Terminology.pdf

Medical Terminology uɐɯǝɹ  Word Analysis Word root: gives essential meaning of the term Suffix: word ending Prefix: small part added to the beginning of a term Combining vowels: connects roots to suffix and root to root The vowels are ( E , Y , I , O , A ) we...

Medical Terminology uɐɯǝɹ  Word Analysis Word root: gives essential meaning of the term Suffix: word ending Prefix: small part added to the beginning of a term Combining vowels: connects roots to suffix and root to root The vowels are ( E , Y , I , O , A ) we usually use O to connect medical terms. Combining form: combination of the root and the vowel Three General Rules: 1- Read the meaning of the medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the word and across 2- Drop the combining vowel (usually O) before a suffix with a vowel For example: gastritis not gastroitis ( the deleted cuz of the i in itis) 3- Keep the combining vowel between two roots: For example: gastroenterology not gastrenterology (we kept the O cuz there’s two roots) Things to know: We use ( IC , AC , AL ) to pertain something For examples: (Gastric , Cardiac , Cerebral) we can’t change between them so memorize it ! adenoma : tumor of a gland adenitis : inflammation of a gland arthritis: inflammation of a joint biology : the study of life biopsy: removing living tissue to view under a microscope; The suffix -opsy means process of viewing. Living tissue is removed from the body and viewed under a microscope. carcinoma: cancerous tumor cardiac: pertaining to the heart cardiology: the study of the heart disease cephalic: pertaining to the head cerebral: pertaining to the brain cystoscopy: process of visually examining the urinary bladder cytology: study of the cell dermatitis: inflammation of the skin electrocardiogram: record of electricity within the heart electroencephalogram: record of electricity within the brain enteritis: inflammation of the small intestines erythrocyte: red blood cells Gastrectom: removal or excision of the stomach diagnosis: complete knowledge of a condition or illness Prognosis: prediction of illness of diseases The prefix pro- means before. Literally “knowledge before” is a prediction about the outcome of an illness, but it is always given after the diagnosis has been determined. gynecology: study of female disorder gynecologist: specialist in the medical treatment of women hematoma: collection or mass of blood hemoglobin: structures within the red blood cells hepatitis: inflammation of the liver laparotomy: incision through the abdomen wall leukocyte: white blood cells nephrectomy: excision of the kidney Neurology: study of the nerves oncologist: specialist of tumors ophthalmoscope: instrument to examine the eyes osteoarthritis: inflammation of the bones and joint pathology: study of diseases psychology: the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior renal: pertaining to the kidney rhinitis: inflammation of the nose sarcoma: tumor of fleshy tissue This is a cancerous (malignant) tumor. thrombocyte: cells that aids blood to clot (platelet) thrombosis: abnormal condition of blood clot formation (thrombus) Neural: pertaining to the nerves Arthralgia: pain of a joint Otalgia: ear pain Myalgia: muscle pain Neuralgia: nerve pain Gastrectomy: removal or excision of the stomach Emia: blood condition Leukemia: increase of cancerous white blood cells Ischemia: holding back blood from an organ or tissue Pneumonia: condition of the lungs ( inflammation ) Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes tonsillitis: inflammation of the tonsil Phlebitis: inflammation of a vein Cardiomegaly: enlargement of the heart Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen Osteomalacia: softening of bone Myoma: tumor in the muscle (fibroid) Nephrosis: abnormal condition of the kidney Necrosis: condition of dead cells Leukocytosis: increase of white blood cells Cardiomyopathy: disease of the heart muscles Neutropenia: deficiency of neutrophils neutr/o indicates neutrophil (a type of white blood cell). Rhinorrhea: discharge of mucus from the nose Hemorrhage: bleeding Menorrhagia: excessive flow of blood during menstruation Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the artery Hematuria: blood in the urine Amniocentesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid from the amnion sac Thoracentesis: surgical puncture of the chest to remove fluid mastectomy: removal of the breast laryngectomy: removal of the larynx Mammogram: x-ray record of the breast. Electroencephalography: process of recording electricity within the brain Angiography: process of recording blood vessels with a x-ray Hemolysis: Breakdown