Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University Medical Terminology (HADM101) Lecture 5 PDF

School of Health and Environmental Studies Bachelor of Science in Health Administration Medical Terminology (HADM101) Fall 2024 Lecture 5 Dr Haitham Taha MPH, PhD in Public Health-Epidemiology The Cardi...

School of Health and Environmental Studies Bachelor of Science in Health Administration Medical Terminology (HADM101) Fall 2024 Lecture 5 Dr Haitham Taha MPH, PhD in Public Health-Epidemiology The Cardiovascular System The Cardiovascular System Major structure, related Combining forms, and Functions Functions of the Cardiovascular System These structures work together to efficiently pump blood to all body tissues. Blood is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues. Blood returns some waste products from these tissues to the kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Blood cells also play important roles in the immune system (see Chapter 6), and in the endocrine system (see Chapter 13). Structures of the Cardiovascular System 1- Heart The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. This small organ, about the size of a fist. 2- The Pericardium (pehr-ih-KAR-dee-um) Pericardial sac: is the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart (peri- means surrounding, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending). Membranous means pertaining to membrane, which is a thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part. The parietal pericardium is a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Pericardial fluid is found between these two layers, where it acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats. The visceral pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart. 3-The Walls of the Heart Three layers: Epicardium (ep-ih-KAR-dee-um): External layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium (epi- means upon, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending). Myocardium (my-oh-KAR-dee-um): Middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers (my/o means muscle, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending). Endocardium (en-doh-KAR-dee-um): Inner lining of the heart (endo- means within, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending). This is the surface that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart. 3-Blood Supply to the Myocardium 1- The coronary arteries (KOR-uh- nerr-ee): which supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium. 2- The veins: Blue, remove waste products from the myocardium. 4-The Chambers of the Heart Four chambers 1- Atria (AY-tree-ah) the two upper chambers of the heart. 2- Interatrial septum: A wall that separates two chambers. 3- Ventricles (VEN-trih-kuhls) the two lower chambers of the heart. 4- Interventricular septum. Activity 1 5- The Valves of the Heart Valve : Control the flow of blood through the heart (Four valves). 1- The tricuspid valve (try-KUS-pid):controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Tricuspid means having three cusps (points). 2- The pulmonary valve (PULL-mah-nair-ee): between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary means pertaining to the lungs. 3- The mitral valve (MY-tral)/Bicuspid between the left atrium and left ventricle. Mitral means shaped like a bishop’s mitre (hat). Bicuspid means having two cusps (points), which describes the shape of this valve. 4- The aortic valve (ay-OR-tick): between the left ventricle and the aorta (aort means aorta and -ic means pertaining to). 6- Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation Blood is pumped through the systemic and pulmonary circulation systems. Together, the blood in these systems brings oxygen to the cells and removes waste products from the cells. 1- Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs. 2- Systemic circulation includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. 7- The Heartbeat The ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence. The rate and regularity of the heartbeat is determined by electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart. The conduction system, these electrical impulses are controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and the bundle of His The Sinoatrial Node The sinoatrial (SA) node (sigh-noh-AY- tree-ahl), is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava (Figure 5.7). The SA node establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat. For this reason, it is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart. Electrical impulses from the SA node start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart. The impulse in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously. This contraction forces blood into the ventrcles. The Atrioventricular (AV) Node The impulses from the SA node also travel to the atrioventricular (AV) node (ay- tree-oh-ven-TRICK-you-lar). It transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His. The bundle of His (HISS) is a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum. These electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers. Electrical Waves The activities of the electrical conduction system of the heart can be visualized as wave movements on a monitor or as an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). The term sinus rhythm refers to the normal beating of the heart The Blood Vessels Three Types: 1- Arteries: large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body. The aorta (ay-OR-tah): the largest blood vessel in the body. The carotid arteries (kah-ROT-id): are the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head. The common carotid artery is located on each side of the neck. It divides into the internal carotid artery, which brings oxygen-rich blood to the brain and the external carotid artery which brings blood to the face. The Blood Vessels Three Types: 2- Capillaries (KAP-uh-ler-eez) The smallest blood vessels in the body. Form networks Have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues The Blood Vessels Three Types: 3- Veins: low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart. Venules (VEN-youls) are the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins (ven means vein and -ules means small ones). Venous means relating to, or contained in, the veins. Superficial veins are located near the body surface. Deep veins are located within the tissues and away from the body surface. The venae cavae (VEE-nee KAY-vee) are the two largest veins in the body. These are the veins that return blood into the heart (singular, vena cava). The superior vena cava transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart. The inferior vena cava transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart. Blood Blood is the fluid tissue in the body. It is composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements (blood cell s and platelets). Plasma (PLAZ-mah) is a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is 92% water. Serum (SEER-um) is plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed. Formed Elements of the Blood 1- Erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-sights) or RBC. (erythr/o means red, and -cytes means cells). The primary role of these cells is to transport oxygen to the tissues. hemoglobin (HEE-moh-gloh-bin): oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes (hem/o means blood, and -globin means protein). 2- Leukocytes (LOO-koh-sights)(WBCs) 3- Thrombocytes (THROM-boh-sights), platelets, the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in the clotting of blood (thromb/o means clot, and -cytes means cells). Blood Types Blood Gases Classified according to the presence Blood gases are gases that are or absence of certain antigens (An antigen is any substance that the body regards as being foreign). normally dissolved in the liquid A letter followed by Rh factor portion of blood. (represented by + or -) A- or O+. The four major blood types are A, The major blood gases AB, B, and O. The A, AB, and B groups are based on the presence of Oxygen (O2), the A and/or B antigens on the red blood cells. Carbon dioxide (CO2) In contrast, in type O blood both the A and B antigens are absent. Nitrogen (N2). is an important consideration in cross-matching blood for transfusions Medical Specialties Related to the Cardiovascular System Pathology of the Cardiovascular System Congenital Heart Defects Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis Ischemia Angina Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Carditis Cardiomyopathy (kar-dee-oh-my-OP-ah-thee) Overview An arrhythmia (ah-RITH-mee-ah) is the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. Bradycardia (brad-ee-KAR-dee- Arrhythmias are usually caused by an ah) is an abnormally slow abnormality in the electrical conduction resting heart rate. It is usually system of the heart. applied to a heartbeat rate of Asystole (ay-SIS-toh-lee), known as a flat line, is the complete lack of electrical activity in the less than 60 beats per minute heart. The resulting lack of heart contractions, with no blood pumping from the heart and no (BPM). blood flow through the body, is one of the conditions required for a medical practitioner Tachycardia (tack-ee-KAR-dee- to certify death. ah) is an abnormally rapid Cardiac arrest is an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an resting heart rate. It is usually arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping applied to a heartbeat rate of blood effectively. greater than 100 BPM. Heart block is a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal Tachycardia is the opposite of moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the bradycardia. ventricles. Thromboses and Embolisms A thrombosis (throm-BOH-sis):Blockage of a blood vessel. (thromb means clot, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease) An embolism (EM-boh-lizm) is the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus (embol means something inserted, and -ism means condition). The embolism is often named for the causative factor, such as an air embolism or a fat embolism, or its location, such as pulmonary embolism. Diagnostic Procedures of the Cardiovascular System Blood tests Computed tomography (CT) scans MRIs Ultrasonic diagnostic procedures Angiography (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) is an x-ray of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium (angi/o means blood vessel, and -graphy means the process of recording). Cardiac catheterization (KAR-dee-ack kath-eh- ter-eye-ZAY-shun) is a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart. Electrocardiography Electrocardiography (ee-leck-troh-kar-dee- OG-rah-fee) is the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium (electr/o means electric, cardi/o means heart, and - graphy means the process of recording a picture or record). An electrocardiogram (ee-leck-troh-KAR-dee- oh-gram) (EKG or ECG) is a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium (electr/o means electric, cardi/o means heart, and -gram means picture or record) Treatment Procedures of the Cardiovascular System 1- Medications: An antihypertensive (an-tih-high-per-TEN-siv) is a medication administered to lower blood pressure. An antiarrhythmic (an-tih-ah-RITH-mick) is a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat. 2- Nutritional Interventions (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. 3- Surgery  3- Clearing Blocked Arteries and Veins Angioplasty (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee) is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel (angi/o means blood vessel, and -plasty means surgical repair). A stent is a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened. This provides support to the arterial wall, keeps the plaque from expanding again. Activity 2 Activity 3  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebzbKa32kuk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMBSU-2GK3E