ ‌the‌ ‌functioning‌‌ of‌ ‌personality,‌ ‌and‌‌to‌‌improve‌‌mental‌‌health‌‌and‌‌wellness.‌‌Its‌‌ goal‌ ‌is‌ ‌to‌ ‌achieve‌ ‌the‌ ‌client’s‌ ‌integration‌ ‌by‌ ‌helping‌‌the‌‌client‌‌ become‌‌more‌‌aware‌‌of‌‌how‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌unconscious‌‌shapes‌‌his‌‌ or‌‌her‌‌behavior.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌3‌C ‌ arl‌‌Jung‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 12‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Carl‌‌Jung‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌the‌‌method‌‌of‌‌treatment‌‌must‌‌be‌‌flexible‌‌and‌‌has‌‌to‌‌be‌‌put‌‌in‌‌place‌‌ by‌‌the‌‌character‌‌and‌‌‌persona‌‌of‌‌the‌‌clients.‌‌It‌‌therefore‌‌applies‌‌a‌‌more‌‌practical‌‌approach.‌‌ Jungian‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌applies‌ ‌to‌ ‌dreams,‌ ‌but‌‌analyzing‌‌a‌‌single‌‌dream‌‌may‌‌be‌‌limited.‌‌It‌‌also‌‌ analyzes‌‌the‌‌interrelationship‌‌of‌‌several‌‌dreams‌‌recorded‌‌over‌‌a‌‌period‌‌of‌‌time.‌‌Counselors‌‌ aid‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌in‌ ‌appreciating‌ ‌the‌ ‌meaning‌ ‌of‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌ ‌dreams‌ ‌and‌ ‌use‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌further‌‌ comprehend‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌personality.‌ ‌ ‌ Experiential‌T ‌ heories‌ ‌ The‌‌experiential‌‌theories‌‌refer‌‌to‌‌the‌‌‌affective‌‌aspect‌,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌concerned‌‌about‌‌creating‌‌ an‌ ‌impact‌ ‌on‌ ‌a‌ ‌client’s‌ ‌emotions‌ ‌to‌ ‌effect‌ ‌change.‌ ‌Famous‌ ‌experiential‌ ‌theorists‌‌include‌‌ Carl‌‌Rogers‌‌(person-centered‌‌therapy)‌‌‌and‌F ‌ ritz‌‌Perls‌‌(Gestalt‌‌therapy)‌.‌ ‌ ‌‌ A.‌ ‌Rogers’s‌‌Person-Centered‌‌Counseling‌ ‌ The‌ ‌person-centered‌ ‌theory‌ ‌has‌ ‌been‌ ‌described‌ ‌as‌ ‌an‌ ‌“if–then”‌ ‌approach‌ ‌because‌ ‌it‌‌ presupposes‌‌that‌‌‌if‌‌certain‌‌conditions‌‌exist‌‌in‌‌the‌‌counseling‌‌relationship,‌‌‌then‌‌the‌‌client‌‌ will‌‌move‌‌toward‌‌self-actualization.‌ ‌ ‌ Table‌‌3.‌‌‌The‌‌core‌‌conditions‌‌in‌‌Rogers's‌‌person-centered‌‌counseling‌ ‌(1957‌‌cited‌‌in‌‌Corey‌‌ 2017,‌‌257)‌ ‌ Conditions‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Counselor‌‌congruence‌‌ ‌ Counselors‌ ‌must‌‌be‌‌congruent‌‌or‌‌in‌‌harmony‌‌with‌‌what‌‌they‌‌ experience‌‌and‌‌what‌‌they‌‌communicate.‌‌In‌‌other‌‌words,‌‌their‌‌ words‌ ‌must‌ ‌truthfully‌ ‌reflect‌ ‌their‌‌thoughts‌‌and‌‌professional‌‌ opinions.‌‌ ‌ Empathic‌‌ The‌‌counselor‌‌must‌‌make‌‌an‌‌effort‌‌to‌‌comprehend‌‌the‌‌client‌‌ understanding‌ ‌ from‌‌the‌‌client’s‌‌perspective‌‌or‌‌frame‌‌of‌‌reference.‌ ‌ Unconditional‌‌positive‌‌ The‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌needs‌‌to‌‌accept‌‌and‌‌respect‌‌the‌‌client.