of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin. Angioplasty: surgical repair of a blood vessel Laparoscopy: process of viewing the abdomen Colostomy: opening of the colon Tracheostomy: opening of the trachea Radiotherapy: treatment using radiation Chemotherapy: treatment with drugs Craniotomy: incision of the skull Lapartomy: incision of the abdomen Erythrocyte: red blood cells Gastric: pertaining to the stomach Hyperthyroidism: excessive secretion of the thyroid hormones cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder Oncologist: specialist of tumors Nephrology: study of the kidney Hepatoma: tumor in the liver Laparoscope: instrument to view the abdomen Gastroscopy: process of viewing the stomach Arthroscopy: process of visually examining the joint Gastrotomy: incision into the stomach Cardiology: the study of the heart Endocrinology: study of the endocrine glands Gastroenterology: study of the stomach and intestine Neurology: study of the nerves Oncology: study of tumors Ophthalmology: study of the eyes anemia: blood condition lacking a number of red blood cells Anemia is a decreased number of erythrocytes or an abnormality of the hemoglobin (a chemical) within the red blood cells. Aut: self Autopsy: examination of body after death and to determine cause of death Endo: within Endocrine Glands: glands that secrete hormones ( no ducts) Exo: outside Exocrine glands: glands that produce and secrete substances by way of a duct Hyperglycemia: high levels of sugar in the bloodstream Hypoglycemia: low levels of sugar in the bloodstream Pericardium: structure surrounding the heart Prostate Gland: gland that stata in front of the urinary bladder retrocardiac: pertaining to behind the heart Subhepatic: pertaining to below the liver Transurethral: pertaining to through the urethra a , an = no, not , without apnea = no ( stop ) breathing aphasia = inability to speak atrophy = decrease in normal size of organs or tissue anemia = low levels of hemoglobin in the blood ab = away from abnormal = not normal Abductor = A muscle that draws a limb away from the body ad = toward , near adrenal glands = endocrine glands above the kidney Adductor = A muscle that draws a limb toward the body ana = up , apart Anabolism = Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids Ana = up , bol = to cast, ism = a process analysis = separation of substance into various parts ante = before , forward antepartum = before birth anti = against antigens antibody = protein made by white blood cells to destroy antibiotic = against germ life (Antibiotics destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria) antigen = substance that stimulates the production of antibodies bi = two , both bilateral = pertaining to both or two sides bifurcation = Normal splitting into two branches (such as bifurcation of the trachea to form the bronchi) brady = slow bradycardia = slow heartbeat contra = against , opposite Contralateral = the opposite side of the body dia = through , complete diarrhea = excessive loose watery stool dys = bad , painful , difficult , abnormal dysplasia = condition of abnormal formation dyspnea = difficulty breathing ec = out , outside ectopic pregnancy = pregnancy that is not in the normal location endo= within , inner endocardium = the thin , smooth membrane that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves endoscope = instrument used to visual examination within the body ex = out , outside exophthalmos = Protrusion of the eyeball hemi = half body Hemiplegia = paralysis of the right or left half of the body Hemiglossectomy = removal of half the tongue hyper = excessive , above Hyperglycemia = high blood sugar Hypertension = high blood pressure Hypertrophy = increase in size of organs or muscles hypo = below , under Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar in = in , into Incision = cutting into the body inter = between intercostal = pertaining to between the ribs intra = within Intrauterine = pertaining to within the uterus Intravenous = pertaining to within the vein meta = change , beyond Metacarpal = hand bones (The five hand bones lie beyond the wrist bones before the finger bones (phalanges)) neo = new neonatal = pertaining to new born infant (The neonatal period is the interval from birth to 28 days) neoplasm = new growth (A neoplasm may be benign or malignant) para = beside , near , along the side of parathyroid glands = four endocrine glands on the dorsal region of the thyroid gland peri = surrounding pericardium = membrane surrounding the heart periosteum = membrane surrounding the bone post = after , behind Postmortem = after death Postpartum = after birth Sub = under Subcutaneous = lower layer of skin retro = back , behind peritoneum Retroperitoneal = pertaining to behind the peritoneum supra = above , upper Suprapubic = pertaining to above the pubis tachy = fast Tachycardia = fast heartbeat Tachypnea = fast breathing trans = across , through Transurethral = pertaining to through the urethra uni = one Unilateral = pertaining to one side Heart : hollow muscular organ that pumps blood all over the body Atrium (plural: atria) : One of two upper chambers of the heart. Ventricle : One of two lower chambers of the heart. Pericardium: Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. Myocardium: Muscular, middle layer of the heart. & Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart. Coronary arteries : blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the aorta to the heart muscle Aorta : largest artery in the body pulmonary artery : Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs Arteries : blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart Arterioles : small arteries Veins : blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the body tissues Capillary: Smallest blood vessel. angi/o: vessel Angioplasty: surgical repair of a blood vessel arteri/o: artery Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries arteriol/o: arteriole Arteriolitis : inflammation of small arteries cardi/o : heart Cardiomyopathy:disease of heart muscle phleb/o : vein Phlebotomy: incision of a vein valvul/o, valv/o: valve Valvuloplasty: plastic repair of a valve, A balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve. vas/o : vessel Vasoconstriction: narrowing of vessel ventricul/o: ventricle, lower heart chamber interventricular septum: septum in between right and left ventricles septum : a partition separating two chambers Arrhythmia : abnormal heartbeat Arrhythmias are problems with the conduction or electrical system of the heart. Hypertension: high blood pressure ; In adults, a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg orgreater is considered high. Atherosclerosis :hardening of arteries with cholesterol like plaque Angina: chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. & myocardial infarction: heart attack, infarction Area of dead tissue Lipid tests : measurment of triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the blood. Lipoprotein tests : measurement of HDL and LDL in blood Angiography : x-ray images of blood vessels after contrast is injected into the bloodstream Electrocardiography : recording electricity through the heart Echocardiography : sound waves produce images of the heart Thrombolytic therapy : drugs such as TPA dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack Heart transplantation : a donor heart is transferred to a recipient Esophagus: The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach. Stomach : organ that receives food from the esophagus and sends it to the intestine Duodenum : The first portion of the small intestine Jejunum : The middle portion of the small intestine Ileum : The terminal portion of the small intestine Colon : The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions sigmoid colon : S shaped lower portion of the colon Rectum : final section of the colon Anus : opening of the colon to the outside of the body Appendix : small sac that hangs from the beginning of the large intestine Liver : organ that makes bile, stores sugar, and produces proteins to clot blood Gallbladder : sac that stores bile Common bile duct : tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine Pancreas :A large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes. an/o : anus Anal : pertaining to the anus append/o : appendix · Appendectomy : removal of the appendix cholecyst/o : gallbladder Cholecystectomy: removal of the gallbladder col/o : colon (large intestine) Colostomy : opening of the colon to the outside of the body colon/o : colon Colonoscopy: visual examination of the colon duoden/o : duodenum (1st part of the small intestine) Duodenal: pertaining to the duodenum esophag/o : esophagus Esophageal: pertaining to the esophagus gastr/o : stomach gastrostomy: an opening into the stomach from the abdominal wall hepat/o : liver Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver ile/o : ileum Ileostomy: new opening of the ileum to the outside of the body or/o : mouth Oral: pertaining to the mouth pancreat/o : pancreas pancreatic: pertaining to the pancreas pharyng/o : pharynx (throat) Pharyngeal: p.t. the pharynx (throat) proct/o : anus and rectum Proctoscopy: inspection of the anus and rectum with a proctoscope (endoscope) sigmoid/o : sigmoid colon (S shaped lower portion of the