1.1.1-Anatomical terms and positions.pdf

PROF.Dr. MONA HASSAN MOHAMMED ALI prof. AND HEAD of Anatomy & Embryolgy FOM,SCU  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to:  Define the word (Anatomy)  Enumerate the different anatomical fields  Describe different anatomical term...

PROF.Dr. MONA HASSAN MOHAMMED ALI prof. AND HEAD of Anatomy & Embryolgy FOM,SCU  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to:  Define the word (Anatomy)  Enumerate the different anatomical fields  Describe different anatomical terms of position & movements as well as different anatomical planes  INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY  Anatomy is the oldest medical science.  The word anatomy is derived from Greek word “anatome”  “anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome) “which means cutting up.  Anatomy is the science deals with study of various structures and their relations in the body.  FIELDS OF ANATOMY 1. Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy: can be studied under the subdivisions of systemic or regional Anatomy. Study of the structures visible to the eye. 2- Surface Anatomy: Study of projection of internal body parts on the corresponding external surface of the body. 3- Histology (microscopic Anatomy): Study of various body structures, organs, tissues and cells in greater details with the help of microscope. 4- Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): Study of the prenatal developmental changes in an individual. 5- Comparative Anatomy: Study of structural variation between other animals and human beings. 6- Applied Anatomy: It deals with the application of anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical practice 7- Radiological Anatomy: Study of anatomy of various organs of the body with the help of plain or contrast radiography (X- ray, CT scan, MRI). LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY Combination of atoms to form molecules Basic living units; have common characteristics, differ in structure and function A group of cells with similar structure and function: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Two or more tissues work together perform one or more common function: eye, skin, stomach, heart. A group of organs of a common function: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive. LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY Approaches to study Anatomy System approach: - Study of one system at a time. - All muscles are studied together, all bones, all nerves etc. Regional approach: - All structures within a certain region are studied together e.g. all structures of the head, thorax etc.  ANATOMICAL POSITION  Anatomical terminology: Many of terms are used to describe Anatomy. Use of such terms assume that the body is in the anatomical position.  Anatomical Position: Body is erect, the eyes directed forward, arms are kept by the side with palms facing forward. The legs are kept together with feet directed forwards.  OTHER BODY POSITIONS 1. Supine position: Person lies straight on the back with face directed upwards (Recumbent).  OTHER BODY POSITIONS 2. Prone position: Person lies straight on the abdomen and face is directed downwards.  OTHER BODY POSITIONS 3. Lithotomy position: Person lies supine with hips and knees semiflexed, thighs abducted and feet strapped in position. - This position is useful in the examination of pelvic viscera of female and is commonly practiced for delivery of a baby.  ANATOMICAL PLANES  Description of the various parts of the body is based on the following four imaginary planes that divide the body. 1. Midsagittal or median plane: It is a vertical plane that passes exactly between anterior midline and posterior midline of the body dividing it into equal left and right halves.  ANATOMICAL PLANES 2. Parasagittal plane: It is a vertical plane which passes parallel to the sagittal or median plane. dividing the body into unequal right and left halves.  ANATOMICAL PLANES 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane: It is a plane which divides the body into upper and lower parts.  ANATOMICAL PLANES 4. Coronal (frontal) plane: It is a vertical plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.  Any other plane rather than the previous described planes is called oblique plane. ANATOMICAL PLANES  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIVE POSITION 1. Anterior (ventral): Towards the front aspect of the body. 2. Posterior (dorsal): Towards the back of the body. 3. Superior (cranial): Towards the head of the body. 4. Inferior (caudal): Towards the feet of the body. 5. Central: Towards the centre of mass of body. 6. Peripheral: Away from the centre of mass of body.  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF RELATIVE POSITION 7. Medial: Towards the median plane. 8. Lateral: Away from the median plane. 9. Ipsilateral: This term denotes any two structures lying on the same side of the body. 10. Contralateral: This term denotes any two structures lying on the opposite sides of the body.  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF THE LIMBS 1. Proximal: Proximal structure is the one which is nearer to the trunk. 2. Distal: Distal structure is the one which is away from the trunk. 3. Preaxial border: The outer border in the upper limb, and the inner border in the lower limb. 4. Postaxial border: The inner border in the upper limb, and the outer border in the lower limb. 5. Flexor surface: means the anterior surface of the upper limb and posterior surface of the lower limb. 6. Extensor surface: means the posterior surface of the upper limb and anterior surface of the lower limb.  ANATOMICAL TERMS OF SOLID ORGANS 1. Superficial (external): Location of a structure towards the surface of the body. 2. Deep (internal): Location of a structure inner to the surface of the body.  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 1. Flexion: Two flexor surfaces come in approximation and angle of the joint is reduced. 2. Extension: Approximation of extensor surfaces whereby angle of joint increases.  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 3. Abduction: is the movement away from the median plane. Example: moving away upper limb from trunk. 4. Adduction: is the movement towards the median plane. Example: moving upper limb towards the trunk.  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 5. Medial rotation: denotes movement towards median plane or inward rotation. Example: medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint. 6. Lateral rotation: denotes rotation away from the median plane or outward rotation. Example: lateral rotation of arm at shoulder joint 7. Circumduction: circular movements means combined movement of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction in a circular manner is termed as circumduction.  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 8. Elevation: Raising or moving a body part towards the cephalic (head) end. E.g (shoulder shrug). 9. Depression: Lowering or moving a body part caudally (toe).  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 10. Protrusion: It is the forward movement of a body part. 11. Retraction: It is the backward movement from protrusion.  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 12. Pronation: It is the medial rotation of forearm so that the palm comes to face backwards. 13. Supination: It is the lateral rotation of forearm so that the palm comes to face anteriorly (forwards). (King pronates and beggar supinates?)  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 14. Dorsiflexion: extension at the ankle so the foot points more superiorly. 15. Planter flexion: flexion at the ankle so the foot points more inferiorly. 16. Inversion of foot: is the movement of the plantar surface of foot to face medially (inwards). 17. Eversion of foot: is the movement of the plantar surface of foot to face laterally (outwards).  ANATOMICAL TERMS DESCRIBING MOVEMENTS 18. Opposition: brings the thumb and the little finger together. 19. Reposition: the movement that places the thumb and the little finger away from each other.  REFERENCES  Clinical Anatomy by Systems, 8th Edition, Richard S. Snell.  B.D. Chaurasia’s General anatomy. THANK YOU