Medical terminology and anatomy course .pdf

Medical terminology and anatomy course. First year students of Basra university college of science and technology. Subject: Terminology. 1 Chapter:1. Section:1. General medical terminology. Section:2. Systemic medical terminology. Chapter:2. Section:1. Topographic...

Medical terminology and anatomy course. First year students of Basra university college of science and technology. Subject: Terminology. 1 Chapter:1. Section:1. General medical terminology. Section:2. Systemic medical terminology. Chapter:2. Section:1. Topographic anatomy; regional anatomy. Section:2. Systemic anatomy. Section:3. Medical important terms. 2 Chapter:1. Section:1. General medical terminology. Content: definition & term of parts medical words, term human structure parts, and movement term. Systemic medical terminology; level cell terminology, organ, tissues and system. 3 Introduction: Greek word which means All correct. This is a very common word used in conversation when we agree with the other. Everyone loves a bit of code, and acronyms and abbreviations are great little tools that make communication faster and more efficient. 4 Terminology: is the branch of linguistics, study of such terms and their use. A term is a word, compound word, or multi- word expressions that in specific contexts is given specific meanings—these may deviate from the meanings the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. Terminology differs from lexicography, as it involves the study of concepts, conceptual systems and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography studies words and their meanings. 5 General medical terminology. Definition: Medical terminology: words and language used specifically in the medical & health fields, used to describe anatomical structure, procedure, conditions, processes and treatment in medical field. The words within this system usually have prefixes, root words, combining vowels, and suffixes. These elements are combined to create specific terms that help describe various conditions of the human body. The term “pericarditis,” for example, is used to describe inflammation in the outer layer of the heart. We can break the term down into three component parts: peri-card-itis, and each part of the word tells us something about the condition. The prefix “peri” means “surrounding,” the root word “card” means “heart,” and finally “itis” means inflammation. professionals. This language helps medical staff communicate more efficiently and makes it easy communicate. The purpose of medical terminology is to create a standardized language for medical professionals. Prefix: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to (for example pre or post). A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word (for example, it is). 6  If you add the suffix modify or change its meaning. Pre means “before.” Prefixes may also indicate a location, number, or time. Chrono- is a combining form used like a prefix meaning “time.” It is used in some scientific and medical terms. Chrono- comes from the Greek Chronos, meaning “time.” The adjective chronic, meaning “constant” or “habitual,” also derives from this root. A word part attached to the beginning of a word root to modify it indicate number, For example: unicycle, bicycle, tricycle (1-cycle, 2- cycle, 3-cycle) dyad, triad (2 parts, 3 parts). Prefix, Meaning location; Antero-, Anterior or "in front of”; Post-, After or behind; Medio-, Middle; Dextro-, Right. Common prefixes: Size 7 large macro-, mega(lo)- small micro- Number half semi- half (one side) hemi- one mono-, uni- two | three | four bi- | tri- | quad(ri)- equal equi- many poly- Level above normal hyper- below normal hypo- normal/good EU- Time or Speed before pro-, pre-, ante- after post- 8 back/backward retro- again re- fast tachy- slow brady- new neo- time, long time chron- Location or Relationship away from ab- above supra- around peri- across trans- between inter- out of, outside ex-, ec(t)- self auto- through, completely dia- together con- 9  toward ad- within, inside end(o)- Function or Quality against anti-, contra- bad mal- cause eti- without a-, de- abnormal, bad dys- Root: The root or stem of a medical term usually has been derived from a Greek or Latin noun or verb. This root expresses the basic meaning of the term. Medical Term Root Root Definition tonsillitis tonsilla tonsil (Latin tonsilla) thermal therm heat 10  prognosis gno to know Suffix: The ending part of a word that modifies the meaning of the word. Example: cholecystitis. Medical terms always end with a suffix.3 The suffix usually indicates a specialty, test, procedure, function, condition/disorder, or status. For example, “-itis” means inflammation and “-ectomy” means removal. An alternatively, the suffix may simply make the word a noun or adjective. For example, the endings -a, -e, - um, and -us are commonly used to create a singular noun (e.g., crani- um). Occasionally, medical terms are composed of only a prefix and a suffix. For example, apnea includes the prefix a- (without) and suffix - pnea (breathing). Basic Noun and Adjective Suffixes (noun form) -a, -e, -um, -is causing -genic condition -ia, -ism, -sis, -y specialty -iatry, -iatrics, -ics specialist -ian, -ist structure -um, -us small, little -ula, -ulum, -ulus 11 study of -logy -ac, -ar(y), -(e/i)al, -ic(al), -ior, - pertaining to ory, -ous, -tic Tests and Procedures removal of -ectomy image/record -gram recording instrument -graph process of recording -graphy cut in -otomy visual examination -scopy opening -stomy Pathology or Function blood (condition of) -emia breathing -pnea inflammation -itis condition or disease -osis 12  deficiency -penia disease -pathy excessive flow -rrhag(e/ia) mass, tumor -oma Symbol male & female. Compound Words: A medical word may include multiple roots. This frequently occurs when referencing more than one body part or system. For example, cardio- pulmo-nary means pertaining to the heart and lungs; gastro-entero-logy means the study of the stomach and intestines. 13 Combining Forms: A combining vowel is used when a root is followed by another word part that begins with a consonant. A combining vowel (usually the letter "o") is added after the root (e.g., neur-o-logy) to aid pronunciation. The root and vowel together (e.g., neur-o) are called the combining form. For simplicity, the word part tables do not include combining vowel options. Plural Forms: In medical terminology, however, things are a little more complicated. The plural form of each word is based on the last two letters of the singular suffix. While, plural in English and many modern Romance languages adding an “s” or “es” to the end of a word. Elsewhere, the suffix “s” or “es” occasionally prevails in common usage. For example, the plural form of “hematoma” is “hematomas” rather than “hematomata.” Common singular endings and corresponding plural endings: Plural Forms5 Singular Plural 14 a ae en ina ex, ix, yx ices is es ma mata (a/i/y)nx (a/i/y)nges um a us i 1- Anatomical planes: These planes divide the human body, as well as organs and other body parts, into different sections to describe an organ or limb’s location, structures in organs and limbs, and or the movements of body parts. The three planes are orthogonal. 15 What’s the Difference Between the Sagittal, Coronal, and Transverse Planes? sagittal (lateral plane). dives the body into left and right halves. Technically, the sagittal or median plane goes right through the middle between the body’s left and right halves. It is called the sagittal plane, because it goes through or is parallel to the 16 sagittal suture, the line running along the top of the skull that marks where the left and right halves of the skull grew together. The coronal or frontal planes divide the body into front and back (also called dorsal and ventral or posterior and anterior). 17 The transvers planes, also known as the axial or horizontal planes, are parallel to the ground and divide the body into top and bottom parts. The top and bottom sections also called the superior and inferior section s or the cranial (head) and caudal (tial) sections). 18  In summary Planes of the Body: Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves. 19  Direction terms: Directional terms: describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. Superior or cranial: - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). Inferior or caudal: - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body). Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot). Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone). Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm). 20 2-Movements: 21 1- Flexion and Extension. Flexion and extension are movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs. hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. 2- Abduction and Adduction. Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal plane. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body. adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline. 22 3- Circumduction. the movement of a body region in a circular manner combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint. 4- Rotation. rotate around their long axis, Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body is called medial (internal) rotation. Conversely, rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline is lateral (external) rotation. 5- Supination and Pronation. 23 supinated position, the upper limb is held with the palm facing forward. pronated position, When the palm of the hand faces backward. 6- Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle joint, Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion, while lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion. These are the only movements available at the ankle joint. 24 7- Inversion and Eversion. Inversion is the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline. eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline. 25  Chapter 2. Section:1. Anatomical regions: The entire human body is divided into regions, an approach called regional anatomy. Each main area (head, neck, thorax, abdomen, upper, and lower extremities) are divided into several smaller regions that aid compartmentalization. Anatomical regions of the human body Head regions Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, auricula regions Neck regions Submandibular, submental, carotid, muscular triangles/regions Posterior trunk regions Deltoid, suprascapular, interscapular, scapula 26 Anterior trunk regions Pre sternal, pectoral, inframammary, hypocho (thorax and abdomen) Upper limb regions Infraclavicular, clavipectoral, axillary, deltoid, anterior cubital, posterior cubital, anterior ca Lower limb regions Femoral, anterior thigh, posterior thigh, anter calcaneal, retro malleolar, dorsum of foot, an Head and Neck: 27 Rib cage: Upper & lower limbs: Abdomen (belly): Human body systems: Body systems are groups of organs and tissues that work together to perform more than one function for the 28 body. Some organs may be part of more than one body system if they serve more than one function. The 11 organ systems include the integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, urinary system, and reproductive systems. Organ system Description Component organs breathing: human nose, human exchange of mouth, paranasal Respiratory oxygen and sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, b system carbon ronchi, lungs and thoracic dioxide diaphragm. digestion: breakdown human teeth, tongue, salivary Digestive and glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, system /excretory absorption gallbladder, pancreas, small system of nutrients, intestine, large excretion of intestine, rectum and anus solid wastes circulate blood in order to Circulatory transport blood, heart, arteries, veins, capilla system /cardiovas nutrients, ries cular/vascular waste, hormones, O2, CO2, and aid in 29  maintaining pH and temperatur e maintain fluid and electrolyte Urinary balance, kidneys, ureters, bladder and ureth system /Renal/uri purify blood ra nary tract and excrete liquid waste (urine) exterior protection Integumentary skin, hair, exocrine glands, fat, of body and system and nails thermal regulation structural support and protection, bones, cartilage, ligaments and ten Skeletal system production dons. of blood cells movement of body, skeletal muscles, smooth Muscular system production muscles and cardiac muscle of heat 30  communicat ion within the body hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal Endocrine system using hormo gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adr nes made enal glands, ovaries, testes by endocrin e glands return lymp h to blood stream, aid lymph, lymph nodes, lymph Lymphatic system immune vessels, tonsils, spleen, thymus responses, form white blood cells sensing and brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory processing organs and the following sensory information, systems (nervous sub- Nervous system controlling systems): visual system, Olfactory body system, taste (gustatory activities system), hearing (auditory system) sex ovaries, fallopian organs invol tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary Reproductive ved in glands, penis, testes, vas system reproductio deferens, seminal n vesicles and prostate 31 Respiratory system: Cardiovascular system: Nervous system: Renal system (urinary system): 32 Muscular system: Section:2. Organization level: Organization is built from lower level to high level. Molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ system combine to form organisms. The organization in the body, from the simplest to the most complex are: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism. Atoms: mean; An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element. (A unit of matter; the smallest unit of a chemical element. Each atom consists of a nucleus, which has a positive charge, and a set of electrons that move around)... Molecules: (MAH-leh-kyool) The smallest particle of a substance that has all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance. Molecules are made up of one or more atoms. Organelles:( OR-guh-NEL); A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function. Examples of organelles are the nucleus (a structure that contains the cell’s 33 chromosomes and is where RNA is made), mitochondria (structures that make energy for the cell), and lysosomes (sac-like containers filled with enzymes that digest and help recycle molecules in the cell). Cells: the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell. Tissues: are groups of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Organs: An organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. in the human body are the brain, the heart, the lungs, the kidneys, and the liver. Organ systems: a biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. organ systems: muscular, skeletal, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, nervous, integumentary, reproductive, and immune. Human organism: human organism consists of eleven organ systems. They are Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine System, Cardiovascular System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, and Reproductive System (Female and Male). (Humans are classified as mammals because humans have the same distinctive features (listed above) found in all members of this large group. Humans are also classified within: the subgroup of mammals called primates; and the subgroup of primates called apes and in particular the 'Great Apes). 34 Primate; a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys, and apes. four types of Great Apes – the orang-utans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. Atom: Molecules: Organelles: 35 Cell: Tissues: Organs: Organ system: 36 Chapter:3. Section:1. Biology: Bio means life and Logy mean study: Definition: The study of living organisms. Main Branches of Biology. Botany: The study of Plants and their features. 37 Zoology: The study of animals and their futures. Microbiology: The study of Microorganisms and their features. 38  Morphology: It is the study of external form, size, shape, color, structure and relative position of several living organ of living organisms. Anatomy: It is the study of internal structure. 39 Histology: It is the study of tissue organization and structure. Cytology: It is the study of form and structure of cells containing the behavior of nucleus and other organelles. 40 Cell Biology: It is the study of morphological, organizational, biochemical, physiological, genetic, developmental, pathological and evolutionary features of cell and its components.. Molecular Biology: It is the study of the nature of physicochemical organization, synthesis working and interaction of bio-molecules. Physiology: It is the study of different types of body functions and procedures. Embryology: It is the study of fertilization, growth, division and distinction of the zygote into embryo. 41 Genetics: It is the study of inheritance of characters or heredity and variations. Virology: It is the study of viruses and all their aspects. 42 Chapter:3. Section: 1. Numbers in medical term: 1- Arabic numbers: numeric value through the number of angles they contained. 1= one angle, 2= two angle…so on. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 0 mean no angle. 2- Roman numerals: number are latin alphabet, I. II. III IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. 0ne two three four five six seven eight nine ten 3- List of Greek and Latin prefixes: Greek prefix Latin prefix mean Example. number. number a-, an-, ne- nulli Zero, no Nullipara; women no child mono uni One, single Universe, single di Bi, duo two Bimonthly, bicycle tri Tri, triad Three, Tricycle. triple tetra quart four Quadrangle, quarter penta quint five Quintet, quintuplet hexa Sex, sextus six Hexameter, hexagon Hepta- Sept- seven Hepta meter, heptagon. Octa- Oct- eight Octagon, octopus. Ennea- non nine November, ennealogy. Deca- Deci- ten Olecagon, decade. Hecto- cent 100 Centennial, centenary. 43 Poly- Multi- many Polygamy, polygon. Hemi- Semi- half Section: 2. Colors in medical terminology: There are six color terms in medical language. 1- Cyn/o: derived from Greek word (kuanos) meaning blue. Cyano is combined with suffix osis. Cyanosis; describe condition blue in color due to a lack of oxygen in the blood stream, bluish color in skin, mucous membrane and nail bed. Cyanopsia; suffix opsia: medical term in which person see everything in color blue. 44 2- Erythr/o. Greek word, refer red color, erythrocyte; root word erythron, mean red and suffix mean cell. erythrocyte= RBCs. Erythropoietin, erythron mean red and poietin mean form. Term mean substance that from RBCs in bone marrow. Erythrolaryngosis; suffix osis mean condition, condition red of larynx. 3- Leuk/o: Greek word leuko mean white. leukocyte; leuko= white and cyte= cell, i.e. WBCs. Leukemia, to root word leuko added 45  suffix emia, blood condition, too many WBCs. 4- Melan/o. Melan/o mean block color, melanoma; melano=black, oma= mass or tumor. 5- Poilo: Word root mean gray, mean gray matter of the brain & spinal cord. Poliomyelitis; polio=brain & suffix it is= inflammation. 6- Xanth/o: Word root mean yellow color; example xanthoma. Word root xanth= yellow, oma=suffix mean mass or tumor. i.e. yellow cholesterol or deposits under skin. 46 Xanthelasma: yellow plaques deposits are seen around the eyes. Xanthochroma: root word mean yellow, chroma suffix discoloration to yellow of skin & spinal fluid. In summary: Cyan/o= blue. Erythr/o= red. Leuk/o= white. Melan/o= bleak. Poli/o= gray. Xanth/o= yellow. 47