The Child and Adolescent Literature 09.docx PDF

**THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LITERATURE** 09/26/24 **Introduction to Literature** *Question of the Week: What is the world without literature?* *Answer: Thanks to Literature, we live in a colorful life...* [I**. What is Literature?**] **Etymology:** - derives from **Latin literatura/litteratur...

**THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LITERATURE** 09/26/24 **Introduction to Literature** *Question of the Week: What is the world without literature?* *Answer: Thanks to Literature, we live in a colorful life...* [I**. What is Literature?**] **Etymology:** - derives from **Latin literatura/litteratura** **"learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "letter".** - In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. - Literature is mostly written aside from - Came from the basic writing. - Literature also comes from grammar, the system of writing. - Then it evolved from writing to speaking as well as singing. \[Evolution of literature based on etymology\] **According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary...** - **Literature** is a **written work** that is considered to be **very good** and to have **lasting importance.** - *Literature is a written work*: they believe/said that all literary pieces came from written works. Ex: Television shows and movies came from screenplays \[scripts\]. - *Considered to be very good***:** it is vague to say that something is very good, however, being very good in literature is having a masterpiece \[have structure, form, and convention\]. - You cannot infer/say that a written text is literature if it is not very good or a masterpiece; reaching masterpiece is reaching writing excellence. - *To have lasting importance*: This is important for a literature to be considered a literary piece because of its significance and relevance. **Ezra Pound said...** - **"Literature** is **news that stays news."** - Literature has its relevance. - If a literary piece has died due to its themes, then it is not literature - What is relevant now will be relevant forever. **Robert Frost said...** **"Literature is a performance in words."** - When you write a literary piece, it's as if the characters are performing and the authors are the directors that direct their literary piece. **Literature** is a **written work** that demonstrates a **level of excellence** with not o structure, form, and convention while conveying a story that **teaches the readers** **about human conditions**. Literature is a masterpiece that reflects human life as it is written by humans for humans relatability. **Why is it important?** - **Literature improves your command in language.** To improve, practice - **It teaches about life, culture, and experiences of people in other parts of the world.** Reading/viewing literary pieces is the cheapest way to travel the world. - **It gives information about other parts of the world** - **It artfully entertains the readers in his leisure time.** You became mesmerize because it is a work of art. **[II. Literary Genres]** - **Poetry**: **Special Genre**; the only genre that is written in **verse** \[stanza\] and follows a certain convention or artistic conditions. - **Narrative**: written to **tell a story written in verse** - **Ballad**: tells a **story of emotions**, of how you feel in a certain situation - **Epic**: long narrative poem about **heroes and their adventures** - **Metrical Romance**: a poem that talks about **chivalry** \[gentlemanliness; knights\] - **Dramatic**: Dramatic poetry talks about drama. It is the ***script*** produced for your drama. - **Lyric**: is a poem of **expression** - **Elegy**: poem for the **dead** \[different form eulogy (speech for the dead) - **Sonnet**: **14-line** poem - **Ode**: an **utterance**; you write an ode to show your admiration/love to someone - **Dramatic Monologue**: focuses on **one's mind**, usually performed, the script; it's as if your mind is speaking - **Hymn**: focuses on **expressing your admiration/adoration** to the **supreme being**; a spiritual poem; shows how you **respect an entity** - **Drama**: Written in prose \[paragraph\]; the performance, **intended to be performed** in front of an audience - **Comedy**: has a **light-hearted plot**; ends with **happy** ending - **Romantic Comedy**: involves **lovers** - **Satire**: showing **mockery**; diff. from being funny - **Restoration Comedy**: **game of love;** the focus is to show that the two characters in the story are doing everything to show that they are destined, to show that they have a happy ending, more of an adventure of lovers in the story - **Tragedy**: has a **heavy-hearted plot**; ends with **tragic** ending - **Heroic** **Tragedy**: stories such as hamlet, Othello wherein the **protagonist died**. - **Tragi-comedy**: stories that dress up as **comedies but ends tragically**. - **Revenge Tragedy**: focus is to have **vengeance**; most