‌‌It‌‌does‌‌ regard‌ ‌ not‌‌require‌‌the‌‌counselor‌‌to‌‌like‌‌the‌‌client‌‌or‌‌to‌‌be‌‌particularly‌‌ nice‌ ‌to‌ ‌him‌ ‌or‌ ‌her.‌ ‌It‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌setting‌ ‌aside‌ ‌one’s‌ ‌personal‌‌ biases‌ ‌and‌ ‌opinions‌ ‌and‌ ‌simply‌ ‌accepting‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌for‌ ‌who‌‌ he‌‌or‌‌she‌‌is,‌‌regardless‌‌of‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌words‌‌and‌‌actions.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 13‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Evidence‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌is‌ ‌ready‌ ‌to‌ ‌move‌ ‌toward‌ ‌self-actualization‌ ‌includes‌ ‌openness‌ ‌to‌‌ experience,‌ ‌self-trust,‌ ‌possession‌ ‌of‌ ‌internal‌ ‌sources‌ ‌of‌ ‌evaluation,‌ ‌and‌ ‌willingness‌ ‌to‌‌ grow.‌‌The‌‌person-centered‌‌psychology‌‌lessens‌‌the‌‌use‌‌of‌‌techniques.‌‌Rogers‌‌believes‌‌that‌‌ counseling‌‌relationships‌‌can‌‌form‌‌core‌‌conditions‌‌that‌‌are‌‌important‌‌for‌‌self-actualization.‌‌ Nevertheless,‌‌the‌‌approach‌‌uses‌‌listening‌‌to‌‌communicate‌‌appreciation.‌ ‌ ‌ B.‌ ‌Perls’s‌‌Gestalt‌‌Therapy‌ ‌ The‌ ‌Gestalt‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌approach‌ ‌emphasizes‌ ‌the‌ ‌here‌ ‌and‌ ‌now.‌ ‌Its‌ ‌objective‌ ‌is‌ ‌to‌‌ acknowledge‌ ‌the‌ ‌environment,‌ ‌the‌ ‌responsibility‌ ‌for‌ ‌choices,‌ ‌and‌ ‌self-acceptance.‌ ‌This‌‌ approach‌‌is‌‌suitable‌‌for‌‌individuals‌‌who‌‌lack‌‌awareness‌‌and‌‌are‌‌feeling‌‌out‌‌of‌‌touch.‌ ‌ ‌ Table‌‌4.‌T ‌ he‌‌techniques‌‌in‌‌Perls's‌‌Gestalt‌‌therapy‌ ‌ ‌ Technique‌‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Assuming‌‌responsibility‌ ‌ The‌ ‌method‌ ‌obligates‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌to‌ ‌rephrase‌ ‌a‌‌ statement‌ ‌and‌ ‌take‌ ‌responsibility.‌ ‌The‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌asks‌‌ the‌ ‌client‌ ‌to‌ ‌end‌ ‌all‌ ‌the‌ ‌statements‌ ‌with‌ ‌“a ‌ nd‌ ‌I‌ ‌take‌‌ responsibility‌‌for‌‌it‌.”‌‌ ‌ Using‌‌personal‌‌pronouns‌ ‌ The‌ ‌method‌ ‌motivates‌ ‌the‌ ‌clients‌ ‌to‌ ‌take‌ ‌personal‌‌ responsibility‌ ‌by‌ ‌saying‌ ‌“I‌‌ ‌or‌ ‌me‌”‌ ‌instead‌ ‌of‌ ‌stating‌‌ general‌‌terms,‌‌such‌‌as‌w ‌ e‌‌‌or‌u ‌ s‌.‌ ‌ Now‌‌I‌‌am‌‌aware‌‌ ‌ The‌ ‌method‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌way‌ ‌to‌ ‌assist‌ ‌the‌ ‌clients‌ ‌in‌‌getting‌‌in‌‌ touch‌‌with‌‌themselves.‌‌The‌‌counselor‌‌can‌‌ask‌‌them‌‌to‌‌ close‌‌their‌‌eyes‌‌and‌‌say,‌‌“N ‌ ow‌‌I‌‌am‌‌aware…‌”‌ ‌ The‌‌empty‌‌chair‌‌technique‌ ‌ The‌ ‌method‌ ‌can‌ ‌help‌ ‌clients‌ ‌in‌ ‌working‌ ‌on‌ ‌conflicting‌‌ parts‌‌of‌‌their‌‌personality.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌conducted‌‌by‌‌putting‌‌an‌‌ empty‌‌chair‌‌in‌‌front‌‌of‌‌the‌‌client.‌‌The‌‌empty‌‌chair‌‌is‌‌the‌‌ chair‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌client’s‌ ‌personality‌‌that‌‌avoids‌‌doing‌‌what‌‌ the‌ ‌client‌ ‌wants‌ ‌to‌ ‌do.