terminology 1st year.pdf

Terminology for first year By : mahmoud idrees * contents : - anatomy. - embryology. - histology. - physiology. - biochemistry. - prefix and suffix. Anatomy...

Terminology for first year By : mahmoud idrees * contents : - anatomy. - embryology. - histology. - physiology. - biochemistry. - prefix and suffix. Anatomy ‫ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ Anatomical ‫ اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺎت‬supine position ‫ وﺿﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬Prone position ‫وﺿﻌﯾﺔ اﻻﻧﺑطﺎح‬ position ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 1 Sagittal plane ‫ ﺧط ﺳﮭﻣﻲ‬Coronal plane ‫ ﺧط ﺗﺎﺟﻲ‬Transvers plane ‫ﺧط ﻋرﺿﻲ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 2 Anterior ‫أﻣﺎم‬ Posterior ‫ﺧﻠف‬ Superior ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ Inferior ‫ﻷﺳﻔل‬ Medial ‫ﻟﻠداﺧل‬ Lateral ‫ﻟﻠﺧﺎرج‬ Superficial ‫ﺳطﺣﻲ‬ Deep ‫ﻋﻣﯾق‬ Proximal ‫ﻗرﯾب ﻟﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ Distal ‫ﺑﻌﯾد ﻋن ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 3 ‫‪Flexion‬‬ ‫ﺛﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪Extension‬‬ ‫ﻓرد ) ﺗﻣدﯾد (‬ ‫‪Abduction‬‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺎد ﻋن ﺧط اﻟﺗﻧﺻﯾف‬ ‫‪Adduction‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘرﯾب ﻟﺧط اﻟﺗﻧﺻﯾف‬ ‫‪Medial rotation‬‬ ‫دوران ﻟﻠداﺧل‬ ‫‪Lateral rotation‬‬ ‫دوران ﻟﻠﺧﺎرج‬ ‫‪Supination‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎطن اﻟﯾد ﯾﻧظر ﻟﻼﻣﺎم‬ ‫‪Pronation‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎطن اﻟﯾد ﯾﻧظر ﻟﻠﺧﻠف‬ ‫‪Inversion‬‬ ‫رﻓﻊ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻘدم‬ ‫‪Eversion‬‬ ‫رﻓﻊ اﻟﺟزء اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻘدم‬ ‫‪By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423‬‬ ‫‪Page 4‬‬  Skin ‫اﻟﺟﻠد‬ Epidermis ‫ اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﻠد‬Dermis ‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﻠد‬ Sweat glands ‫ اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻌرﻗﯾﺔ‬Sebaceous glands ‫اﻟﻐدد اﻟدھﻧﯾﺔ‬ Hair follicle ‫ ﺑﺻﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﺷﻌر‬Nails ‫أظﺎﻓر‬ Fascia Superficial fascia ‫ اﻟﻐطﺎء اﻟﺳطﺣﻲ‬Deep fascia ‫اﻟﻐطﺎء اﻟﻌﻣﯾق‬ Connective tissue ‫ ﻧﺳﯾﺞ ﺿﺎم‬Aponeurosis deep fascia ‫ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ﻣن ال‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 5  Cartilages ‫اﻟﻐﺿﺎرﯾف‬ Cartilage ‫ ﻏﺿروف‬Peri-chondrium ‫ﻏطﺎء اﻟﻐﺿروف‬ Chondrocyte ‫ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﺗﺻﻧﻊ اﻟﻐﺿروف‬Articular surfaces ‫اﻟﺳطوح اﻟﻣﺗﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ‬ * types of cartilage : hyaline cartilage , elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 6  Bones ‫اﻟﻌظﺎم‬ Bone ‫ ﻋظم‬Peri-osteum ‫ﻏطﺎء اﻟﻌﺿم‬ Bone marrow ‫ ﻧﺧﺎع اﻟﻌظم‬skeleton ‫ھﯾﻛل ﻋظﻣﻲ‬ Axial skeleton ‫ اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﻣﺣوري‬Appendicular skeleton ‫اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟطرﻓﻲ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 7 Epiphysis end of long bone Diaphysis Shaft of long bone Metaphysis Between epi & dia. Compact ( ivory ) bone ‫ ﻋظم ﺻﻠب‬Cancellous ( spongy ) bone ‫ﻋظم اﺳﻔﻧﺟﻲ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 8 Long bones ‫ اﻟﻌظﺎم اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ‬Short bones ‫اﻟﻌظﺎم اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة‬ Flat bones ‫ اﻟﻌظﺎم اﻟﻣﺳطﺣﺔ‬Irregular bones ‫اﻟﻌظﺎم ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺔ‬ Pneumatic bones ‫ اﻟﻌظﺎم اﻟﮭواﺋﯾﺔ‬Sesamoid bones ‫اﻟﻌظﺎم اﻟﺳﻣﺳﻣﯾﺔ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 9  Muscles ‫اﻟﻌﺿﻼت‬ Fibers ‫أﻟﯾﺎف‬ Bundle ‫ﺣزﻣﺔ‬ Origin ‫ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ Insertion ‫ﻣﻛﺎن اﻻﻧﺗﮭﺎء‬ Nerve supply ‫اﻟﻌﺻب اﻟﻣﻐذي‬ Action ‫اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ‬ Voluntary movement ‫ﺣرﻛﺔ إرادﯾﺔ‬ Involuntary movement ‫ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻻ إرادﯾﺔ‬ Smooth muscles ‫ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت اﻟﻣﻠﺳﺎء‬Cardiac muscle ‫ ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﻘﻠب‬Skeletal muscles ‫اﻟﻌﺿﻼت اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 10  Joints ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻل‬ Articular surface ‫ ﺳطﺢ ﻣﺗﻣﻔﺻل‬Joint cavity ‫ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻟﻣﻔﺻل‬ Capsule ‫ ﻏطﺎء‬Ligaments ‫أرﺑطﺔ‬ Synovial membrane ‫ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟزﻻﻟﻲ‬Synovial fluid ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟزﻻﻟﻲ‬ Uniaxial ‫ ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺟﺎه واﺣد‬Biaxial ‫ ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺟﺎھﯾن‬Multiaxial ‫ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋدة‬ movement movement movement ‫اﺗﺟﺎھﺎت‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 11  Cardio-vascular system ‫ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻘﻠب واﻻوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ‬ Heart ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬ Blood vessels ‫اﻻوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ‬ Artery ‫ﺷرﯾﺎن‬ Vein ‫ورﯾد‬ Right atrium ‫اﻻذﯾن اﻻﯾﻣن‬ Left atrium ‫اﻻذﯾن اﻻﯾﺳر‬ Right ventricle ‫اﻟﺑطﯾن اﻻﯾﻣن‬ Left ventricle ‫اﻟﺑطﯾن اﻻﯾﺳر‬ Superior vena cava ( SVC ) ‫اﻟورﯾد اﻻﺟوف اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ Inferior vena cava ( IVC ) ‫اﻟورﯾد اﻻﺟوف اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ Pulmonary artery ‫اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن اﻟرﺋوي‬ Pulmonary vein ‫اﻟورﯾد اﻟرﺋوي‬ Deoxygenated blood ‫دم ﻏﯾر ﻣؤﻛﺳﺞ‬ oxygenated blood ‫دم ﻣؤﻛﺳﺞ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 12 By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 13  Lymphatic system ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوي‬ Lymph ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوي‬ Lymphatic vessels ‫اﻻوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ Lymph nodes ‫اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ Lymph trunk ‫اﻟﺟزع اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوي‬ Spleen ‫اﻟطﺣﺎل‬ Tonsils ‫اﻟﻠوز‬ Thymus ‫اﻟﻐدة اﻟﺗﯾﻣوﺳﯾﺔ‬ Lymphocytes ‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ Afferent ‫داﺧل‬ Efferent ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ Cortex ‫اﻟﻘﺷرة‬ Medulla ‫اﻟﻠب‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 14  Endocrine system ‫اﻟﻐدد اﻟﺻﻣﺎء‬ Endocrine glands ‫اﻟﻐدد اﻟﺻﻣﺎء‬ Exocrine glands ‫اﻟﻐدد اﻻ ﺻﻣﺎء‬ Pituitary gland ‫اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻧﺧﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ Thyroid gland ‫اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ‬ Para-thyroid glands ‫اﻟﻐدد ﺟﺎرات درﻗﯾﺔ‬ Adrenal ( suprarenal ) gland ( ‫اﻟﻐدة ﻛظرﯾﺔ ) ﻓوق ﻛﻠوﯾﺔ‬ Pancreas ‫اﻟﺑﻧﻛرﯾﺎس‬ Gonads ‫ﻏدد ﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ‬ Testes ‫اﻟﺧﺻﯾﺔ‬ Ovary ‫اﻟﻣﺑﯾض‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 15  Nervous system ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬ Nervous system Central Peripheral Brain Spinal cord Somatic Autonomic Cranial Spinal Sympat Parasympa nerves nerves hetic thetic By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 16 Nerve cell ( neuron ) ‫ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﯾﺔ‬Body ( soma ) ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ Axon ‫ اﻟﻣﺣور‬Dendrites ‫اﻟﺗﻔرﻋﺎت‬ impulses ‫ اﺷﺎرات ﻋﺻﺑﯾﺔ‬Transmit ‫ﯾﻧﻘل‬ Brain ‫ اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬Cerebrum ‫ﻓص اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬ Cerebellum ‫ اﻟﻣﺧﯾﺦ‬Brain stem ‫ﺟزع اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 17 Spinal cord ‫اﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ‬ Gray matter ( H shape ) ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟرﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ White matter ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑﯾﺿﺎء‬ Dorsal root ‫اﻟﺟذر اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ Ventral root ‫اﻟﺟذر اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ Nerve trunk ‫اﻟﺟذع اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬ Anterior rami ‫اﻟذراع اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ Posterior rami ‫اﻟذراع اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 18  Embryology Male ‫ذﻛر‬ Female ‫أﻧﺛﻰ‬ Gonads ‫اﻟﻐدد اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ‬ Gametes ‫اﻻﻣﺷﺎج‬ Testis ‫ﺧﺻﯾﺔ‬ Ovary ‫ﻣﺑﯾض‬ Sperm ‫ﺣﯾوان ﻣﻧوي‬ Ovum ‫ﺑوﯾﺿﺔ‬ Spermatogenesis ‫ﺗﺧﻠﯾق اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟﻣﻧوي‬ Oogenesis ‫ﺗﺧﻠﯾق اﻟﺑوﯾﺿﺔ‬ Hereditary material ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟوراﺛﯾﺔ‬ Fertilization ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻻﺧﺻﺎب‬ sperm ovum By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 19 Ovary ‫ﻣﺑﯾض‬ Uterine tube ( fallopian tube ) ‫ﻗﻧﺎة ﻓﺎﻟوب‬ Uterus ‫اﻟرﺣم‬ Vagina ‫اﻟﻣﮭﺑل‬ Zygote ‫اﻟزﯾﺟوت‬ Morula ‫اﻟﺗوﺗﯾﺔ‬ Blastocyst ‫اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺑداﺋﯾﺔ‬ Cilia ‫أھداب‬ Endometrium ‫ﺑطﺎﻧﺔ اﻟرﺣم‬ Migration ‫ھﺟرة‬ Placenta ‫ اﻟﻣﺷﯾﻣﺔ‬Amnion ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺣﯾط ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻧﯾن‬ Maternal ‫ ﻟﮫ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻻم‬Fetal ‫ﻟﮫ ﻋﻼﻗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻧﯾن‬ Umbilical cord ‫ اﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﺳري‬Cesarean section ‫وﻻدة ﻗﯾﺻرﯾﺔ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 20  Histology Cell = cyto ‫ﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ Tissue ‫ﻧﺳﯾﺞ‬ Organ ‫ﻋﺿو‬ Samples ‫ﻋﯾﻧﺎت‬ Stain = dye = pigment ‫ﺻﺑﻐﺔ‬ Living organism ‫ﻛﺎﺋن ﺣﻲ‬ Dense ‫ﻏﺎﻣق‬ Lucen ‫ﻓﺎﺗﺢ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 21 Cell ‫ ﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬Cell membrane ‫ﻏﺷﺎء اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ Cytoplasm ‫ اﻟﺳﯾﺗوﺑﻼزم‬Organelles ‫ﻋﺿﯾﺎت‬ Nucleus ‫ ﻧواه‬Nucleolus ‫ﻧوﯾﺔ‬ 1) Cell membrane * formed of 3 main parts : - lipid part : formed of phospholipid and cholesterol , facilitate ‫ ﯾﺳﮭل‬entrance of some substance. ^ the phospholipid formed of : 1 hydrophilic ‫ ﻣﺣب ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬head and 2 hydrophobic ‫ ﻛﺎره ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬tail. - protein part : act as channels ‫ ﻗﻧوات‬and receptors ‫ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت‬. - carbohydrate part : formed of glycol-protein