Shakespearean plays are an example of this - **Fiction**: Written in prose; still based on true events, have **a touch of the creator's imagination**, a **figment** of the creator's mind, **manipulated** by the creator - **Short Story**: focuses on **one plot** with the **same set of characters and setting** and can be read in one sitting. - **Novel**: lengthier version of short stories, **divided into chapters**, and each chapter is a short story, cannot be read in one setting, in genre forms - **Non-Fiction (Creative Non-Fiction)**: Written in prose; there is no tendency of the writer manipulating the story, they write the story as it is, however, they will have a touch of using figurative languages or literary devices to make it creative, **creative way of showing facts** - **Essay**: **subjective written output** based on one's experience or emotions, touched with literary devices or figurative languages - **Autobiography**: self + to write = **writing your life story** - **Biography**: life + to write = **writing someone else's story** - **Criticism**: Literary Criticism; written in prose; your **analysis of a certain story**, a creative way with the use of one's creative mind of analyzing/evaluating a creative work - **Psychoanalytic**: use of **psychology** in analyzing a story - **Moralistic**: focuses on the **values or ethical considerations** - **Phenomenological**: writings that are **based on experiences**, translating their experiences from what they watch/read - **Stylistics**: **how the language is used** in the story - And other theories **III. Philosophies of Literature** Philosophies that involve all the literary piece that you will read/view. The principle involves in all literary pieces. **Realism: Life as it is.** - A story that shows how life is viewed. - Stories based on real life. - When one aspect of the story happens in real life - **View what happens in real-life regardless if it is good or bad** **Naturalism: Life as it should not be.** - The things that happen in real life, but should not happen in the ideal world. **Ex:** murder, infidelity, war, hunger, human trafficking, sexual assault, self-violence - Immoral acts, violent/chaotic acts in the story that still happen in real life - **Focuses on the bad things that happen in real life.** **Romanticism: Life as right to express emotion.** - **All literary pieces tell stories about human conditions, and all human conditions possess emotions; convey emotions** **Ex:** Inside Out - Something that should not be taken away from a literary piece - If you don't connect to stories, maybe it's just unrelatable or it is emotionless. **Humanism: Life is rational.** - **Shows that in every story, there is a character that embodies rational thinking.** - There is someone who stands out as a good character. - There is no story with no good character. **Ex**; Forrest Gump, Amir Khan (Three Idiots), Every Child is Special, Wanda (Avengers) **Existentialism: Life comes with decisions and consequences.** - In every story, there is a decision of the character that paved the way to make or break their character. - **With the decisions of the character, they will face consequences which will either be good or bad** **Ex:** Dead Stars, Footnote to Youth **IV. Literary Devices** **Literary Device: refers to a specific technique or tool used by writers to convey meaning, create a desired effect, or add depth to their literary work.** - A tool that writers use to make their stories figurative. **Allegory:** a literary device where characters, events, or settings symbolically represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. - One character is considered as a representation or symbolism of an abstract ideas or moral qualities **Example**: In Geoge Orwell's novel "Animal Farm," the animals represent different classes of people and the farm itself symbolizes a political system. Sisa -- symbolizes Philippines; how the PH is dying Lion and the Mouse **Allusion:** a literary device referring to a person, place, event, or another work of literature or art that the author expects the reader to be familiar with. - Using a literary character to become a personality or representation of an attitude/personality of a character you are pertaining to **Example**: "He was a real Romeo with the ladies," alludes to Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet." **Anachronism:** is when something is places in a time period where it does not belong, often for artistic or comedic effect. **Example**: Isekai Using modern slang in a period drama, such as characters saying "cool" or "awesome" in a Shakespearean play. **Cliffhanger:** a literary device where a story or chapter ends abruptly at a crucial moment, leaving the reader in suspense or anticipation. **Example**: A mystery novel ending with the detective discovering a major clue but not revealing its significance, leaving readers wanting more. **Dramatic Irony:** occurs when the audience or reader knows something