‌ ‌The‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌will‌ ‌give‌‌ instructions‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌to‌ ‌start‌ ‌a‌ ‌conversation‌ ‌with‌‌ his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌other‌‌personality‌‌seated‌‌at‌‌the‌‌chair‌‌in‌‌front‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 14‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ of‌ ‌them,‌ ‌stating‌‌why‌‌he‌‌or‌‌she‌‌wants‌‌to‌‌give‌‌feedback‌‌ and‌‌what‌‌the‌‌feedback‌‌is‌‌all‌‌about.‌‌After‌‌that,‌‌the‌‌client‌‌ will‌‌be‌‌asked‌‌to‌‌sit‌‌on‌‌the‌‌vacant‌‌chair‌‌and‌‌explain‌‌why‌‌ he‌ ‌or‌ ‌she‌ ‌does‌ ‌not‌ ‌want‌ ‌to‌ ‌give‌ ‌feedback.‌ ‌Then,‌ ‌the‌‌ client‌ ‌will‌ ‌move‌ ‌back‌ ‌and‌ ‌forth‌ ‌until‌ ‌the‌ ‌issue‌ ‌is‌‌ resolved.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Cognitive-Behavioral‌T ‌ heories‌ ‌ The‌ ‌cognitive-behavioral‌ ‌theories‌ ‌refer‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌task‌ ‌of‌ ‌cognition‌ ‌in‌ ‌psychological‌‌ functioning.‌ ‌Cognitions‌ ‌are‌ ‌thoughts,‌ ‌beliefs,‌ ‌and‌ ‌internal‌ ‌images‌ ‌about‌ ‌events‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ clients’‌ ‌lives.‌ ‌Cognitive‌ ‌counseling‌ ‌theories‌ ‌emphasize‌‌mental‌‌processes‌‌and‌‌their‌‌effects‌‌ on‌ ‌mental‌ ‌health.‌ ‌The‌ ‌famous‌ ‌cognitive‌ ‌theorists‌ ‌include‌ ‌Albert‌ ‌Ellis,‌ ‌Aaron‌ ‌Beck,‌‌and‌‌ Eric‌‌Berne.‌‌ ‌ ‌ A.‌‌Ellis’s‌‌Rational‌‌Emotive‌‌Behavior‌‌Therapy‌‌(REBT)‌ ‌ REBT‌ ‌highlights‌ ‌the‌ ‌role‌ ‌of‌‌‌cognition‌‌on‌‌emotions‌‌given‌‌the‌‌assumption‌‌that‌‌people‌‌can‌‌ be‌ ‌best‌ ‌appreciated‌ ‌through‌ ‌an‌ ‌internal‌ ‌cognitive‌ ‌dialogue‌ ‌or‌ ‌self-talk.‌ ‌It‌ ‌considers‌ ‌that‌ emotional‌ ‌disorder‌ ‌has‌ ‌a‌ ‌connection‌ ‌with‌ ‌cognitive‌ ‌processes‌ ‌that‌ ‌are‌ ‌not‌ ‌rational.‌ ‌The‌‌ main‌‌objective‌‌of‌‌REBT‌‌is‌‌to‌‌mend‌‌the‌‌self-defeating‌‌‌cognition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌client‌‌and‌‌assist‌‌him‌‌ or‌ ‌her‌ ‌in‌ ‌gaining‌ ‌a‌ ‌more‌‌sensible‌‌viewpoint‌‌in‌‌life.‌‌This‌‌type‌‌of‌‌therapy‌‌is‌‌instructive‌‌and‌‌ provoking.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Table‌‌5.‌T ‌ he‌‌three‌‌techniques‌‌of‌‌REBT‌ ‌ Techniques‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Cognitive‌ ‌ It‌ ‌involves‌ ‌reforming‌ ‌unreasonable‌ ‌and‌ ‌irrational‌‌ ideas.‌ ‌It‌ ‌helps‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌conquer‌ ‌self-defeating‌‌ cognitions‌.‌ ‌It‌ ‌includes‌ ‌reframing‌ ‌perspectives‌ ‌from‌‌ unconstructive‌‌to‌‌more‌‌positive‌‌stances.‌‌ ‌ Emotive‌ ‌ It‌ ‌revolves‌ ‌around‌ ‌the‌ ‌client’s‌ ‌affective‌ ‌or‌ ‌emotional‌‌ domain.‌ ‌This‌ ‌aids‌ ‌in‌ ‌helping‌ ‌clients‌ ‌acknowledge‌‌ themselves‌‌and‌‌their‌‌feelings.‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 15‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Behavioral‌ ‌ It‌ ‌revolves‌ ‌around‌ ‌the‌ ‌full‌ ‌array‌ ‌of‌ ‌behavioral‌‌ methods‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌assertiveness‌ ‌training,‌ ‌relaxation‌‌ therapy,‌ ‌self-management,‌ ‌self-monitoring,‌ ‌and‌‌ assignments.‌ ‌ ‌ B.‌ ‌Beck’s‌‌Cognitive‌‌Behavioral‌‌Therapy‌‌(CBT)‌ ‌ CBT‌ ‌covers‌ ‌the‌ ‌significance‌ ‌of‌ ‌cognitive‌ ‌thinking,‌ ‌specifically‌ ‌dysfunctional‌ ‌thoughts.‌ ‌This‌‌ counseling‌ ‌approach‌ ‌is‌ ‌suitable‌ ‌for‌ ‌people‌ ‌who‌ ‌suffer‌ ‌from‌ ‌depression‌ ‌and‌ ‌anxiety.‌ ‌The‌‌ counselor‌‌helps‌‌the‌‌client‌‌develop‌‌a‌‌practical‌‌understanding‌‌of‌‌events‌‌to‌‌face‌‌and‌‌overcome‌‌ depression‌‌and‌‌anxiety.‌‌Beck‌‌does‌‌not‌‌try‌‌to‌‌disprove‌‌beliefs‌‌but‌‌lets‌‌his‌‌clients‌‌investigate‌‌ their‌‌functionality.‌‌It‌‌uses‌‌explicit‌‌profile‌‌and‌‌treatment‌‌plans‌‌for‌‌various‌‌mental‌‌disorders.‌ ‌ Table‌‌6.‌‌‌The‌‌techniques‌‌used‌‌in‌‌CBT‌ ‌ Technique‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Decatastrophizing‌ ‌ This‌ ‌method‌ ‌considers‌ ‌what‌ ‌ifs‌ ‌and‌‌involves‌‌priming‌‌clients‌‌for‌‌ results‌‌that‌‌may‌‌greatly‌‌affect‌‌them.‌‌ ‌ Redefining‌ ‌ This‌ ‌method‌ ‌helps‌ ‌clients‌ ‌make‌ ‌problems‌ ‌more‌ ‌concrete‌ ‌and‌‌ tangible,‌ ‌especially‌ ‌when‌ ‌they‌ ‌feel‌ ‌that‌ ‌situations‌ ‌are‌ ‌beyond‌‌ their‌ ‌personal‌ ‌control.‌ ‌It‌ ‌involves‌ ‌stating‌ ‌or‌ ‌redefining‌ ‌the‌‌ problem‌‌through‌‌their‌‌own‌‌words‌‌and‌‌behavior.‌‌ ‌ Decentering‌ ‌ This‌ ‌method‌ ‌helps‌ ‌clients‌ ‌adjust‌ ‌their‌ ‌perception‌ ‌of‌ ‌how‌ ‌other‌‌ people‌‌look‌‌at‌‌them.‌‌It‌‌involves‌‌observing‌‌and‌‌appreciating‌‌other‌‌ people’s‌ ‌responses.‌ ‌This‌ ‌is‌ ‌very‌ ‌helpful‌ ‌for‌ ‌clients‌ ‌who‌ ‌believe‌‌ that‌ ‌everyone’s‌ ‌attention‌ ‌is‌ ‌always‌ ‌focused‌ ‌on‌ ‌them,‌ ‌and‌ ‌that‌‌ they‌‌are‌‌always‌‌seen‌‌in‌‌a‌‌negative‌‌light.‌‌ ‌ Behavioral‌‌techniques‌ ‌ This‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌a‌‌variety‌‌of‌‌methods‌‌targeted‌‌to‌‌modify‌‌automatic‌‌ thoughts‌ ‌or‌ ‌assumptions.‌ ‌It‌ ‌helps‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌handle‌ ‌specific‌‌ maladaptive‌‌beliefs‌‌and‌‌encourages‌‌new‌‌learning.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 16‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ C.‌ ‌Berne’s‌‌Transactional‌‌Analysis‌‌(TA)‌ ‌ The‌ ‌transactional‌ ‌analysis‌ ‌(TA)‌‌approach‌‌examines‌‌transactions‌‌and‌‌relationships‌‌between‌‌ people.‌‌It‌‌involves‌‌the‌‌evaluation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌“three‌‌‌ego‌‌states‌‌of‌‌parent,‌‌adult,‌‌and‌‌child‌‌of‌‌each‌‌ person.”‌ ‌This‌ ‌is‌ ‌determined‌ ‌if‌ ‌the‌ ‌transaction‌ ‌has‌ ‌balance‌ ‌and‌ ‌harmony.