The cardiovascular system Dr. Zena (2).pdf

Medical Terminology- The Cardiovascular system By Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi Ph.D. Pharmacology The cardiovascular system (CVS) is made up of the heart and blood vessels, which transport blood. The blood vessels include all the arteries (carrying blood away from the heart), veins (carrying blood toward t...

Medical Terminology- The Cardiovascular system By Dr. Zena M. Qaragholi Ph.D. Pharmacology The cardiovascular system (CVS) is made up of the heart and blood vessels, which transport blood. The blood vessels include all the arteries (carrying blood away from the heart), veins (carrying blood toward the heart), and capillaries (vessels between the arteries and veins). The average heart rate of 75 beats per minute Function of CVS Pump blood and delivery system Supply cells with oxygen and other nutrients vital for survival Returns carbon dioxide and transport cellular waste to appropriate organs for removal Helps regulate body temperature. Structures Heart - pump Vessels - container Blood - liquid Heart Anatomy 1-Location: Mediastinum: Is the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity between the lungs ( Figure 1) 2-Pericardium: The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and filled with pericardial fluid which separates the heart from other mediastinal structures. 3-Epicardium: The thin outermost layer of the heart wall Myocardium: The thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle 4-Endocardium: The thin internal membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves Figure 1 : location of the heart Figure 2: Heart anatomy Heart Chambers Pulse Conduction System ( Figure 3) Figure 3: Heart chambers The four chambers of the heart are as follows: Right atrium: upper right chamber that receives blood from all body. Right ventricle: lower right chamber that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs Left atrium: upper left chamber that receives oxygen-rich blood as it returns from the lungs. Left ventricle: lower left chamber that pumps blood out the aorta to all parts of the body. Pulse Conduction System: Sinoatrial (SA) node (the pacemaker of the heart) conducting and distribute the impulse across the atria as it travels toward the ventricles. Atrioventricular (AV) node continues to generate impulses toward the atrioventricular bundle. Perkinje fibers: The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart. They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles. ( Figure 4) Figure 4: pulse condition system Blood Vessels (Figure 5) The types of blood vessels include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins Arteries - carry blood away from heart, usually oxygenated blood, arteri/o Arterioles are small arteries that lead into the capillaries. Capillaries: only one cell thick and allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. Venules - small veins Veins - carry blood to the heart, usually deoxygenated blood. Figure 5: Blood Vessels Circulations Systemic Circulation: All parts of body except lungs Pulmonary Circulation : Pulmonary arterial system Coronary Artery System : Blood Supply to Heart ( Figure 6). a-Pulmonary circulation Figure 6:B- Coronary artery system Blood circulation Terms and definitions Aorta Aortic The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle and branches to all parts of the body valve The valve at the entrance to the aorta Cardiac output The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per minute Endocardium: The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the valves Epicardium :The thin outermost layer of the heart wall Heart rate The number of times the heart contracts per minute; recorded as beats per minute (bpm) Inferior vena cava :The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right atrium of the heart from the lower part of the body Mitral valve : The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the bicuspid valve Myocardium: The thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle Pulse: The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each time the ventricles contract Septum: A wall dividing two cavities, such as two chambers of the heart Sinus rhythm: Normal heart rhythm originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node sphygmomanometer :An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure (root sphygm/o means “pulse”); blood pressure apparatus. Tricuspid valve : The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle Pulse Sensation Sites: The pulse can be felt anywhere an artery runs close to the surface of the skin. Use two fingers to apply slight pressure to the site and you should be able to feel the pulse. Blood Pressure Measurement of amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. Systolic, highest pressure result of ventricular contraction Diastolic , lowest pressure when ventricles relaxed The normal blood pressure is equal or less than 120 over 80 mmHg The term for high BP is hypertension (HTN). It occurs when the systolic reading exceeds 140 mmHg or the diastolic is >90 mmHg. Word Root and Combining Vowel for Cardiovascular Terms Roots of the heart Word Root and Combining Vowel for Cardiovascular Terms This is a list of word roots with their combining vowel. Notice that several word roots have the same definition. WORD ROOT DEFINITION angi(o) Vessel vas(o), vascul(o) Vessel aort(o) Aorta WORD ROOT DEFINITION arter(o), arteri(o) Artery arteriol(o) Arteriole atri (o) Atrium cardi(o) Heart coron(o) Crown endocardi(o) Endocardium echo(o) Sound son(o) Sound electr(o) Electricity fluor(o) emitting of reflecting light my(o) Muscle myocardi(o) Myocardium mediastin(o) Mediastium pericardi(o) Pericardium path (o) Disease radi(o) radiant energy or x-ray sept(o) septum, partition sin(o) Sinus thorac (o) Chest tom(o) to cut ultra(o) Excessive ven(o) Vein