and glycol-lipid , function is adhesions ‫اﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎق‬and receptors. Endocytosis ‫ ﯾدﺧل اﻟﻰ اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬Exocytosis ‫ﯾﺧرج ﻣن اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 22  2) Mitochondria * it’s the power house of the cell ( production of ATP ). * found near the site of energy need , in variable amount ‫ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬. * formed of : - outer membrane. - inner membrane. - inter-membrane space. - matrix. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 23  3) Ribosomes * each one formed of 2 subunits ‫ وﺣدة‬: - small subunit. - large subunit. * may be present free in cytoplasm , or may be attached ‫ ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬to rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ‬ ‫ اﻻﻧدوﺑﻼزﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺷﻧﺔ‬. * function : - synthesis of protein ‫ ﺗﺧﻠﯾق اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن‬. 4) Rough endoplasmic reticulum * found in large amount in protein synthesizing cells ‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺑروﺗﯾن‬. * function : - formation of proteins. - release this proteins to golgi apparatus. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 24  5) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum * found in large amount in steroids synthesizing cells. * function : - lipid synthesis ‫ ﺗﺧﻠﯾق اﻟدھون‬. 6) golgi apparatus ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺑﺋﺔ واﻟﺗﻐﻠﯾف‬ * have a convex ‫ﻣﻘﻌر‬and concave ‫ﻣﺟوف‬surfaces * function : - modifications of secretory proteins. - packaging of stored proteins. - formation of lysosomes. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 25  7) lysosomes * formed by golgi apparatus. * function : - digestion of old organelles ‫ھﺿم اﻟﻌﺿﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‬. - digestion of foreign bodies ‫ھﺿم اﻻﺟﺳﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻐرﯾﺑﺔ‬. 8) microtubules * straight slender tubes of variable length ‫ أﻧﺎﺑﯾب ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ اﻻﺣﺟﺎم‬. * function : - maintain the cell shape. - transport of particles. - role in cell division. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 26 Cilia ‫ أھداب‬Flagella ‫ﺳوط‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 27  9) nucleus * carries DNA for protein synthesis. * consist of : - nuclear envelope. - matrix. - chromatin. - nucleolus. 10- nucleolus * found inside the nucleus. * function : transcription of rRNA. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 28  Physiology * it’s mean study of the function of organs and systems of the body. * body systems : - regulatory systems : nervous ( brain , nerves ….) and endocrine ( glands ). - locomotor systems : musclo-skeletal ( bones , cartilages …..). - reproductive systems : sex organs and sex glands. - cardiovascular system : the heart and blood vessels. - respiratory system : lungs ( gas exchange ). - digestive system : ingestion , digestion and absorption. - urinary system : excretion of water. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 29 * total body water = 60% of total body weight. * total body water ( TBW ) : intra-cellular ‫ داﺧل اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬fluids and extra-cellular ‫ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬fluids. - intra-cellular fluids : represent 40% of TBW. - extra-cellular fluids : represent 20% of TBW ( 5% in blood vessels ‫ – ﻓﻲ اﻻوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ‬15% in outside the blood vessels also called interstitial fluids ). * negative feedback mechanism ‫ اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟراﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺳﻠﺑﯾﺔ‬: as when blood glucose decrease the glucose control system will increase the blood glucose. * positive feedback mechanism ‫ اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟراﺟﻌﺔ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬: as uterine contraction during labor ‫اﻧﻘﺑﺎﺿﺎت اﻟرﺣم أﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫اﻟوﻻدة‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 30 * transport through the cell membrane : - simple diffusion : transport of substance across cell membrane according to concentration gradient ( from high to low concentration ). - osmosis : transport of water across cell membrane according to concentration gradient ( from low to high concentration of salt ). By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 31 - facilitated diffusion : transport of too big substance through a carrier according to concentration gradient from high to low. - active transport : it’s transport of substance across cell membrane against concentration gradient ( from low to high ) , need energy ( ATP ). By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 32  Intercellular communications ‫اﻟﺗواﺻل ﺑﯾن اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ 1) gap junction : the chemical substance passes directly ( contact ) from cell to cell. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 33 2) neural : through neurotransmitters ‫ ﻧﺎﻗﻼت ﻋﺻﺑﯾﺔ‬from cell to cell. 3) endocrine communication : through hormones from secreted cell to target cell via the blood ‫ ﻋﺑر اﻟدم‬. 4) auto-crine communication : the substance act on the same cell which produce it. 5) para-crine communication : the substance reach the nearby cells. By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 34  The nerve By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 35  prefix & suffix Prefix Word in English Word in Arabic Example Hypo…….. Decrease ‫ﯾﻘل‬ Hypo-tension ‫ﺿﻐط ﻣﻧﺧﻔض‬ Hyper…….. Increase ‫ﯾزﯾد‬ Hyper-tension ‫ﺿﻐط ﻣرﺗﻔﻊ‬ Hemat……. Blood ‫ﺷﺊ ﻟﮫ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟدم‬ Hematology ‫ﻋﻠم أﻣراض اﻟدم‬ Hepat…….. Liver ‫ﺷﺊ ﻟﮫ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺑد‬ Hepatitis ‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﺑد‬ Uni……. One ‫واﺣد‬ Unipolar ‫ذو ﻗطب واﺣد‬ Bi…….. Two ‫اﺛﻧﯾن‬ Bilamina ‫ذو طﺑﻘﺗﯾن‬ Tri…….. Three ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ Triceps ‫ﻋﺿﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﯾﺔ اﻟرؤوس‬ Supra…… Above ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ Suprarenal gland ‫اﻟﻐدة ﻓوق ﻛﻠوﯾﺔ‬ Infra…… Below ‫أﺳﻔل‬ Infrared waves ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺣﻣراء‬ Poly……. Multiple ‫ﻋدﯾد‬ Polynuclear ‫ﻋدﯾد اﻻﻧوﯾﺔ‬ Peri…….. Around ‫ﺣول‬ Perinuclear ‫ﺣول اﻟﻧواة‬ Suffix Word in English Word in Arabic Example ………philic Love ‫ﯾﺣب‬ Hydrophilic ‫ﻣﺣب ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ ……….phobic Fear ‫ﯾﻛره‬ Hydrophobic ‫ﻛﺎره ﻟﻠﻣﺎء‬ ………penia Lack ‫ﻧﻘص‬ Leukopenia ‫ﻧﻘص ﻛرات اﻟدم اﻟﺑﯾﺿﺎء‬..….. poiesis Synthesis ‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ‬ Erythropoiesis ‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟدم اﻟﺣﻣراء‬ By : mahmoud idrees 01123152423 Page 36