Module 1 Handout_Islamic Architecture PDF

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES C.M. RECTO AVENUE, LAPASAN, CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, 9000 MISAMIS ORIENTAL, PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT MODULE 1: ISL...

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES C.M. RECTO AVENUE, LAPASAN, CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY, 9000 MISAMIS ORIENTAL, PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT MODULE 1: ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ARCH216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 PREPARED BY: AR. WILLIAM HARVEY EVANGELISTA, UAP AR. AIMEELOU JEAN DEMETRIO, UAP  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 CHAPTER 1: ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE I. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE  Etymology – from Arabic Islam (islā m) ‘submission’, from 'aslama ‘submit (to God)’ is the verbal noun originating from the triliteral root S-L-M, which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness, submission, sincerity, safeness, and peace. INFLUENCES  Geographical Influences The Arabian Peninsula is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and southwest, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south and southeast, and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf (also called the Arabian Gulf) on the east.  Geological influences The Arabian Desert consists of two major regions. The first, the ancient Arabian platform (a segment of the African Shield), is in the west. It is composed mainly of Precambrian gneiss (dated to between 2.6 billion and roughly 541 million years ago) and was assembled roughly 900 to 541 million years ago. The second region, in the east, comprises sedimentary rock layers deposited over the past 541 million years on continental shelves and within marine basins along the margins of the Arabian platform.  Climatic Influences The Arabian Desert spreads across 22° of latitude, from 12° to 34° north; although much of the desert lies north of the Tropic of Cancer, it usually is considered a tropical desert. Summer heat is intense, reaching temperatures as high as 130 °F (55 °C) in places. In the interior the heat is dry. Coastal regions and some highlands, however, are subject to high summer humidity, with dew and fog at night or early morning. Rainfall throughout the desert averages less than 4 inches (100 mm) a year but can range from 0 to 20 inches (0 to 500 mm). Interior skies are usually clear except for intermittent winter rains, spring hazes, or dust storms. Torrential rains flood the main drainage basins infrequently. Winters are invigoratingly cool, with the coldest weather occurring at high elevations and in the far north. A minimum temperature recorded at Ṭ urayf on Tapline (the Trans-Arabian Pipeline) in 1950 was 10 °F (− 12 °C) and was accompanied by a significant snowfall and about 1 inch (2.6 cm) of ice on ponds. Occasional summer rains in the Rubʿ al-Khali accompany the monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean. Winter rains may occur in the northern Rubʿ al-Khali. The most arid part of the Arabian Desert appears to be on the western margin of the Rubʿ al-Khali, north of Wadi Al-Dawā sir.  Religious Influences A Monotheistic Abrahamic Religion called “Islam” that teaches that Muhammad is a messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the world's population, known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, and unique, and has guided mankind through prophets, revealed scriptures, and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, believed to be the verbatim word of God, as well as the teachings and normative examples  Social Influences Public life was reserved for men (women had a secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work) Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given the freedom of worship and self-government Many of the conquered cities were already centers of learning Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings from Greek, Persian and Indian Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science  Historical Influences Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity, with the revelations received by the prophet Muhammad. Muslims regard Islam as a return to the original faith of the prophets, such as Jesus, Solomon, David, Moses, Abraham, Noah and Adam, with the submission 1|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 (islam) to the will of Allah, God.According to tradition, in 610 CE, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations, calling for submission to the one God, the expectation of the imminent Last Judgement and taking care for the poor and needy.Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from Meccan notables, He then went to Medina and continued to build his religious and military framework where it was tasked to spread the faith. In 640AD Medina fought Mecca, Mecca lost and with Mohammad’s framework in placed, his followers destroyed their idols and converted the inhabitants to islam. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Some characteristics of Islamic architecture were inherited from pre-Islamic architecture of that region while some characteristics like minarets, muqarnas, arabesque, Islamic geometric pattern, pointed arch, multifoil arch, onion dome and pointed dome developed later. Countries already rich in building tradition Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with no architectural tradition Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many different circumstances Islam had a profound impact on its architecture. No essential difference in techniques between religious and non-religious buildings Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors established forms Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect creation) Centered upon God Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards Mecca  Character: Paradise Garden, Hypostyle Hall, Courtyard, Vaulting, Ornaments, Murqanas & Qibla, Arches and Domes.  Material:bricks, chalk, tiles, stone, wood and glass.  Construction System:  Architectural Features: Minarets or towers, Four-iwan Plan, Prayer niche or Mihrab, Domes and Copulas, Intricate geometric patterns, arches and distinct domes developed later.  PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS: MOSQUE The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah in prayer, mosques were built wherever Islam had spread these buildings were a Principal place of worship, Building used for Friday prayer and its Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer.Could also be used as a school, place for transactions, storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices. Masjid - small prayer house Madrassah - religious college and mosque Inward-looking building Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer chambers and porches No positive object of attention or adoration Conceived around an axis towards Mecca In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut into it, showing the direction of Mecca 2|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental feature(Open Court) Fawwara - fountain Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca Dikka - reading desk Maqsura - screen Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca Building Examples:  The Great Mosque, Damascus  Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo  Dome of Rock, Jerusalem  The Cathedral/Mosque of Cordoba TOMB Early Islam, as recorded in the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (hadī th), was skeptical