colon) Sigmoidoscopy: visual examination of the sigmoid colon with an endoscope inserted through the anus and rectum. stomat/o : mouth Stomatitis: inflammation of the mouth Cholelithiasis: abnormal condition of gallstones Cirrhosis: chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells Colonic polyps: condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a condition in which contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus Hepatitis : inflammation of the liver Hepatocellular carcinoma : cancer (primary) of the liver Jaundice: yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues, from high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream(hyperbilirubinemia) Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan : a series of cross-sectional x-ray images that show abdominal organs Cholangiography : x-ray examination of the bile ducts Barium test : x-ray images of the GI tract obtained after introduction of a radiopaque liquid into the rectum or mouth Esophagoscopy : visual examination of the esophagus Gastroscopy : visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract with an endoscope Laparoscopic surgery : removal of organs or tissues via a laparoscope adren/o : adrenal gland Adrenopathy :disease of adrenal gland adrenal/o: adrenal gland Adrenalectomy: removal of the adrenal gland gonad/o : sex glands (ovaries and testes) Gonadotropin; Here, -tropin means to act on. Gonadotropins act on (stimulate) gonads. hypophys/o: pituitary gland Hypophysectomy: removal of the pituitary gland oophro/o: ovary Oophoritis: inflammation of the ovary ovari/o: ovary ovarian: pertaining to the ovary orchi/o: testis Orchiopexy: fixation of testis Orchiectomy: removal of testis pancreat/o : pancreas Pancreatectomy: removal of the pancreas parathyroid/o: parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism : higher than normal level of parathyroid hormone in the blood pituitar/o: pituitary gland Hypopituitarism: decrease of hormonal secretion by the pituitary gland thyroid/o: thyroid gland Thyroiditis: inflammation of the thyroid gland Acromegaly : A disorder marked by progressive enlargement of the head, face, hands, feet, and chest due to excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty Gigantism: Hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues. Cushing syndrome : a group of clinical features produced by excess secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Diabetes Mellitus (DM): Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells. Goiter : enlargement of the thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism : overactivity of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism: Underactivity of the thyroid gland. Thyroid function test: measurement of levels of T4 (thyroxine), T3 (triiodothyronine), and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) in the bloodstream. Hyperparathyroidism: Excessive production of parathormone Hypoparathyroidism: Deficient production of parathyroid hormone. computed tomography (CT): scan X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities. Ultrasound examination: Sound waves show images of endocrine organs. Thyroid ultrasound is the best method to evaluate thyroid structures and abnormalities (nodules). cervic/o : cervix Cervical : Pertaining to the lower, neck-like region of the uterus. colp/o : vagina Colposcopy: Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with a colposcope (a small magnifying instrument resembling a mounted pair of binoculars). vagin/o : vagina Vaginitis: inflammation of the vagina hyster/o : uterus Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus either through the abdominal wall (abdominal hysterectomy) or through the vagina (vaginal hysterectomy). mamm/o : breast Mammography : X-ray imaging of the breast mast/o : breast Mastitis: inflammation of the breast metri/o : uterus Endometrium: inner lining of the uterus uter/o : uterus Intrauterine: within uterus o/o : egg Oocyte: Immature ovum oophor/o : ovary Oophorectomy: removal of ovary ovari/o : ovary Ovarian: pertaining to ovary salping/o : fallopian tube Salpingectomy: removal of a fallopian tube Hysterosalpinography : X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of a contrast agent into the uterus. Amenorrhea : absence of menstrual flow Dysmenorrhea : painful menstrual flow Ectopic pregnancy : Pregnancy that is not in the uterus; usually occurring in a fallopian tube Fibroids : Benign tumors in the uterus. Also called a leiomyoma. Myomectomy : The surgical removal of fibroid (myoma) tissue from the uterus. Menorrhagia : Excessive discharge of blood from the uterus during menustration Pap smear : Procedure in which a physician inserts a wooden spatula or cotton swab to take secretions from the cervix and vagina. Microscopic analysis of the smear indicates the presence of cervical or vaginal disease. aur/o : ear aural discharge : fluid or material from the ear ot/o : ear Otitis: inflammation of the ear cutane/o : skin Subcutaneous: pertaining to lower layer of the skin derm/o : skin Epidermis: (EPI - outer) Outer layer of the skin dermat/o : skin Dermatologist: specialist in the study of the skin and its diseases myring/o : eardrum Myringotomy: incision of the eardrum tympan/o : eardrum Tympanoplasty : surgical repair of the eardrum ocul/o : eye Ocular : p.t. the eye ophthalm/o : eye Ophthalmoscopy: process of visual examination of the eye using ophthalmoscope phak/o : lens of the eye Aphakia: absence of the lens of the eye pil/o : hair Pilosebaceous: pertaining to the hair and its associated sebaceous gland retin/o : retina Retinopathy : disease of the retina ungu/o : nail Subungual: pertaining to under a nail Alopecia : Absence of hair from areas where it normally grows; baldness. Cataract : Clouding(opacity) of the lens of the eye, causing impairment of vision of blindess. Glaucoma : Increase in pressure (fluid accumulation) within the chamber at the front of the eye. Melanoma : Malignant tumor of pigmented cells that arises from a nevus (mole) in the skin. Nevus : Pigmented lesion in or on the skin; a mole. Tinnitus : Abnormal noise (ringing, buzzing, roaring) sounds in the ears. Ophthalmoscopy : Visual examination of the interior of the eye. Otoscopy : Visual examination of the ear (to the eardrum). skin biopsy : Procedure in which samples of skin lesions are removed and sent to the pathology laboratory for microscopic examination. arthr/o : joint Arthroscopy : process of v.e. of a joint ost/o : rib Costochondritis : infl. of a rib & its cartilage crani/o : skull Craniotomy: incision of the skull muscul/o : muscle Muscular : pertaining to the muscles myos/o : muscle Myositis : inflammation of a muscle myel/o : bone marrow oste/o : bone Osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow pelv/o : pelvis, hipbone Pelvic : p.t. bones in the hip area spondyl/o : vertebra Spondylosis : abnormal condition of a vertebra or vertebrae ↑ vertebr/o : vertebra vertebroplasty: Plastic surgical repair of a vertebra. ten/o : tendon Tenorrhaphy : suture of a tendon tendin/o : tendon Tendinitis : inflammation of a tendon Arthrocentesis : surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint serum calcium : measurement of an element in the blood that is necessary for bone formation Electromyography : recording the strength of muscle contraction Bone scan : radioactive substance is injected intravenously, and uptake is measured in bone tissue uric acid test : measurement of the amount of a substance in blood that is associated with gouty arthritis Arthrography : x-ray imaging of a joint Arthroplasty : surgical repair of a joint * gouty arthritis : high levels of uric acid with inflammation of joints Osteoporosis : decrease in bone density with thinning and weakening of bone lymph nodes : stationary collections of lymph tissue throughout the body Thymus : gland in the mediastinum; produces lymphocytes, which play an important role in immunity Lymph : clear fluid, present in tissue spaces, that circulates in lymph vessels Spleen : blood forming organ in early life; later a storage organ for red blood cells and a source of lymphocytes lymph vessels: small tubes that carry lymph fluid throughout the body lymph/o : lymph fluid Lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue lymphaden/o : lymph node ("gland") Lymphadenitis : inflammation of lymph nodes Lymphadenopathy : disease of lymph nodes lymphangi/o : lymph vessel Lymphangiectasis : dilation of small lymph vessels splen/o : spleen Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen thym/o : thymus gland Thymoma: tumor of the thymus gland sarc/o : flesh -oid : resembling Sarcoidosis : inflammatory disease in which small nodules (or tubercles) form in lymph nodes and other organs adenoid/o : adenoid adenoidectomy : removal of the adenoids Alveol/o : alveoli (air sacs) Alveolar : p.t. air sacs within the lungs bronch/o : bronchial tube Bronchoscopy : v.e. of bronchial tubes by passing an endoscope through the trachea (windpipe) into the bronchi bronchiol/o : bronchiole Bronchiolitis : infl. of bronchiole cyan/o : blue Cyanosis : bluish discoloration of the skin due to deficient oxygen in the bloodstream laryng/o : larynx Laryngeal : p.t. the larynx (voice box) nas/o : nose Nasal : p.t. the nose rhin/o : nose Rhinorrhea : discharge from the nose