that the characters in the story do not, creating tension or humor. **Example**: In the movie Titanic, a character leaning on the balcony right before the ship hits the iceberg says, "It's so beautiful I could just die". **Enjambment:** a poetic device where a sentence or phrase continues form one line of poetry to the next without a pause. - A sentence separated to become a couplet (two-line stanza) without a pause. **Example**: "I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree," (from "Trees" by Joyce Kilmer) **Extended Metaphor:** a comparison between two unlike things that is sustained throughout a piece of literature or a significant portion of it. - A metaphor that is further explained **Example**: "You're a snake! Everything you hiss out of your mouth is a lie. You frighten children, and you have no spine." **Foreshadowing:** a literary device where the author hints or suggest future events or outcomes in a story. - The author gives a hint that something will happen. **Example**: In J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series, the presence of the three-headed dog guarding the trapdoor hints at the danger that lies beneath. **Humor:** a literary device used to provoke laughter or amusement in the reader or audience. - Intends to make something funny, different form satire (make smth funny through mockery). **Example**: In Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," the humorous exchanges and antics between Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer provide comic relief. **Imagery:** a literary device that uses sensory details and vivid language to create mental images and evoke a sensory experience for the reader. **Example**: ***Visual Imagery***: "The sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in a fiery orange hue." ***Olfactory Imagery:*** "The smell of freshly baked bread wafted through the air, making mouths water." ***Auditory Imagery***: "Her voice was like velvet, soothing and gentle." ***Tactile Imagery***: "A peculiarly perceptible, prickling stillness, as if wound were healing." ***Gustatory imagery***: "It tasted partly of the paper in which it was wrapped, partly of hair oil, partly of the great unknown." **Motif:** a recurring element or symbol in literature that contributes to the overall theme or meaning of a work. - Continued use of an element or symbol that contributes to the overall meaning of a work. - A recurring symbol, used as a symbol from time to time **Example**: The use of clocks and time in "The Time Machine" highlighting the passage of time and the decay of society. **Oxymoron:** a literary device that combines contradictory terms or ideas for emphasis or dramatic effect. **Example**: "Parting is such sweet sorrow." **Paradox:** a statement that appears contradictory or absurd but may actually reveal a deeper truth or meaning. **Example**: "The more you know, the more you realize you don't know." **Personification:** a literary device where human characteristics are given to non-human things or abstract concepts. Example: "Because I could not stop for Death He kindly stopped for me The Carriage held but just Ourselves And Immortality." - Because I could not stop for Death by Emily Dickinson **Satire:** a literary device used to ridicule or criticize human vices, shortcomings, or societal issues, often through humor, irony, or exaggeration. - Intended to mock by being funny **Example**: "Animal Farm" by George Orwell is a satirical allegory that criticizes totalitarianism and political corruption by depicting a society of animals overthrowing their human oppressors, only to become oppressors themselves. **Situational Irony;** occurs when there is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in a situation. **Example**: In Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet," Romeo finds Juliet seemingly lifeless and, in despair, drinks poison to join her, unaware that she is actually just in a deep sleep. **Suspense:** a literary device used to create tension excitement, or anticipation in the reader or audience regarding the outcome of events. - Climactic experience in the story; the story begins to be exciting, catch the attention of the audience, the most anticipated part of the story **Example**: In J.K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series, the ongoing battle between Harry and Voldemort creates suspense as readers eagerly await the final confrontation. **Symbolism:** a literary device where objects, characters, or actions represent abstract ideas or qualities. - Represents the totality of the story **Example**: In Harper Lee's novel "To Kill a Mockingbird," the mockingbird symbolizes innocence and the destruction of innocence. **Verisimilitude:** refers to the quality of appearing or being true to life or realistic in literature - A literary device that the author uses to make something realistic - "Method writing" **Example**: In J.D. Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye," the authentic voice and thoughts of the adolescent protagonist contribute to the verisimilitude of teenage experiences. An adult writer writing a teenager using the language, actions, attitude of a teenager, the embodiment of a teenager **Vignette:** a brief, descriptive, and often self-contained scene or episode that captures a specific moment or aspect of a larger story. - A story within a story - Make the story relevant to what happen to a certain character - An injected story within the whole story **Example**: In Amy Tan's novel "The Joy Luck Club," the individual stories of the various mothers and daughters can be seen as vignettes, providing insights into their cultural heritage and personal struggles. **THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LITERATURE** 10/17/24 **Elements of Fiction** *Question of the Week: If you were to be part of any literary piece, which character would you like to portray?* *Answer:* **[I. Definition of Fiction]** **FICTION**: literature in the form of prose \[written in paragraph\] that describes imaginary events and people. Characteristics of Fiction - Character-focused narratives - All fictional stories have characters - Ample symbolism, metaphor, and allegory - Advanced vocabulary infused with imagery - Involved literary devices - Ambiguous plot points, including even the work's conclusion - Unclear; can be interpret in other ways; the story is unique from other stories - Exploration of larger philosophical themes regarding the human condition and the will of nature - Exploration of larger trends in history and culture - Lack of adherence to a fixed plot formula **[II. Elements of Fiction]** **SETTING**: It is **when and where the story takes place.** This element reveals the **time and place** of the story's occurrence. - There are stories where the setting is not directly shown - Includes the atmosphere, mood, weather/condition - Includes how the story happen from the time and place/occurrence of the story Example: A long time ago... fairytales, most of the children's story starts with the setting **CHARACTER**: This element plays a vital role in a story. It can be called as the "mover" or "driver" of the plot. - Without characters, there would be no story since no one will drive the story from start to finish. - A person (not necessarily humans) in a work of fiction. - The type of character has nothing to do with the character's attitude or behavior - Whether the character is good or bad, the type of character has smth to do with their involvement in the story - Protagonist: main character - The story revolves around this character - Most of literary works, the main character is the hero - Creates good characters that would be rooted by the readers/audience - Regardless whether they are good or bad, if the story revolves around that character, then he is the protagonist of the story - **Antagonist**: opposing character - Contrast the MC - Go against what the MC is doing in the character - The villain/bad character - Someone who they will root against; who the audience want to hate - **Confidante**: supporting character - Help the protagonist to solve their problem in the story - The character that the MC relies on - The friend, lover, parents, pets, neighbors - **Foil**: intervening character - Important character in the story - Neither good nor bad - Have nothing to do with their attitude or behavior - They make the MC's situation emphasized - Do not help the MC to be a good person or to solve the problem, they are part of how the MC faces the conflicts and also presides to the resolution - The ones who make the MC decide better in the story - Has smth to do with their connection/relationship with the character - Example: Big Hero 6 -- Older brother of the MC (Tadashi); death of his brother. Aurora in Maleficent Any type of character can either be STATIC or DYNAMIC STATIC Character: Flat character - Characters with unchanging attitude or behavior in the story DYNAMIC Character: round(developing) character - Can see the characters evolve, change of character's personality **PLOT**: It is the **skeletal framework** of the story. This shows how a story flows from beginning to ending. - The outline of the story - Introduction (Exposition): the start of the plot; exposes/introduces the setting and the character of the story, still uneventful. - Rising Action: shows the complications or problems of the story that the MC would face, moving forward to the ending of the story. Shows the events going forward to the high peak - Climax: highest point of interest in the story; the most interesting part of the story; does not necessarily mean that this is the middle part of the story; the part where the audience feels the excitement of the story - Falling Action: resolution of the story; can be bad or good, depending on how the author wants it to end. The part where the MC could either make or break in the story - Denouement: conclusion of the story; shows the ending