‌ ‌The‌ ‌goal‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌‌ approach‌ ‌is‌ ‌to‌ ‌assist‌ ‌a‌ ‌person‌ ‌in‌ ‌developing‌ ‌a‌ ‌capacity‌ ‌for‌ ‌intimacy‌ ‌and‌ ‌becoming‌‌ self-aware,‌‌spontaneous,‌‌and‌‌autonomous.‌ ‌ Table‌‌7.‌T ‌ he‌‌techniques‌‌used‌‌in‌‌TA‌ ‌ Technique‌ ‌ Description‌ ‌ Structural‌‌analysis‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌helps‌ ‌clients‌ ‌become‌ ‌aware‌ ‌of‌‌ their‌ ‌three‌ ‌ego‌ ‌states—the‌ ‌parent,‌ ‌adult,‌ ‌and‌ ‌child‌‌ models.‌ ‌ Transactional‌‌analysis‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌helps‌ ‌clients‌ ‌learn‌ ‌to‌‌ communicate‌‌in‌‌complementary‌‌transactions.‌ ‌ Script‌‌analysis‌ ‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌deals‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌type‌ ‌of‌ ‌life‌ ‌the‌‌ client‌ ‌has‌ ‌imagined‌ ‌or‌ ‌developed‌ ‌for‌ ‌himself‌ ‌or‌‌ herself‌‌and‌‌how‌‌it‌‌can‌‌be‌‌rewritten.‌‌ ‌ Game‌‌analysis‌‌ It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌method‌ ‌that‌ ‌helps‌ ‌the‌ ‌client‌ ‌understand‌‌ particular‌ ‌transactions‌ ‌among‌ ‌people‌ ‌that‌ ‌lead‌ ‌to‌‌ negative‌‌emotions.‌‌These‌‌are‌‌the‌‌“games”‌‌that‌‌people‌‌ play,‌ ‌and‌ ‌they‌ ‌hinder‌ ‌the‌‌cultivation‌‌of‌‌interpersonal‌‌ relationships.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Eclectic‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ Eclectic‌ ‌therapy‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌form‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌therapeutic‌ ‌approach.‌ ‌It‌ ‌combines‌ ‌therapeutic‌ ‌principles‌‌ and‌‌philosophies‌‌to‌‌create‌‌and‌‌shape‌‌a‌‌suitable‌‌treatment‌‌program‌‌for‌‌an‌‌individual‌‌based‌‌ on‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌ ‌specific‌ ‌needs.‌ ‌Instead‌ ‌of‌ ‌insisting‌ ‌upon‌ ‌strict‌ ‌compliance‌ ‌to‌ ‌one‌ ‌specific‌ approach‌ ‌or‌ ‌school‌ ‌of‌‌thought,‌‌eclectic‌‌therapists‌‌use‌‌elements‌‌from‌‌different‌‌therapeutic‌‌ techniques‌ ‌to‌‌establish‌‌a‌‌program‌‌that‌‌is‌‌customized‌‌for‌‌the‌‌patient‌‌or‌‌client.‌‌After‌‌all,‌‌the‌‌ main‌‌goal‌‌is‌‌to‌‌help‌‌the‌‌patient‌‌as‌‌quickly‌‌and‌‌as‌‌effectively‌‌as‌‌possible.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 17‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Eclectic‌‌counseling‌‌synthesizes‌‌directive‌‌and‌‌nondirective‌‌counseling.‌‌It‌‌balances‌‌these‌‌two‌‌ extremes,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌becomes‌ ‌neither‌ ‌too‌ ‌active‌ ‌nor‌ ‌too‌ ‌passive.‌ ‌The‌ ‌counselor‌‌ follows‌ ‌the‌ ‌middle‌ ‌path‌ ‌between‌ ‌these‌ ‌two.‌ ‌He‌ ‌or‌ ‌she‌ ‌can‌ ‌swap‌ ‌between‌ ‌directive‌ ‌and‌‌ nondirective‌ ‌methods‌ ‌even‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌same‌ ‌interview‌ ‌without‌ ‌disorganizing‌ ‌the‌ ‌nondirective‌‌ permissive‌ ‌relationship‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌client.‌‌He‌‌or‌‌she‌‌chooses‌‌the‌‌techniques‌‌according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ needs‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌client.‌ ‌In‌‌addition,‌‌the‌‌counselor‌‌must‌‌be‌‌proficient‌‌in‌‌the‌‌use‌‌of‌‌all‌‌available‌‌ methods.‌ ‌The‌ ‌outcomes‌‌depend‌‌on‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌mastery‌‌of‌‌skills‌‌required‌‌by‌‌a‌‌method.‌‌The‌‌ crucial‌‌factor‌‌is‌‌not‌‌the‌‌choice‌‌of‌‌method‌‌used‌‌but‌‌the‌‌skill‌‌level‌‌of‌‌the‌‌counselor‌‌using‌‌it.‌‌He‌‌ or‌‌she‌‌carefully‌‌assesses‌‌the‌‌client’s‌‌needs‌‌and‌‌then‌ ‌selects‌‌useful‌‌techniques.‌‌Techniques‌‌ may‌‌be‌‌adjusted‌‌depending‌‌on‌‌the‌‌situation‌‌and‌‌the‌‌individual.‌ ‌ ‌ Hierarchy‌‌of‌‌Eclectic‌‌Practices‌ ‌ The‌ ‌first‌‌level‌‌of‌‌eclecticism‌‌is‌‌syncretism.‌‌It‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌a‌‌sloppy‌‌and‌‌unsystematic‌‌ process‌‌of‌‌combining‌‌unrelated‌‌clinical‌‌concepts.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌recommended‌‌when‌‌graduate‌‌ students‌ ‌are‌‌enjoined‌‌to‌‌make‌‌their‌‌own‌‌theories‌‌of‌‌counseling‌‌without‌‌first‌‌having‌‌ experienced‌‌how‌‌tested‌‌models‌‌work.‌ ‌ The‌ ‌second‌ ‌level‌ ‌of‌ ‌eclecticism‌ ‌is‌ ‌traditional.‌ ‌It‌ ‌combines‌ ‌compatible‌ ‌features‌‌ from‌‌diverse‌‌sources‌‌in‌‌an‌‌orderly‌‌manner.‌‌Theories‌‌are‌‌examined‌‌in‌‌greater‌‌depth.‌ ‌ The‌‌third‌‌level‌‌of‌‌eclecticism‌‌is‌‌theoretical‌‌integration.‌‌In‌‌this‌‌level,‌‌the‌‌counselor‌‌ needs‌‌to‌‌be‌‌proficient‌‌in‌‌at‌‌least‌‌two‌‌theories‌‌before‌‌trying‌‌to‌‌make‌‌combinations.‌ ‌ The‌ ‌final‌ ‌level‌ ‌of‌ ‌eclecticism‌ ‌is‌ ‌called‌ ‌technical‌ ‌eclecticism.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌ ‌approach,‌‌ procedures‌‌from‌‌different‌‌theories‌‌are‌‌chosen‌‌and‌‌used‌‌in‌‌treatment.‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌ Why‌‌is‌‌conducting‌‌interviews‌‌important‌‌in‌‌counseling?‌‌ ‌ ‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 18‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ ‌Wrap-Up‌ ‌ ___________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ A‌ ‌counselor’s‌ ‌approach‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌manifestation‌ ‌of‌ ‌his‌ ‌or‌ ‌her‌ ‌training,‌ ‌worldview,‌ ‌and‌‌ philosophy.‌ ‌ The‌ ‌most‌ ‌common‌ ‌methods‌ ‌or‌ ‌approaches‌ ‌that‌ ‌are‌ ‌practiced‌ ‌by‌ ‌a‌ ‌counselor‌ ‌are‌‌ the‌ ‌psychodynamic‌ ‌approach‌ ‌(classic‌ ‌theories),‌ ‌experiential‌ ‌theories,‌‌ cognitive-behavioral‌‌theories,‌‌and‌‌eclectic‌‌counseling.‌ ‌ The‌ ‌tools‌ ‌generally‌ ‌used‌ ‌by‌ ‌counselors‌ ‌for‌ ‌collecting‌ ‌basic‌ ‌data‌ ‌about‌ ‌a‌ ‌person‌ ‌are‌‌ either‌ ‌standardized‌ ‌or‌ ‌nonstandardized.‌ ‌Both‌ ‌categories‌ ‌of‌ ‌techniques‌ ‌are‌ ‌used‌ ‌in‌‌ getting‌‌primary‌‌data.‌ ‌ Standardized‌ ‌ Nonstandardized‌ 1. Aptitude‌‌test‌ ‌ 1. Questionnaire‌ ‌ 2. Achievement‌‌test‌ ‌ 2. Observation‌ ‌ 3. Interest‌‌inventory‌ ‌ 3. Sociometry‌ ‌ 4. Personality‌‌test‌ ‌ 4. Autobiography‌ ‌ 5. Rating‌‌scale‌ ‌ 6. Anecdotal‌‌record‌ ‌ 7. Case‌‌study‌ ‌ 8. Cumulative‌‌record‌ ‌ 9. Interview‌ ‌ ___________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 19‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ ‌ Identification.‌‌‌Write‌‌the‌‌letter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌answer‌‌on‌‌the‌‌blank‌‌provided.‌ ‌ ‌ A.‌‌Encouragement‌ ‌ E.‌‌Decentering‌ ‌ I.‌‌Interest‌ ‌ B.‌‌Lifestyle‌‌Analysis‌ ‌ F.‌‌Structural‌‌Analysis‌ ‌ J.‌‌Aptitude‌ ‌ C.‌‌Catching‌‌Oneself‌ ‌ G.‌‌Sociometry‌ ‌ K.‌‌Autobiography‌ ‌ D.‌‌Empty‌‌Chair‌‌Technique‌ ‌ H.‌‌Interview‌ L.‌‌Redefining‌ ‌ ‌ _________________‌ 1. It‌ ‌instructs‌ ‌clients‌ ‌to‌ ‌observe‌ ‌and‌ ‌appreciate‌ ‌other‌ ‌people’s‌‌ responses.‌‌ ‌ _________________‌ 2. It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌method‌‌that‌‌helps‌‌clients‌‌to‌‌be‌‌conscious‌‌of‌‌their‌‌three‌‌egos.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 3. This‌ ‌method‌ ‌assists‌ ‌clients‌ ‌in‌ ‌working‌ ‌through‌‌the‌‌conflicting‌‌parts‌‌ of‌‌their‌‌personality.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 4. It‌‌is‌‌used‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌self-defeating‌‌patterns.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 5. It‌ ‌gives‌ ‌the‌ ‌feeling‌ ‌of‌ ‌support‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌‌clients‌‌to‌‌help‌‌them‌‌believe‌‌in‌‌ themselves.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 6. It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌trait‌ ‌that‌ ‌describes‌ ‌an‌ ‌individual’s‌ ‌ability‌ ‌to‌ ‌perform‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌‌ specific‌‌area.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 7. It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌attitude‌‌towards‌‌certain‌‌objects,‌‌activities,‌‌or‌‌experiences.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 8. It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌conversation‌‌with‌‌a‌‌purpose.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 9. It‌ ‌studies‌ ‌the‌ ‌nature‌ ‌of‌ ‌social‌ ‌relationships‌ ‌of‌ ‌individuals‌ ‌within‌ ‌a‌‌ group.‌ ‌ _________________‌ 10. It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌description‌‌of‌‌the‌‌self‌‌using‌‌one’s‌‌own‌‌words.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 20‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ ‌ Imagine‌ ‌yourself‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌counselor.‌ ‌Write‌ ‌an‌ ‌essay‌ ‌about‌ ‌the‌ ‌importance‌ ‌of‌ ‌using‌ ‌tools‌ ‌and‌‌ methods‌‌that‌‌are‌‌appropriate‌‌for‌‌your‌‌client.