venul(o) Venule valv(o), valvl(o) Valve WORD ROOT DEFINITION ventricul(o) Ventricle Cardiovascular Specialties TERM DEFINITION Cardiology Cardi refers to the heart. -ology refers to the study of. Cardiology is the study of the disorders of the heart. Cardiologist Cardi refers to the heart. -ologist refers to one who studies. A cardiologist specializes in disorders of the heart. A cardiologist can order and interpret the test. A cardiologist can advise the patient of their option. Interventional cardiologist An interventional cardiologist is a sub-specialty of cardiologists that can perform advanced cardiac procedures such as catheter-based procedures. Cardiac surgeon A cardiac surgeon can perform major procedures on the heart and the vessels. Electrophysiologist Electr(o) refers to electricity. physi(o) means related to physiology. -ologist refers to one who studies. Physiology is the study of the science and processes of the human body. Electrophysiology deals with the relationship between electrical phenomena and biological function. An electrophysiologist is a person who works with the body’s electrical and biological functions. Electrophysiologist cardiologist An electrophysiologist cardiologist studies the heart electrical impulses. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System TERM Doppler echocardiography DEFINITION An echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure which is sent back to the transducer. Cardi(o) refers to the heart. -graphy means the process of recording. A Doppler echocardiography uses Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate blood flow patterns and directions in the heart and records them. Doppler ultrasonography Ultra means beyond, farther. Ultrasound is high-frequency sound waves. A Doppler ultrasonography uses ultrasound imaging to look at the structures and blood flow of the beating heart. Echocardiography Echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure back to the transducer. Cardi(o) means heart. -graphy refers to the process of recording. A echocardiography is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure used to record the movement and structure of the heart. Echocardiogram Echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure back to the transducer. Cardi(o) means heart. -gram means a drawing or a written record. An echocardiogram is a graphic reading of the heart movement from an ultrasonography. Electrophysiology study (EPS) Electr(o) refers to electricity. Physi(o) means related to physiology. Physiology is the study of the science and processes of the human body. Electrophysiology deals with the relationship between electrical phenomena and biological function. An EPS study is a procedure that uses electrode catheters to pace the heart and sometimes induce an arrhythmia to detect problems with the conduction system of the heart. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic means lodestone. Resonance means to sound again. Imaging means image. An MRI is a procedure used to produce an image by the creation of a magnetic field to give detailed information about the cardiovascular system. Tomography Tomo- refers to the preparation of a section. -graphy refers to the process of recording. A tomography is a sectional imaging to produce a film with a detailed cross-section of tissue and organs. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Trans- refers to through. Esophageal refers to the esophagus. Electrocardiography is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure used to study the movement and structure of the heart. A transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an ultrasound using an endoscope that views the heart from a retrocardiac vantage point. That is the endoscope is passed down the esophagus. Ultrasound Ultra means beyond, farther. Ultrasound is high-frequency sound waves. Ultrasound imaging is the process of using high frequency sounds waves to visualize internal structures. Procedures of the Cardiovascular System TERM DEFINITION Cardiac catheterization Cardiac refers to the heart. A catheterization is the introduction of a catheter into a body cavity. TERM DEFINITION A cardiac catheterization is the introduction of the catheter through an incision into a large vein and guided through circulation into the heart. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cardi(o) refers to the heart. Pulmonary refers to the lungs or the respiratory system. Resuscitate means to revive. Resuscitation is a process to sustain the cardiac and respiratory functions. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure that involves external cardiac massage and artificial respirations to revive and sustain the cardiac and respiratory function. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) The term coronary pertains to encircling structures. An artery is one of the large blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart. A bypass is one of several surgical procedures used to shunt blood or fluids from its natural course. A graft is a tissue or an organ taken from one site or person and connected to a different site or inserted into another person. A CABG is an open heart surgery in which a vein is taken from a different part of the body (saphenous or mammary) and grafted into a section of a coronary artery to bypass a blockage. Defibrillation De- is a prefix meaning to do the opposite, away, off, to remove entirely, down and from. Fibril means small fibers. Fibrillate means the contraction of a single muscle fiber that is repetitive. Defibrillate means to stop the ventricles from fibrillating by delivering an electrical shock. Endarterectomy End- refers to within. Arter(o) refers to the artery. -ectomy means surgical removal An endarterectomy is the surgical removal of the intimal lining of an artery. TERM DEFINITION Thoracotomy Thorac(o) refers to chest. -otomy refers to cutting