of the story (Ex; They live happily ever-after.) shows how the story ended Anti-climax, also called as *plot twist*, gives an unexpected, radical change in the outcome of the plot. **CONFLICT**: reveals the struggles between the protagonist and certain opposing forces. - The main problem of the story; shows the generality on what the story implies the struggles of the MC - Person vs Person - Person vs Society (cultural, social, political, etc.) - Person vs Nature (catastrophe, animal, circumstances) - Person vs Themselves (internal conflict, consequence of the MC's decision, existentialist, psychological) **POINT-OF-VIEW**: It is the angle on how the story is told. - Who is narrating the story, the narrator of the story - First Person POV ("I' or 'Child') - I = the character from the story (narrate what they want to narrate) - Child = innocent eye; The narrator is also a character in the story, but the child (the truthfulness of the story, narrate what they see) - Third Person POV; a certain character the author created to tell the story, narrator outside the story - Omniscient: all knowing; all sides of the story are being told, no secrets involved. (Ex. Titanic) - Limited: view of a story through the perspective of a single character, use to conceal certain parts of the story, Effective if you want to have anti-climactic events; all sides of the story are already known by the readers. (Ex. Gossip girl) **TECHNIQUE OF NARRATION**: It is the author's style of narrating the story. - The way of telling the story - Chronological Narration: follows the basic plot formula, starts to ending - Flashback: start at the end of the story, going to the beginning and ends with the end (Ex. A Rose for Emily) - Epistolary: using messages/letters (Ex. Urbana at Feliza) text-talk novel - Stream of Consciousness: an internal narration, the story is narrated through the mind of the character in the story, narrated by the MC (Ex. You; The Tell-tale heart by Edgar Allan Poe) **THEME**: depicts what author wants to convey to his audience. This expresses the *SUBJECT* and *MORAL LESSON* of the story. - Message of the author - Subject: one-word, one-phrase, one-line theme of the story; what the story is all about (Ex. Love, war, family, friendship) - Moral lesson: the values integrated in the story, what the author wants the audience to learn in the story, subjective since it tackles about what the audience/readers learn **ELEMENTS OF POETRY** POETRY: a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of word. Elements of Poetry STAANZAS: are series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty line from other stanzas. They are equivalent of a paragraph in an essay. One way to identify a stanza is to count the number of lines. - Group of lines in a poem - Couplet (2 lines) - Tercet (3 lines) - Quatrain (4 lines) - Cinquain (5 lines) - Sestet (6 lines) (sometimes it's called a sexain) - Septet (7 lines) - Octave (8 lines) FORM: A poem may or may not have a specific number of lines, rhyme scheme and/or metrical pattern, but it can be labeled according to its form or style. - Type of poetry; the purpose of writing a poetry - Narrative poetry - Dramatic poetry - Lyric poetry WORD SOUNDS: - Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds - Assonance: repetition of vowel sounds/diphthongs (combined 2 vowel sounds) - Consonance: repetition of consonant sounds, clusters - Onomatopoeia: sounds written in words; present auditory imagery - Repetition: using a word repeatedly (ex. I came, I saw, I conquered) - Parallel structure: repetition of the English structure, the grammatical structure; follows a concrete English structure (ex. I came, I saw, I conquered) RHYME: is the repetition of similar sounds - End rhyme: end of each line - Internal rhyme: happens within a line in the stanza Rhyme Scheme: the pattern in writing verse  METER: is the systematic regularity in rhythm; this systematic rhythm (or sound pattern) is usually identified by examining the type of "foot" and the number of feet. - Shows soundwaves in poetry; rhythm Poetic Foot: syllabication of sounds \[1:25:00\] - Iam (Iambic): weak syllable followed by strong syllable. \[Note that the pattern is sometimes fairly hard to maintain, as in the third foot.\] - Trochee (Trochaic): strong syllable followed by a weak syllable. - Anapest (Anapestic): two weak syllables followed by a strong syllable. - Dactyl (Dactylic): a strong syllable followed by two weak syllables. - Spondee (Spondaic): two strong syllables (not common as lines, but appears as a foot). A spondee usually appears at the end of a line. Number of Feet - One foot = monometer - Two feet = dimeter - Three feet = trimeter - Four feet = tetrameter - Five feet = pentameter - Six feet = hexameter (when hexameter is in iambic rhythm, it is called an alexandrine)  Blank verse: Any poetry that does have a set of metrical pattern, but does not have rhyme. Free verse: Any poetry that has neither metrical pattern nor rhyme.