‌ ‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 21‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌Rubric‌‌for‌‌Grading‌ ‌ The‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌below‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌suggested‌ ‌one.‌ ‌Your‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌may‌ ‌modify‌ ‌the‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌‌ needs.‌‌Consult‌‌your‌‌teacher‌‌for‌‌the‌‌final‌‌rubric.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Performance‌L ‌ evels‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌ Criteria‌ ‌ Score‌ ‌ Beginning‌‌ Proficient‌ ‌ Advanced‌‌ Weight‌ ‌ Proficiency‌ ‌ Proficiency‌ ‌ The‌‌essay‌‌is‌‌not‌ ‌ The‌‌essay‌‌is‌‌ The‌‌essay‌‌is‌‌very‌ ‌ Content‌‌ ‌ ‌ comprehensive.‌‌No‌‌ somewhat‌‌sufficient.‌‌ comprehensive.‌‌It‌‌ explanations‌‌that‌‌ A‌‌few‌‌explanations‌‌ includes‌‌thorough‌‌ ×‌‌3‌ ‌ support‌‌the‌‌argument‌‌ that‌‌support‌‌the‌‌ explanations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ are‌‌provided.‌ ‌ argument‌‌are‌‌ argument.‌‌ ‌ provided.‌ ‌ The‌‌essay‌‌lacks‌‌ The‌‌essay‌‌is‌‌ The‌‌essay‌‌is‌‌well‌‌ Structure‌ ‌ ‌ organization‌‌and‌‌ somewhat‌‌organized,‌‌ organized‌‌and‌‌ structure.‌‌ ‌ yet‌‌there‌‌are‌‌parts‌‌ clearly‌‌written.‌‌There‌‌ ×‌‌2‌ ‌ that‌‌are‌‌unrelated‌‌to‌‌ is‌‌evidence‌‌of‌‌ the‌‌topic‌‌and‌‌are‌‌hard‌‌ planning‌‌before‌‌ to‌‌comprehend.‌ ‌ writing.‌ The‌‌essay‌‌has‌‌a‌‌lot‌‌of‌‌ The‌‌essay‌‌has‌‌few‌‌ The‌‌essay‌‌is‌‌virtually‌‌ Grammar‌‌and‌‌ ‌ mechanical‌‌and‌‌ mechanical‌‌and‌‌ free‌‌of‌‌mechanical‌‌ Mechanics‌ ‌ ×‌‌1‌ ‌ grammatical‌‌errors.‌‌ ‌ grammatical‌‌errors.‌‌ ‌ and‌‌grammatical‌‌ errors.‌ ‌ Total‌‌Possible‌‌Score‌ ‌ 18‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 22‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌Counseling‌‌Services:‌‌Clientele,‌‌Settings,‌‌Tools,‌‌and‌‌Processes‌ ‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ ‌ Create‌‌a‌‌short‌‌essay‌‌on‌‌how‌‌students‌‌can‌‌benefit‌‌from‌‌counseling.‌ ‌ ‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ ‌ Gladding,‌‌Samuel‌‌T.‌C ‌ ounseling:‌‌A‌‌Comprehensive‌‌Profession‌.‌‌New‌‌Jersey:‌‌Merrill,‌‌2000.‌ ‌ ‌ Indira‌ ‌Gandhi‌ ‌National‌ ‌Open‌ ‌University.‌ ‌“Unit‌ ‌5:‌ ‌Techniques‌ ‌of‌ ‌Guidance.”‌‌Retrieved‌‌from‌ ‌ http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/46271/1/Unit-5.pdf‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Kabir,‌‌Syed‌‌Muhammad‌‌Sajjad.‌E ‌ ssentials‌‌of‌‌Counseling.‌A ‌ bosar‌‌Prokashaba‌‌Sangstha,‌‌ ‌ 2017.‌ ‌ ‌ Nyustul,‌ ‌Michael.‌ ‌Introduction‌ ‌to‌ ‌Counseling‌ ‌:‌ ‌An‌ ‌Art‌ ‌and‌ ‌Science‌ ‌Perspective‌.‌ ‌MA:‌ ‌Allyn‌‌and‌‌ Bacon,‌‌2003.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.4.‌T ‌ ools‌a ‌ nd‌M ‌ ethods‌i‌ n‌C ‌ ounseling‌ ‌ 23‌ ‌