into A thoracotomy is a surgical opening into the thoracic cavity. Thoracentesis Thora refers to chest. -centesis refers to puncture A thoracentesis is the perforation of the chest wall or pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid. Transplantation Transplantation is the transfer of tissue or an organ from one person to another or one organism to another. CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS TERM DEFINITION Angiopathy Angi(o) refers to a vessel. -pathy refers to a disease. Angiopathy is a disease of the blood vessels. Angina pectoris Angi- refers to a vessel. Angina is a choking feeling in the throat caused by not enough oxygen to the myocardium of the heart from the blood vessels. pector- refers to breast. Pectoral refers to the chest or thorax. Angina pectoris is thoracic pain caused by spasms in the coronary arteries caused by not enough oxygen to the myocardium of the heart. Atherosclerosis Ather(o) refers to an artery. TERM DEFINITION -sclerosis refers to hardening. Atherosclerosis means the build-up of fatty plaque or cholesterol in the lining of the arteries. The walls become thick, fibrotic and calcified. Arteriosclerosis Arteri(o) refers to an artery. -sclerosis means hardening. Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries due to calcification, thickening and loss of elasticity. Arrhythmia A- refers to without. Rhythmia refers to the rhythm. Arrhythmia means an irregular heart rhythm. Blood pressure Blood is the liquid pumped from the heart through the blood vessels. Pressure means to press. Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries by the circulating blood volume. Bradycardia Brady refers to slow. Cardia refers to the heart. Bradycardia means a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute. Bruit A blowing or swishing sound caused by turbulent blood flow heard when auscultating diseased carotid arteries. Cardiac arrest Cardiac refers to the heart. Arrest means to inhibit, restrain or stop. A cardiac arrest is a sudden stoppage of cardiac circulation and cardiac output. Cardiogenic shock Cardi(o) refers to the heart. -genic refers to causing, forming or producing. Cardiogenic refers to originating in the heart. Shock is a condition characterized by inadequate blood flow to the body. TERM DEFINITION Cardiogenic shock is a condition associated with a myocardial infarction resulting in a low cardiac output. Cardiomyopathy Cardi(o) refers to the heart. My(o) refers to the muscle. -pathy refers to the disease. Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium causing enlargement. Congestive heart failure Congestive refers to congestion which is an abnormal accumulation of fluid. Congestive heart failure is a condition in which the cardiac output is impaired and is unable to meet the needs of the body causing an abnormal accumulation or backup of fluid and peripheral edema. Coronary artery disease (CAD) Coronary refers to encircling structures. Coronary artery disease is a condition affecting the arteries of the heart that cause a reduction of blood flow to the myocardium. Endocarditis Endo- refers to inward or within. Card refers to the heart. itis refers to inflammation. Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium and heart valve. Hemostasis Hemo- refers to blood or blood vessels. -stasis refers to halting. Hemostasis is the halting of bleeding by the coagulation process or by chemical or mechanical means. Hypertension Hyper- refers to excessive, above and beyond. Tension refers to stretch or pressure. Hypertension is a common condition characterized by an elevated blood pressure when there is an abnormally high amount of pressure on the arteries. Hypotension Hypo refers to under, below or beneath TERM DEFINITION Hypotension is a condition characterized by a low blood pressure or when there is not an adequate amount of pressure in the arteries for normal perfusion. Myocardial Infarction (MI) My(o) refers to muscle. Cardial refers to the heart. An infarct is a localized area of necrosis. An MI is necrosis of part of the cardiac muscle caused by an obstruction of the coronary artery that affects the heart ability to pump. Ischemia Ischemia means to hold back blood. Ischemia is a decreased blood supply to a body part. Murmur Murmur refers to humming. A murmur is a humming or a gentle blowing such as a heart murmur. Pericardial effusion Peri- refers to around. Cardial refers to the heart. Effusion means to pour out or the escape of fluid. Pericardial effusion is the escape of fluid into the pericardial sac. Pericarditis Peri- refers to around. Card refers to the heart. -itis refers to inflammation. The pericardium is the sac that surrounds the heart. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium. Tachycardia Tachy- refers to fast. Cardia refers to the heart. Tachycardia is a condition in which the heart beats at a rate faster than 100 beats per minute. TERM DEFINITION Thrill A thrill is a vibration felt over an area of the patient’s body caused by turbulent blood flow. Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease (CAD) is narrowing of the lumen of one or more of the coronary arteries, usually due to atherosclerosis. One cause of plaque buildup in the coronary arteries is a condition of increased blood lipid called hyperlipidemia. An inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to tissues is called ischemia. Cardiovascular medications Anticoagulant Anticoagulants are often referred to as ‘blood thinners’ but they actually work by interrupting the clot-forming process and increasing the time it takes for clots to form. This helps prevent blood clots from forming and stops existing clots from getting bigger. Examples Uses Dabigatran Enoxaparin Heparin Rivaroxaban Warfarin These are prescribed for people who are at risk of blood clots or stroke, where blood clots form in your heart and travel to your brain (usually due to an irregular heart rhythm). Antiplatelet medications These medicines stop blood clots from forming by preventing blood platelets from sticking together. Examples Aspirin Clopidogrel Dipyridamole Ticagrelor Uses These are prescribed for people who have had a heart attack, chest pain (angina), strokes, TIA (transient ischemic attacks, or ‘little strokes’) and other forms of cardiovascular (heart) disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ACE inhibitors expand blood vessels and allow blood to flow more easily. This reduces your heart's workload and makes your heart work more efficiently. Examples Captopril Cilazapril Enalapril Uses These are prescribed for people with high blood pressure or heart failure. Examples Uses Lisinopril Perindopril Quinapril Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) ARBs expand your blood vessels and allow blood to flow more easily. This reduces your heart's workload and makes your heart work more efficiently. ARBs are also called ‘sartans’. Examples Uses Candesartan Irbesartan Losartan These are prescribed for people with high blood pressure or heart failure. Beta blockers Beta blockers decrease your heart rate. This lowers your blood pressure and makes your heart beat more slowly and with less force. Examples Uses Atenolol bisoprolol Carvedilol Celiprolol Labetalol Metoprolol Propranolol Sotalol These are prescribed for people with high blood pressure, irregular heart beat (abnormal heart rhythms) or chest pain (angina). They are also used to prevent future heart attacks if you have had a heart attack. Calcium channel blockers Calcium channel blockers decrease your heart rate. This lowers your blood pressure and makes your heart beat more slowly and with less force. Examples Amlodipine Diltiazem Felodipine Isradipine Nifedipine Verapamil Uses They are prescribed for people with high blood pressure, irregular heart beat (abnormal heart rhythms) or chest pain (angina). Diuretics Diuretics cause your body to lose extra water and salts through (passing urine). Diuretics are used to treat conditions like high blood pressure (hypertension) and swelling (oedema) in your feet, ankles and stomach caused by heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure. Digoxin Digoxin is used to treat abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), including atrial fibrillation, to slow your heart rate. This helps to reduce the strain on your heart. Digoxin also increases the force of your heart's contractions, which can be helpful in heart failure. Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems The blood, lymph, and immune systems share common cells, structures, and functions. Blood : Blood is a body tissue composed of cells suspended in a liquid medium called plasma. The total adult blood volume is about 5 liters. Blood Cells RBC (erythrocytes)The main function of RBCs is to transport oxygen. The oxygen binds to hemoglobin (Hb), WBC (leukocytes) WBCs are the body’s main defense against harmful organisms and are pass through capillary walls. Platelets (thrombocytes) , platelets play an important role in the blood clotting process. Types of Leukocytes: Granulocytes o neutrophils (Invoved in phagocytosis) o eosinophils (mediate allergies) o basophils (promote inflammation) Agranulocytes o lymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies) § B cells: Adaptive immunity (humoral) § T cells: Adaptive immunity (cellular) § Natural killer cells: Destruction without specificity o monocytes (macrophages) Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess. Thrombocytes platelets are smallest formed element of blood, made in bone marrow essential to blood coagulation If injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot. Lymphatic System The lymph system consists of a fluid called lymph (in which lymphocytes and monocytes are suspended), a network of transporting vessels called lymph vessels, and other structures, including nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. Functions of the lymph system include: §maintaining fluid balance of the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood §transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues §filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes. Immune System: Immunity is protection against disease. It includes defenses against harmful microorganisms, their products, or any other foreign substance. These defenses may be inborn or acquired during life, Immunity is classified as innate immunity or adaptive immunity. Innate immunity (natural) is genetically determined resistance that a person is born with. Adaptive immunity is a type of resistance that is acquired only after a person has been exposed to a particular antigen. The immune system distinguishes foreign substances or antigens that are freely circulating in the body such as molecules, viruses, and foreign cells. Humoral immunity : its antibody‐mediated response that involves B cells that recognize antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood (“humor” is a term for body fluid). Cellular immunity: is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes Antigen-Antibody Reactions Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin) Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction WBCs for Immune Reactions Monocytes - type of lymphocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body become macrophages Macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cells Lymphocytes - major class in bone marrow, , involved in antibody-mediated immunity Blood Groups Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on the surface of RBCs A - A antigen B - B antigen AB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigens Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen present on the RBCs. Rh Factor : The Rhesus factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells.