Class 10th History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe PDF

Class 10th - History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Full Chapter Explanation Use code - DIGRAJ To get maximum discount on all unacademy subscriptions. (CBSE 6 to 12 / IIT-JEE / NEET-UG / CA-CS / CUET / CLAT / NDA / UPSC) Fill the form given below before takin...

Class 10th - History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Full Chapter Explanation Use code - DIGRAJ To get maximum discount on all unacademy subscriptions. (CBSE 6 to 12 / IIT-JEE / NEET-UG / CA-CS / CUET / CLAT / NDA / UPSC) Fill the form given below before taking admission at the unacademy offline centres and get additional discount on all courses. Click here for form link  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics - The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848 Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The dream of worldwide democratic and social republics The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America - men and women of all ages and social classes - marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it. She bears a torch in one hand and charter of the rights of man in the other. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Sorrieu’s Utopian Vision The peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag. Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene. Symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Connect with the theme of the chapter The Rise of Nationalism Brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. Emergence of nation state in place of the multinational dynastic empire of Europe. Modern State Nation State The majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent. Was it so easy?  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Nation State Created a sense of collective identity. This commonness did not exist from time immemorial. It was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people. Theme of the chapter The diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation What we are going to study in this chapter? The French revolution and the idea of Nation The making of nationalism in Europe The Aristocracy and the new middle class What did liberal nationalism stand for? A new conservatism after 1815 The revolutionaries The age of revolutions - (1830 - 1848) The romantic imagination and national feeling Hunger, Hardship, popular revolt 1848 - The revolution of the liberals  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation What we are going to study in this chapter? The making of Germany and Italy Germany - Can the Army be the architect of a nation Italy unified The strange case of Britain Visualising the nation Nationalism and imperialism  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation ➔ The first clear expression of nationalism French Revolution in 1789 How? The French revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty. Monarchy Body of French citizens  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation French Revolution in 1789 Shift of power But how the sense of collective identity amongst the French people was created? The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Objective of French Revolution The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. Help other peoples of Europe to become nations. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation French Revolution Europe Jacobic clubs French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. Outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. Napoleon and his role Napoleon  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Napoleon France Europe Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Civil code of 1804 Napoleon  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Civil code of 1804 Usually known as napoleonic code. Did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. Outcome  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. Explain Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the How? French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Making of Nationalism in Europe Making of nationalism No nationalism No nation states Explain What we know today as Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The example of Habsburg Empire Ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions - the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland - as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking. It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Aristocracy and The New Middle Class Aristocracy New middle class  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Rich landed aristocracy Socially and politically a dominant class on the continent. Aristocratic class United by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. Then who were in majority?  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners. While in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation New middle class The growth of towns and the emergence of Industrial revolution commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market. Outcome Emergence of a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for? Liberal + Nationalism Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. For the new middle classes liberalism stood Liber It means ‘free’ in latin. for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Liberalism Political Economic  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Liberalism in Political Sphere It emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges. A constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property. Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Connect with French Revolution  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Liberalism in Economic Sphere The emerging middle classes demanded for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. Why? Challenges in the economic set up at that time. Differences in unit of weight and measurement of goods. (E.g. - Elle)  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes. ∴ Creation of a unified economic territory was demanded. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation A New Conservatism after 1815 Connect the story Defeat of Napoleon, 1815 Spirit of conservatism What is conservatism? Conservatives + Ism Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society - like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family - should be preserved.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Were conservatives against the change? Most conservatives, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. Modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. How? A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Defeat of Napoleon, 1815 Spirit of conservatism Aftermath Treaty of Vienna Representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria - who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had Duke Metternich been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Changes introduced under treaty of vienna The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The new conservative regime V/S The society Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution. Impact The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to inspire liberals.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Revolutionaries Conservative regime after 1815 Drove many liberal nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary A commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of Giuseppe Mazzini and the nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. founding of Young Europe in Berne 1833.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Giuseppe Mazzini Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies. ➔ Young Italy in Marseilles. ➔ Young Europe in Berne.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The idea of Giuseppe Mazzini “He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.” Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. ➔ Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Age of Revolutions: 1830 - 1848 Connect the story The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Revolutions French Revolution (1789) Napoleonic wars begin (1797) France Belgium Fall of Napoleon and Conservatives regime (1815 - 1830) Greece Revolutions (1830 - 1848) Led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite. Among whom were professors, schoolteachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation July revolution in france ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.’ - Duke Metternich The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries. Installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. Louis Philippe  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.’ July Revolutions Sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Greek War of Independence An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle a gainst a Muslim empire. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Lord Byron English poet who fought for the Greek war of independence. He organised funds and later went to fright in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Romantic Imagination and National Feelings Theme Nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Romanticism An ideology where culture, art and ideas are focused upon to create a form of nationalist sentiments. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder Claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building. Johann Gottfried Herder  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Role of Vernacular language and local folklore Helpful in recovering an ancient national spirit. + Important to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate. Example of Poland Poland, had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers - Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Karol Kurpinski Celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt 1830’s The years of great economic hardship in Europe. Reasons Increase in population Unmployment Migration Overcrowded slums + The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation ➔ Industrialisation in England further created hardships. How? Imports of cheap machine-made goods from England. Small producers in town faced shift competition. Textile production (mainly at small scale) suffered a lot. In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. Outcomes  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Hunger + Hardship = Popular Revolt Revolts of poor in France, 1848 *Louis Philippe Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee. Results A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic. Granted suffrage to all adult males above 21. Guaranteed the right to work.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The story of revolt is Silesia The journalist Wilhelm Wolff described the events in a Silesian village as follows:  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals The revolutions in 1848 Revolt of the poor, 1848 Revolt of educate middle classes Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist - such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation state on parliamentary principles - a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The revolution of liberals in Germany region In German region Members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt. To vote for an All - German National Assembly On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Outcomes  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation All German National Assembly Wanted monarchy subject to the constitution. Outcomes When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia. He rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded. The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The issue of extending political rights to women. Controversial Explain Within the liberal movement, large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Frankfurt parliament in the Church of St Paul. Contemporary colour print. Notice the women in the upper left gallery.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Was the revolution of the liberals, 1848 a failed attempt? Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order. Explain Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815. Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia. The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Making of Germany Germany - Can the army be the architect of a Nation? Connect the story After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. The making of Germany and Italy as nation state.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Tried to unite the different regions of the The liberal middle class Germans in 1848 German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. Outcomes This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. Then how Germany was unified? Army the architect of a nation  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation ➔ After the failed attempt of liberals, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. How? Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark and France - ended in Prussian victory and completed the process Otto Von Bismarck of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Friedrich Wilhelm IV William I  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Unification of Germany VS Making of Germany Explain The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Unification of Germany (1866-71)  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Italy Unified Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs. The centre was ruled by the Pope. The southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations. Italian states before unification, 1858  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Then how Italy was unified? During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unified Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. Failed The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation How and Why would the King Victor Emmanuel II unify the Italian states? How? Unification of Italy with the help of Cavour and Garibaldi. + In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy Why? offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation ➔ Contribution of chief minister cavour Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Italy after unification. The map shows the year in which different regions become part of a unified Italy.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation ➔ Contribution of Giuseppe Garibaldi A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi fought for the unification of southern part of Italy. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Unification of Germany VS Making of Germany Explain Much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberal nationalist ideology. The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that *Victor Emmanuel ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife!  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation The Strange Case of Britain In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result Strange?? of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones. English Welsh Scot Irish The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation English Parliament Seized power from monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict. + Between England and Scotland that resulted in the Act of union 1707 formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by + its English members. Incorporation of Ireland Impact  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Impact of Act of Union 1707 The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. Catholics V/S Protestants The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress. Large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Incorporation of Ireland It was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. Revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798). Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Forging a new British nation A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain - the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language - were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Visualising the Nation How does one go about giving a face to a nation? Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. How? Nations were then portrayed as female figures. It sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of the nation.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation French Revolution Artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. + = Liberty Postage stamps of = Justice 1850 with the figure of Marianne representing the Republic of France.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Allegory of France Marianne Underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic - the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Allegory of Germany Germania In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Nationalism and Imperialism Nationalism VS Imperialism By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment. Why? Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war. The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Balkans A region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. Inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. The Balkan area became most serious source of nationalis tension in Europe after 1871. Explain  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Ottoman Empire Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire + Spread of Romantic nationalism The Balkan region became explosive. One by one, European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Slavic Nationalities Struggle to define their identity and independence. Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. + Balkan region became the ground for big power rivalry. Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary - was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.  Class 10th - History - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe - Full Chapter Explanation Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. Is nationalism of no use? Many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination. Anti-imperial movements = Nationalism In the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. The idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal. Use code - DIGRAJ To get maximum discount on all unacademy subscriptions. (CBSE 6 to 12 / IIT-JEE / NEET-UG / CA-CS / CUET / CLAT / NDA / UPSC) Fill the form given below before taking admission at the unacademy offline centres and get additional discount on all courses. 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