Test Questions - Week 1 Brain and Behaviour Pt-2 PDF

Psychology Today Main Point Explanation Access to up-to-date brain imaging techniques Modern psychology has seen advancements in technology, particularly in brain imaging techniques. This helps in exploring changes that occur in our nervous system when performing certain tasks. (Page 14, 15) New...

Psychology Today Main Point Explanation Access to up-to-date brain imaging techniques Modern psychology has seen advancements in technology, particularly in brain imaging techniques. This helps in exploring changes that occur in our nervous system when performing certain tasks. (Page 14, 15) New information processing models The field of psychology has developed new models for processing information. These models help in understanding cognitive processes and behaviours. (Page 14) Less emphasis on behaviourism Modern psychology has shifted its focus from behaviourism to other approaches like biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, cognitive, and humanistic. (Page 14) Advances in understanding the role of genes and hormones Advances in science have helped us better understand the role of genes and hormones in our behavior. This is part of the study of biological psychology. (Page 15) Evolutionary perspective This perspective is concerned with how we've been able to adapt to our environment to survive and reproduce. (Page 15) Psychological Perspectives Main Point Explanation Biological Approach This approach considers the study of the physiological effects of things like hormones, genes, and our nervous system. It uses advances in technology to explore changes that occur in our nervous system when performing certain tasks. (Page 14, 15) Evolutionary Approach This perspective is concerned with how we've been able to adapt to our environment to survive and reproduce. It studies what changes occur as we evolve to cope with living in the modern day. (Page 15, 16) Psychodynami c Approach This approach believes that our actions and behaviours can be influenced by not only our conscious thoughts, but also our unconscious desires and thoughts. It suggests that mental distress or illness can be a result of a battle between our unconscious desires and our conscious thoughts. (Page 16) Behavioural Approach Behaviourism emerged out of frustration around the psychodynamic perspective. Behaviourists believe that we can only measure what is observable, unlike the psychodynamic perspective which involves making subjective interpretations about information. (Page 13) Cognitive Approach This approach is concerned with cognitive processes that work together before we act. It considers our thoughts or our perception of an event. (Page 19) Humanistic Approach This approach views each of us as having an individual experience and having different perceptions of events based on our own different individual experiences. It's much more interested in us as an individual and how our unique experiences guide our actions. (Page 19) Biological approach Main Point Explanation Study of physiological The biological approach considers the study of the effects physiological effects of things like hormones, genes, and our nervous system. (Page 14) Role of technology Advances in technology play a crucial role in the biological approach. They help in exploring changes that occur in our nervous system when performing certain tasks. (Page 15) Understanding the role of genes and hormones The biological approach also involves understanding the role of genes and hormones in our behavior. This is part of the study of biological psychology. (Page 15) Monitoring brain activity With the help of technology, we are now able to monitor people to explain the brain activity that goes on when certain tasks are performed. (Page 15) Shift from Philosophy to Empiricism Main Point Explanation Shift from philosophical questions to experiments There was a shift from asking philosophical questions to performing experiments to find answers. This shift was crucial to the development of scientific psychology. (Page 6) Empiricism Empiricism suggests that knowledge can only be gained through experience and evidence. This approach was important for the development of scientific psychology. (Page 6) Psychology as a scientific method With the shift to empiricism, psychology started to use the scientific method. The idea that answers can be imagined was dismissed by empiricists who believed that we needed to observe and experience an idea in order to understand it. (Page 7) Systematic investigation The point at which psychology started trying to understand those issues in terms of performing research marks the point at which they started to be a systematic investigation of those questions. (Page 7) Psychology as a Science based on the lecture Main Point Explanation Systematic gathering of evidence Psychology as a science means systematically gathering evidence. Research or evidence gathering is planned and organized to lead to valid results. (Page 2) Careful planning of research In psychology, there needs to be careful planning of research to reduce any limitations associated with findings. This includes ensuring research methods meet the needs of the research and that sample sizes are large enough. (Page 2) Empirical investigation Psychology became a psychological science once questions were investigated through research. The point at which psychology started trying to understand those issues in terms of performing research marks the point at which they started to be a systematic investigation. (Page 7) Role of Empiricism suggests that knowledge can only be gained experience and through experience and evidence. This was important to the evidence development of scientific psychology. (Page 6) Introduction to Psychology Main Point Explanation Definition of Psychology Psychology is interested in investigating and understanding cognitive processes such as thinking and memory, as well as behavior and human action. (Page 0) Interaction of cognitive processes, behavior, and environment Psychology studies how cognitive processes and behavior interact with each other and with our physical attributes and environment. This includes both the environment we grew up in and the environment we're currently in. (Page 0) Role of the scientific method The role of the scientific method in the study of psychology is crucial. It involves systematic gathering of evidence, careful planning of research, and using methods that will lead to valid results. (Page 2) Diversity of psychology The field of psychology is diverse, encompassing many different disciplines. (Page 0) Knowledge, skills, and values in psychology The study of psychology helps to develop an awareness of the knowledge, skills, and values that reflect the science and application of psychology. (Page 0) Psychological Literacy Main Point Explanation Definition of Psychological Literacy Psychological literacy is your ability to apply the psychological science to meet your personal, professional, and social needs. (Page 21) Application of Information Psychological literacy involves the application of the information that you're learning. This means using the knowledge and skills gained from studying psychology in practical ways. (Page 21) Graduate Attributes Psychological literacy is one of the graduate attributes that students develop throughout their study. These are qualities, skills, or understanding that students develop during their education. (Page 20) Careers in Psychology Main Point Explanation Range of Settings Psychologists can work in a range of different settings, including colleges, universities, professional schools, mental health facilities, private practice, organizations, businesses, government, and schools. (Page 1) Becoming a Registered Psychologist To become a registered psychologist, one needs to complete an undergraduate degree plus a fourth year. This allows you to become registered as a provisional psychologist. (Page 21) Further Study or Supervised Practice After becoming a provisional psychologist, you need a further two years of either study or approved supervised practice to become a registered psychologist. (Page 22) Masters in a Specific Area You can do your 5th and 6th years as masters in a particular area. In order to be endorsed in your area, such as clinical psychology, you would need to do some further supervised practice. (Page 22) Graduate Diploma If you're doing a graduate diploma, once you've completed that, you would jump into your 4th year of psychology and follow the same pathway as those who are doing the undergraduate degree in psychology. (Page 23) Psycholog Uniqueness/Des Early Years of Goals ical cription Advocates/Th Promin Approach eorists ence Methods Implicatio ns Structurali Analyses the sm basic elements of consciousness and explores the structure of the mind through introspection. Introspection, self-reporting, laboratory experiments. Implicatio ns for understan ding the structure of the mind and the limitation s of introspect ion as a research method. Edward Titchener (Original theorist) Late 19th century to early 20th century (1890s1920s) To identify and describe the fundame ntal compone nts of consciou s experien ce. Functiona Emphasizes the lism adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes in an individual's environment. William James (Original theorist), John Dewey (Significant early advocate) Late 19th century to early 20th century (1880s1920s) To understa nd the purpose of consciou sness and how mental processe s help individua ls adapt to their environm ent. Naturalistic observation, introspection, experimentati on. Implicatio ns for understan ding the practical functions of mental processes, learning, and problem-s olving. Psychoan alysis Sigmund Freud (Original theorist), Carl Jung (Significant early advocate), Alfred Adler (Significant early advocate) Late 19th century to early 20th century (1880s1930s) To uncover and resolve unconsci ous conflicts, understa nd human behavior, and alleviate psycholo gical distress. Free association, dream analysis, psychoanalyti c interpretation , therapy. Implicatio ns for understan ding personalit y developm ent, psychothe rapy, and dream symbolis m. Focuses on the unconscious mind and the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior and mental processes. More a theoretical framework. Psychody namic Focuses on interplay between unconscious processes, early childhood experiences and the influence of internal conflicts on behaviour and mental processes. Encompassing various theories by Freud. Behaviour Focuses on ism observable behavior and external factors that influence behavior, rejecting the study of mental processes. Sigmund Freud (Original theorist), Carl Jung (Significant early advocate), Alfred Adler (Significant early advocate) Late 19th century to early 20th century (1880spresent ) To uncover and resolve unconsci ous conflicts, understa nd human behaviou r, and alleviate psycholo gical distress. Free association, dream analysis, psychoanalyti c interpretation , exploration of transference and countertransf erence. Implicatio ns for understan ding personalit y developm ent, psychothe rapy, and dream symbolis m. John B. Watson (Significant early advocate), Ivan Pavlov (Significant early advocate), B.F. Skinner (Significant early advocate) Early to mid-20t h century (1910s1970s) To explain and predict behavior based on observab le stimuli and response s, and understa nd the role of condition ing in shaping behavior. Observation, experimentati on, operant conditioning, classical conditioning. Implicatio ns for understan ding learning, behavior modificati on, and the importanc e of environm ental influences . Gestalt Emphasizes the Psycholog importance of y perception and the whole experience, rather than breaking it down into parts. Max Wertheimer (Significant early advocate), Kurt Koffka (Significant early advocate), Wolfgang Kohler (Significant early advocate) Early 20th century (1920s1940s) To study how individua ls perceive and experien ce the world as integrate d wholes. Observation of perceptual phenomena, introspection, experimentati on. Implicatio ns for understan ding perceptio n, problem-s olving, and learning. Cognitive Examines mental Psycholog processes such y as perception, memory, attention, and problem-solving, focusing on internal mental representations. Ulric Neisser (Significant early advocate), George Miller (Significant early advocate), Jean Piaget (Significant early advocate) Mid-20t h century to present (1950spresent ) To understa nd how people acquire, process, and store informati on, and how mental processe s influence behavior. Laboratory experiments, cognitive tasks, computer simulations. Implicatio ns for understan ding cognitive developm ent, informati on processin g, problem-s olving, and artificial intelligenc e. Humanisti c Psycholog y Emphasizes the potential for personal growth, self-actualization , and the importance of subjective experiences and free will. Abraham Maslow (Significant early advocate), Carl Rogers (Significant early advocate) Mid-20t h century to present (1950spresent ) To understa nd and enhance the subjectiv e experien ces, self-awar eness, and self-fulfil ment of individua ls. Qualitative research, client-centred therapy, self-report measures. Implicatio ns for understan ding human potential, personal growth, and the importanc e of individual experienc es and values. Psycholo Uniqueness/Desc Early Years of Goals gical ription Advocates/The Promine Approach orists nce Methods Implicatio ns Humanist ic Psycholog y Qualitative research, client-cent red therapy, self-report measures. Implicatio ns for understan ding human potential, personal growth, and the importanc e of individual experienc es and values. Emphasizes the potential for personal growth, self-actualization, and the importance of subjective experiences and free will. Abraham Maslow (Significant early advocate), Carl Rogers (Significant early advocate) Mid-20t h century to present (1950s-p resent) To understan d and enhance the subjective experienc es, self-aware ness, and self-fulfil ment of individual s. Socio-Cul tural Psycholog y Focuses on the influence of social and cultural factors on individual behavior and mental processes. Attachme Focuses on the nt Theory importance of early emotional bonds between infants and caregivers in shaping later development. Lev Vygotsky (Significant early advocate), Kurt Lewin (Significant early advocate), Harry Triandis (Significant early advocate) Early 20th century to present (1920s-p resent) To understan d how social and cultural contexts shape individual experienc es, cognition, and behavior. Cross-cultu ral studies, ethnograp hy, social experimen ts. Implicatio ns for understan ding cultural difference s, social identity, and the role of social norms in shaping behavior. John Bowlby (Significant early advocate), Mary Ainsworth (Significant early advocate) Mid-20t h century to present (1950s-p resent) To understan d the nature and impact of emotional attachme nts, and how they influence social and emotional developm ent. Observatio ns, experimen ts, interviews. Implicatio ns for understan ding parent-chi ld relationshi ps, emotional regulation , and social interactio ns throughou t the lifespan. Ecological Examines how Systems individuals Theory develop and interact within various environmental systems. Urie Bronfenbrenne r (Significant early advocate) Observatio ns, interviews, longitudina l studies. Implicatio ns for understan ding human developm ent, socializati on processes, and the impact of environm ental influences on behavior. Evolution ary Psycholog y David Buss 1980s-pr To Comparati (Significant esent understan ve early d how research, advocate), evolution behavioral Leda Cosmides ary genetics, (Significant principles cross-cultu early shape ral studies. advocate), psychologi John Tooby cal traits, (Significant behaviors, early advocate) and cognitive processes. Implicatio ns for understan ding human nature, mating strategies, and adaptatio n to different environm ents. Focuses on the influence of evolutionary processes on human behavior and cognition. Mid-20t h century to present (1970s-p resent) To understan d the dynamic interactio ns between individual s and their social, cultural, and physical environm ents. Positive Examines positive Martin Psycholog aspects of human Seligman y experience, such (Significant as happiness, early well-being, and advocate), strengths. Mihaly Csikszentmihal yi (Significant early advocate) Late 20th century to present (1990s-p resent) To promote well-being , identify factors that contribute to a fulfilling life, and foster positive emotions and character strengths. Surveys, questionna ires, interventio ns, qualitative research. Implicatio ns for enhancing happiness , resilience, and overall psychologi cal well-being .