History of Architecture II PDF

BAR 312 History of Architecture II Ar. Kristi Verma Course Introduction INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS COURSE OBJECTIVES Develop the understanding of evolution of a temporal building typology through the exhaustive study of a specific type, viz., religious architecture from across the wor...

BAR 312 History of Architecture II Ar. Kristi Verma Course Introduction INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS COURSE OBJECTIVES Develop the understanding of evolution of a temporal building typology through the exhaustive study of a specific type, viz., religious architecture from across the world. To focus on ability to understand the changes in the building design during the similar periods around the world and be able to distinguish place- and period-specific architectural styles of religious architecture in India, Europe, West Asia and the Far East. INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS LEARNING OUTCOME Develop the understanding of evolution of a temporal building typology through the exhaustive study of a specific type, viz., religious architecture from across the world. To be able to trace the evolution of religious architecture across the globe, identifying key changes and continuities in design styles. To focus on ability to understand the changes in the building design during the similar periods around the world and be able to distinguish place- and period-specific architectural styles of religious architecture in India, Europe, West Asia and the Far East. Distinguish between place-specific (e.g., India vs. Europe) and period-specific (e.g., Romanesque vs. Gothic) architectural styles within religious structures. INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE The evolution of religious architecture is a fascinating journey that mirrors the spiritual, cultural, and artistic developments of various civilizations. INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE Temple Architecture Islamic Period Christian + Byzantine Romanesque + Gothic INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE Temple Architecture Islamic Period Christian + Byzantine Romanesque + Gothic Pallava Style Nagara Style South India or Dravidian Architecture Monolithic rathas (chariots), intricately Shikhara (tower) rising in a curvilinear (6th - 9th centuries) carved pillars, and gopurams shape, intricate carvings, and tiered (gateway towers) spires Chola Style Nagara Style of Orissa North Indian Nagara Style Massive structures, elaborate Kalinga architecture with distinctive (9th - 13th centuries) sculptures, and bronze idols deul (sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), and nata mandira (dance hall) Pandya Style Complex gopurams, extensive use of Central India - Complex layouts, detailed carvings, granite, and vivid sculptures and distinct tower structures Chalukyan/Vesara Style Vijayanagara Style Majestic gopurams, pillared halls, Jain Temples of Marble architecture, intricately (14th - 17th centuries) and ornate mandapas (pavilions) carved interiors, and domed ceilings Rajasthan and Gujarat Cluster of temples on hills, detailed carvings, and intricate stonework INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE Temple Architecture Islamic Period Christian + Byzantine Romanesque + Gothic Slave Dynasty Punjab, Gujarat, Bijapur, and Deccan Mosques Khilji Dynasty Architectural Elements Tombs Tughlaq Dynasty Regional Styles Large domes, intricate mihrabs, and blend of Forts Lodi, and Shershah local and Persian Suri Periods influences INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE Temple Architecture Islamic Period Christian + Byzantine Romanesque + Gothic Early Christian Architecture Byzantine Architecture Early Churches and Transition from house churches to Centralization in Central dome on pendentives, rich basilica plan churches mosaics, and clerestory lighting. Roman Basilicas Churches Design Influences Emphasis on axial plans, large Interior and Exterior Ornate interiors with mosaics, use of interiors for congregational worship domes to symbolize heaven. INTRODUCTION AND FOUNDATIONS OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE Temple Architecture Islamic Period Christian + Byzantine Romanesque + Gothic Romanesque Architecture Gothic Architecture Spatial and Formal Rounded arches, thick walls, and Sensitivity to Light Ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and large towers. extensive use of stained glass Integration Integration of Wall Use of barrel and groin vaults to Verticality and Tall spires, large windows, and cover large spaces intricate facades. and Vaults Massiveness Assignment by 16th August Coffee Table Book on one of these topics 1. Comparative analysis of different architectural styles. 2. The influence of cultural and religious beliefs on architectural design. Religious architecture: definition, features, and the most impressive examples Temple Architecture North Indian Nagara Style NAGARA STYLE FEATURES Style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India It is common in this style to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. The Nagara style has its origin in the structural temples of the Gupta period (fifth century A.D. onwards) Used stone such as Chlorite, sandstone and white marble. Usually built on upraised platforms. NAGARA STYLE NAGARA FEATURES NAGARA FEATURES NAGARA FEATURES TYPES OF SHIKHARA TYPES OF SHIKHARA TYPES OF SHIKHARA SCHOOLS OF NAGARA STYLE SCHOOLS OF NAGARA STYLE SCHOOLS OF NAGARA STYLE SCHOOLS OF NAGARA STYLE SCHOOLS OF NAGARA STYLE SCHOOLS OF NAGARA STYLE South India or Dravidian Architecture DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PARTS OF TEMPLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PARTS OF TEMPLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PARTS OF TEMPLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PALLAVA DRAVIDIAN STYLE: EVOLUTION OF PALLAVAN ORDER Introduction of Lion as an element. It symbolized the ruling dynasty - Simhavishnu DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PALLAVA DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PALLAVA DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PALLAVA DRAVIDIAN STYLE: CHOLA DRAVIDIAN STYLE: PANDYA DRAVIDIAN STYLE: VIJAYANAGAR DRAVIDIAN STYLE: VIJAYANAGARA Vesara Style VESARA STYLE The buildings in the Deccan region are hybridized style, which contain both elements from nagara and Dravidan architectural styles and is known in some ancient texts as the Vesara style (not all temples of Deccan are Vesara type). The vesara style became popular after the mid 7th century. VESARA STYLE Chalukyas Ravan Phadi cave, Aihole, Karnataka: The Ravan Phadi cave at Aihole is an example of the early Chalukya style which is known for its distinct sculptural style. One of the most important sculptures at the site is of Nataraja, surrounded by a large depiction of saptamatrikas: three to Shiva’s left and four to his right. VESARA STYLE Lad Khan Temple at Aihole, Karnataka The temple is dedicated to Shiva and is one of the oldest Hindu temples. Built in the 5th century by the Kings of the Chalukya Dynasty. It seems to be inspired by the wooden – roofed temples of the hills except that it is constructed out of stone. The temple is named after a person named Lad Khan, who turned this temple into his residence for a short period. VESARA STYLE Temples at Pattadakkal, Karnataka: It was probably built around 740 CE to commemorate her husband’s victory over the There are ten temples at Pattadakkal including a Pallavas of Kanchipuram. Jain temple and is a UNESCO world Heritage Site. It closely resembles the Kailasnath temple at A fusion of various architectural styles can be seen Kanchipuram on plan and elevation. here. It represents a fully developed and perfect stage Out of ten temples, four are in dravida style, four of the dravida architecture. are in nagara style and one is Jain temple, while the Papanatha Temple is built in a fusion of both nagara and Dravida styles. The Jain temple (Jain Narayana temple) was built by Rashtrakutas in the 9th century. The Virupaksha temple at Pattadakkal is also known as Sri-Lokeswar-Maha-Sila-Prasad, was built by Loka Mahadevi, the Queen of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya II (733-44). VESARA STYLE Rashtrakutas: By about 750 CE, the early western Chalukya control of the Deccan was taken by the Rashtrakutas. Their greatest achievement in architecture is the Kailasnath Temple at Ellora. The Jain temple at Pattadakkal was also built by Rashtrakutas. Hoyasalas. VESARA STYLE Vijayanagara: The Vijayanagara Empire, which was founded in the 14th century, attracted a number of international travellers such as the Italian, Nicoclo di Conti, the Portuguese Domingo Paes, Fernao Nuniz and Duarte Barbosa and the Afghan Abd, al- Razzaq, who have left vivid accounts of the city. Architecturally, Vijayanagara synthesizes the centuries old dravida temple architecture with Islamic styles demonstrated by the neighbouring Sultanates. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRAVIDA, NAGARA, AND VESARA STYLE Islamic Architecture 622 AD to 1600 AD ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS Calligraphy Geometric Arabesque Pattern ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS: CALLIGRAPHY Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. Like other Islamic decoration, calligraphy is closely linked to geometry. The proportions of the letters are all governed by mathematics. Inscriptions are most often used as frame along and around main elements of a building like portals and cornices. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS: ARABESQUE Also called Islimi, Arabesque designed are biomorphic. Floral patterns representing the underlying order and unity of nature with a great deal of accuracy. Flowers and trees might be used as the motifs for the decoration of textiles, objects and buildings. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS: GEOMETRIC PATTERN These patterns exemplify the Islamic interest in repetition, balance, symmetry and continuous generation of pattern. The integration of geometry with such optical effects as the balancing of positive and negative areas, a skillful use of color and tone values. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE PLAY OF LIGHT Light can add a dynamic quality to architecture, extending patterns, forms and designs into the dimensions of time. And the combination of light and shade creates strong contrasts of planes and gives texture to sculpted stone, as well as stocked or brick surfaces. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE WATER In hot Islamic climates, the water from courtyard pools and fountains cools as it decorates. Water can not only reflect architecture and multiply the decorative themes, it can also serve as a means of emphasizing the visual axes. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TYPES Mosque – Place of Worship Madrasah – Public School Hammam – Hot Bathhouse Caravanserai – a roadside inn for travelers Casbah/ Citadel – Fortress Mausoleum – a tomb or a monument ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Mashrabiya A Projecting window enclosed with carved wood latticework. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Mihrab A semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Sahn A courtyard combine with ablution area. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Minaret A visual focal point and are used for the call to prayer ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Dome A visual focal point and covering the main prayer hall. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Dikka A place of delivering royal message. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Muqarnas Stalactite vault, Persian architectural ornament ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Praying Area Hall Main area to perform congregational pray ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Arch Structure that spans a space while supporting weight. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE MOSQUE FEATURES Battlement A defensive element, comprises a parapet. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Thanks Ar. Kristi Verma