pharyng/o : pharynx Pharyngitis : inflammation of the pharynx (throat) phren/o : diaphragm Phrenic : p.t. the diaphragm pneumon/o : lung Pneumonectomy : removal of a lung pulmon/o : lung Pulmonary : p.t. the lungs tonsill/o : tonsils Tonsillitis : infl. of the tonsils trache/o : trachea Tracheostomy : opening of the trachea to the outside of the body Asthma : Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to bronchial airway obstruction. Atelectasis : Collapsed lung Hemoptysis : coughing of blood. Hemothorax : Blood in the pleural cavity. Pneumoconiosis : Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs. chest x-ray film : X-ray image of the chest in an AP (anteroposterior), PA (posteroanterior), or lateral (side) view. computed tomography (CT) scan : Cross-sectional x-ray images of the chest Laryngoscopy : Visual examination of the larynx via the placement of a flexible tube through the nose or mouth and into the larynx. endotracheal intubation : a tube is placed through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish an airway during surgery and for placement on a respirator. Thoracentesis : A needle is inserted through the skin between the ribs and into the pleural space to drain a pleural effusion. cyst/o : urinary bladder Cystoscopy: v.e. of the urinary bladder with a cystoscope Cystitis: inflammation of the urinary bladder Cystectomy : removal of the urinary bladder vesic/o : urinary bladder Intravesical: p.t. within the urinary bladder nephr/o : kidney Nephritis : infl. of the kidney Nephropathy: kidney diseas lith/o : stone Nephrolithiasis: kidney stone pathological condition. ren/o : kidney Renal: p.t. the kidney renal colic: Colic is intermittent spasms of pain pyel/o : renal pelvis Pyelogram : an x-ray record of the renal pelvis py/o : pus pyuria: pus in urine ureter/o : ureter Ureteroplasty: Reparative or plastic surgery of either or both ureters urethr/o : urethra Urethritis: infl. of the urethra Albuminuria: abnormal condition of protein (albumin) in the urine Anuria: abnormal condition of no urine production Dysuria: painful urination Glycosuria: abnormal condition of glucose in the urine Hematuria: abnormal condition of blood in the urine Nephrolithiasis: abnormal condition of stones in the kidney renal failure: condition in which the kidneys stop functioning and do not produce urine Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma. Uremia: condition of high levels of urea in the blood Creatinine clearance: Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney. KUB (Kidneys, ureters, bladder) : series of x-ray images made without contrast (of the kidneys and urinary tract) Urography: x-ray imaging of the urinary tract after injection of contrast material; pyelography Dialysis: waster materials are separated from the blood by a machine (hemodialysis). lithotripsy : (also called ESWL - extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) : shock waves are beamed into a patient to crush urinary tract stones. The stone fragments then pass out of the body with urine. Renal transplantation : Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient. Urinary catheterization: a catheter is passed through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for short-term or long-term drainage of urine Penis : external male organ containing the urethra, through which both urine and semen leave the body Scrotum : sac on the outside of the body that contains the testes vas deferens : one of two tubes that carry sperm cells from the testes to the outside of the body Testis : one of two paired male organs in the scrotum that produces sperm cells and male hormones Prostate : male organ that surrounds the base of the urinary bladder and produces fluid that leaves the body with sperm balan/o : penis Balanitis: infl. of the penis crypt/o : hidden Cryptorchidism: undescended testicle orchi/o : testis Orchitis: infl. of a testis Orchiectomy: removal of a testicle or testicles prostat/o : prostate gland Prostatectomy: removal of the prostate gland scrot/o : scrotum (sac containing the testes) Scrotal : p.t. the scrotum vas/o : vas deferens Vasectomy: two tubes that carry sperm from the testicles are cut and tied off Hydrocele : hernia (collection of fluid) in the scrotum (HYDRO means water, -CELE indicates a hernia (a bulging or swelling) Varicocele : enlarged swollen vein near a testicle. VARIC/O means swollen veins Orchiopexy : surgical fixation (-PEXY) of an undescended testicle in a young male infant ‫الحمد& انتهت اول مادة في سنة ثاني طب‬ ‫ استشاريات بالعالم‬/H‫ا& يوفقكم وييسرلكم كل خير ونشوفكم أفضل استشاري‬ ‫خرة يارب‬T‫ وطريق يشفعلكم بالدنيا وا‬H‫سلم‬Q‫م وا‬O‫س‬N‫وتنفعو ا‬