Medical Terminology PDF

# What is medical terminology? Medical terminology is a specialized language used by health care practitioners. Because it is based mainly on Greek and Latin words, medical terminology is consistent and uniform throughout the world. ## Why should you learn medical terminology? As an interpreter,...

# What is medical terminology? Medical terminology is a specialized language used by health care practitioners. Because it is based mainly on Greek and Latin words, medical terminology is consistent and uniform throughout the world. ## Why should you learn medical terminology? As an interpreter, you are always in contact with healthcare providers, so you should learn the language they use. Some of the top reasons to learn medical terminology include: - Speak the unified language of medicine - Improve patient satisfaction ## Types - **Descriptive** Refers to terms that describe shape, color, size, function etc. Example: - Megaloblastic - Enlarged - Cyanotic - Blue - Kyphotic - Angular - **Eponyms** Literally "putting a name upon". Eponyms have been used to honor those who first discovered or described an anatomical structure or diagnosed disease or first developed a medical instrument or procedure. For example: - Alzheimer disease - Alison Alzheimer The problem with eponyms is that they provide no helpful information about what is or where to find the item named. # How are medical terms built? A medical term is typically composed of different parts. These parts are Word root, Suffixes, and Prefixes. And there are also combining forms. ## Root (Heat) combining vowel Root ### 1. A word root contains the basic meaning of the term - Core or base part of the term. - It provides a general meaning of the word. - In medical terminology, this word part usually, but not always, indicates the involved body part. **Examples:** | Medical Term | Root | Root Definition | |---|---|---| | Gastritis | Gastr | Stomach | | Tonsillectomy | Tonsilla | Tonsil | | Osteoporosis | Osteo | Bone | ## A combining form is a word root with a combining vowel added at the end - Roots shown with a combining vowel are called combining forms. - Combining vowels combine two-word parts: - Two-word roots. - Word root and suffix. For example, the combining form meaning stomach is gastr/o. This form is used when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added. **Examples:** | Combining Form | Combining Form Definition | Medical Term | |---|---|---| | Cephal/o | Head | Cephalocele | | Cyst/o | Bladder | Cystodynia | | Cyt/o | Cell | Cytology | # The prefix of the medical term - A prefix usually, but not always, indicates the position, color, time, measurement or status - A prefix always comes at the beginning of a word. ## Prefixes refer to numbers | Prefix | Prefix Definition | Medical Term | |---|---|---| | Bi- | Two, Double | Bicuspid | | Hemi- | Half | Hemiplegia | | Mono- | One, Single | Monocyte | | Null- | None | Nullipara | | Prim- | First | Primigravida | | Quad- | Four | Quadriplegia | | Semi- | Half | Semiconscious | | Tetra- | Four | Tetraplegia | | Tri- | Three | Triceps | | Uni- | One | Uninuclear | ## Prefixes refer to Position / Direction: | Prefix | Prefix Definition | Medical Term | |---|---|---| | Ab- | From, away from | Abduct | | Ad- | Toward | Adduct | | Ante- | Infront, before | Antecubital, Antenatal | | Circum- | Around | Circumcision | | Dia- | Through | Diathermy | | Ecto- | Outside | Ectopic | | Endo- | Within | Endoscopy | | Epi- | Over | Epigastric | | Ex- | Outside | Excision | | Extra- | Outside | Extrahepatic | | Hypo- | Under, below | Hypoglossal | | In- | Inside, within | Intubation | | Infra- | Below, under | Infraclavicular | | Inter- | Between | Intercostal | | Intra- | Within | Intravenous | | Juxta- | Beside | Juxta articular | | Meso- | Middle | Mesoderm | | Para- | Near, beside | Paravertebral | | Peri- | Around | Perianal | | Pre- | Infront, before | Precordium | | Re- | Again | Resuscitation | | Retro- | Backward, behind | Retroflexion | | Sub- | Under | Sublingual | | Supra- | Above | Suprapubic | | Trans- | Through | Transurethral | ## Prefixes refer to Measurement | Prefix | Prefix Definition | Medical Term | |---|---|---| | A-/An- | Absence | Agenesis/Anuria | | Eu- | normal | Euthyroidism | | Hyper- | Excessive | Hyperlipidemia | | Hypo- | Below, less than normal | Hypoglycemia | | Macro- | Large | Macrocephalic | | Micro- | Small | Micro-organism | | Multi- | Many | Multipara | | Normo- | Normal | Normocytic | | Pan- | All, total | Pancytopenia | ## Prefixes refer to Colors: | Prefix | Prefix Definition | Medical Term | |---|---|---| | Chromo- | Color | Chromosome | | Cyano- | Blue | Cyanosis | | Chloro- | Green | Chloromyeloma | | Erythro- | Red | Erythropoietin | | Leuko- | White | Leukemia | | Melano- | Black | Melanocyte | # The suffix of the medical term A suffix usually, but not always, indicates the procedure, surgery, condition, disorder, or disease - A suffix always comes at the end of the word. - You'll know a word part is a suffix when preceded by a hyphen (-). For example, the suffix -itis means inflammation. - When a suffix beginning with rh is added to a root, the r is doubled: - hem/o (blood) + -rhage (bursting forth) = hemorrhage (a bursting forth of blood). - men/o (menses) + -rhea (flow, discharge) = menorrhea (menstrual blood flow). ## Suffixes refer to Procedures & Instruments: | Prefix | Prefix Definition | Medical Term | |---|---|---| | centesis | Surgical puncture | Amniocentesis | | clasis | Crashing | Osteoclasis | | itis | Inflammation | Hepatitis | | ectomy | Surgical Removal | Appendectomy | | gram | Record, picture | Electrocardiogram | | graph | An instrument used to record or take pictures | Electrocardiogram | | lysis | Detachment, destruction | Dialysis | | opsy | Process of viewing | Biopsy | | ostomy | Surgical creation of a new opening | Nephrostomy | | pexy | Surgical fixation | Orchiopexy | | plasty | Surgical repair | Rhinoplasty | | rrhaphy | Suturing | Nephrorrhaphy | | schisis | Splitting | Gastroschisis | | scopy | Process of viewing with scope | ophthalmoscopy | | tomt | Cut, an incision into | Lithotomy | | tripsy | Intentional crashing | Lithotripsy | So, any change in prefix or suffix gives a new meaning, but they all have the main root, for example: ## Prefix change: - myocarditis - muscle layer of heart inflamed - pericarditis - outer layer of heart inflamed - endocarditis - inner layer of heart inflamed ## Suffix change - cardiologist - a physician specializing in the heart - cardiomyopathy - damage to the heart muscle layer - cardiomegaly - enlargement of the heart # Key Terms - **Prefix** - A word part which is added before a root to modify its meaning. - **Root** - The main part of a word. - **Combining form** - word root in combination with a vowel used to link the root with a suffix. Combining forms are shown with a slash between the root and the vowel, as in psych/o. - **Suffix** - A word part added to the end of a root to modify its meaning. # Basics ## Anatomical planes The anatomical planes are four imaginary flat surfaces or planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position. They are used in describing the location of body structures or movement directions. The anatomical planes of the body are commonly used in radiology when specific body location or direction is necessary. | English | Arabic | |---|---| | sagittal plane | المستوى السهمي | | frontal or coronal plane | المستوى الجبهي | | plane transverse | المستوى المستعرض | ## Directions The most common anatomical directions are: | English | Definition | Arabic | |---|---|---| | anterior (ventral) | toward the front (belly) of the body | أمامي | | posterior (dorsal) | toward the back of the body | خلفي | | Medial | toward the midline of the body | وسطي | | Lateral | toward the side of the body | جانبي | | Proximal | nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point | قريب من | | Distal | farther from the point of attachment or from a given point reference | بعيد عن | | Superior | Above | فوق | | Inferior | Below | تحت | | cephalad (cranial) | toward the head | صوب الرأس | | superficial (external) | close to the surface of the body | سطحي | | deep (internal) | close to the center of the body | عميق | ## Other common body regions | English | Arabic | English | Arabic | |---|---|---|---| | Skull | الجمجمة | back Lower | أسفل الظهر | | Shoulder | الكتف | Pelvis | الحوض | | Neck | الرقبة | Hips | ورك / خصر | | Thorax | الصدر | Buttocks | الإبيتان / الأرداف | | Abdomen | البطن | Thigh | الفخذ | | Trunk | الجذع | Back of knee | خلف الركبة | | Elbow | الكوع / المرفق | Calf | باطن الساق / السمانة | | Forearm | الساعد | Ankle | كاحل | | Wrist | المعصم / الرسخ | foot the of Sole | باطن القدم / أخمص القدم | | Palm | كف اليد | | | # Pain descriptions. ## Glossary of Pain terms | English | Definition | Arabic | |---|---|---| | Chronic pain | A type of pain that persists after normal healing time | ألم مزمن | | Acute pain | Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a relatively shorter period (less than 3 - 6 months) | ألم حاد | | Sharp - Cutting pain | When you feel a sudden, intense spike of pain, that ".sharp "as qualifies | ألم حاد - جارح | | Intermittent pain | A pain that comes and goes at intervals (not continuous) | ألم متقطع | | Heartburn | An uncomfortable feeling of burning and warmth occurring in waves rising up behind the breastbone (sternum) toward the neck. | حموضة - حرقة | | Fixed - Localized pain | pain felt in a specific area and does not spread. | ألم موضعي | | Gripping pain | A griping pain is a sudden, sharp pain in the stomach or bowels. | ألم قابض | | Menstrual pain | Cramping in the lower abdomen, just before or during menstruation period | ألم حيض - ألم الدورة الشهرية | | Numb - Numbness | Loss of the sensation of feeling in an area of the body. | خدر | | Flashing - Shooting pain | sudden, intermittent, and severe brief episodes of pain, without apparent cause, moves through the body. | ألم بارق | | Crushing pain | A sense of discomfort or distress that is squeezing orcompressing excessively. | ألم ساحق | | Dull pain | A deep ache is felt in an area but typically doesn't stop you from daily activities. | ألم خافت | | Neuralgic pain - Neuralgia | A sharp and paroxysmal pain along the course of a nerve. | ألم عصبي - مرتبط بالأعصاب | | Generalized pain | The pain is often characterized by a marked sensitivity to pressure over all parts of the body. | ألم عام | | Cramping pain | A sudden, involuntary, spasmodic muscular contraction causing severe pain. | ألم تشنجي | | Radiating pain | A pain that travels from one body part to another. It begins in one place then spreads across a bigger area. | ألم متشعب - متنقل | | Tingling | unusual sensation most commonly felt a decrease in the ability to feel or sense pressure or texture. | تمنيل |