towards monumental funerary architecture. Since funerals should be kept as simple as possible, the veneration of the dead mourning practices such as wailing, processions, and prayer at tombs was avoided. Monumental architecture to mark a grave was prohibited, and the grave was supposed to be level with the ground. More elaborate burial practices soon emerged, even though the practice of burying the dead in a shroud remained. The latter was made out of more and more precious textiles, at least in the case of the wealthy elites. At the same time, architectural markers began to appear on the graves of rulers. The so-called Qubbat al-Sulaybiyya, a ninthcentury structure in the Abbasid capital of Samarra in today’s Iraq, is probably the earliest surviving Islamic mausoleum Building Examples:  The Taj Mahal , Agra (1630-1653AD)  Tomb of Humayun, Delhi 3|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 PALACE Islamic palaces were considered as wonderful models for solid buildings, beautiful decorations, and good taste. They were considered the most beautiful in architecture, their beauty is in the walls paintings and cornices, porcelain, ponds, oases, windows and ceilings in their distinctive colors and their elegant shapes. These palaces were spread in the Islamic cities and their valleys. In general, they built those palaces in the valleys for the Omayyad caliph spend some time for recreation. They were interested in creating palaces that are decorated with floral and geometrical decorations, pictures and statues. The Omayyad palaces that were built in the Levant desert represent the Islamic art in its civil form, it is likely that the architecture of these palaces combined between the Roman, Ghassani, and Persian art. Building Examples:  The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)  REGIONAL STYLES:  Persian - The Islamic conquest of Persia in the seventh century availed the Muslims with the vast wealth of architectural innovation developed over the centuries, from the great roads, aqueducts and arches of the Roman Empire, to the Byzantine basilicas and Persian arches, and the Sassanian and Byzantine mosaics. The Islamic architects first utilized these native architects to build mosques, and eventually developed their own adaptations. Islamic architecture thus is directly related to Persian and Byzantine architecture.  Ottoman - The standard plan of Ottoman architecture was inspired in part by the example of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople/Istanbul, Ilkhanid works like Oljeitu Tomb and earlier Seljuk and Anatolian Beylik monumental buildings and their own original innovations. The most famous of Ottoman architects was (and remains) Mimar Sinan, who lived for approximately one hundred years and designed several hundreds of buildings, of which two of the most important are Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul and Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. Apprentices of Sinan later built the famous Blue Mosque in Istanbul.  Turkistani(Timurid) - Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of Islamic art in Central Asia. Spectacular and stately edifices erected by Timur and his successors in Samarkand and Herat helped to disseminate the influence of the Ilkhanid school of art in India, thus giving rise to the celebrated Mughal school of architecture. Timurid architecture started with the sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi in present-day Kazakhstan and culminated in Timur's mausoleum Gur-e Amir in Samarkand. The style is largely derived from Persian architecture. Axial symmetry is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the Shah-i-Zinda in Samarkand and the mosque of Gawhar Shad in Mashhad. Double domes of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliant colors.  Moroccan - Moroccan architecture dates from 110 BCE with the Berber's massive pisé (mud brick) buildings. The architecture has been influenced by Islamization during the Idrisid dynasty, Moorish exiles from Spain, and also by France who occupied Morocco in 1912. Morocco is in Northwest Africa bordering the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The country's diverse geography and the land's long history marked by successive waves of settlers and military encroachments are all reflected in Morocco's architecture. Moroccan Islamic architecture is also present outside the country. For example, Sheikha Salama Mosque in the UAE city of Al Ain has two minarets which partly look Moroccan.  Yemeni - Yemeni Architecture can be characterized as “conservative”, as the Yemeni people combine their pre-Islamic and Islamic past. This philosophy is demonstrated in the construction of the mosque of Solomon in Marib, which was built directly on top of an old temple. Yemeni architecture Is the architecture that characterizes houses built on several floors, some of the floors used as a line A storage room with removable stairs. The houses are made of mud bricks mixed with Gypsum. 4|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3  Russian - Russian -Islamic architecture is a feature of the architecture of the Tatars, formed under the influence of a sedentary and nomadic way of life in ancient times, developing in the epochs of the Golden Horde, the Tatar khanates and under the rule of the Russian Empire. The architecture was formed in the modern form for many centuries and depended on the culture, aesthetics and religion of the population, therefore combines a unique combination of Eastern, Russian, Bulgarian, Golden Horde architecture, European styles dominating in Russia at one time or another, especially this Is clearly reflected in the Tatar mosques.  Indian - The best known style of Indo-Islamic architecture is Mughal architecture, mostly built between about 1560 and 1720, but there are many other earlier and regional styles. Mughal architecture's most prominent examples are the series of imperial mausolea, which started with the pivotal Tomb of Humayun, but is best known for the Taj Mahal, completed in 1648 by emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal who died while giving birth to their 14th child. The Taj Mahal is completely symmetrical except for Shah Jahan's sarcophagus, which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in black marble to complement the Mecca-facing mosque place to the west of the main structure.  Chinese - The first Chinese mosque was established in the seventh century during the Tang Dynasty in Xi'an. The Great Mosque of Xi'an, whose current buildings date from the Ming Dynasty, does not replicate many of the features often associated with traditional mosques. Instead, it follows traditional Chinese architecture. Some Chinese mosques in parts of western China were more likely to incorporate minarets and domes while eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas. As in other regions, Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture in its style; some Chinese mosques resemble temples. In western China, mosques resemble those of the Arab World, with tall, slender minarets, curvy arches and dome shaped roofs. In northwest China where the Chinese Hui have built their mosques, there is a combination of eastern and western styles. The mosques have flared Buddhist style roofs set in walled courtyards entered through archways with miniature domes and minarets  Indonesian-Malaysian - Southeast Asia was slow to adopt Middle Eastern architectural styles. Islam entered Indonesia in the 15th-century via Java island, during which period the dominant religion in Southeast Asia included a variety of pagan groups. Introduction of Islam was peaceful. Existing architectural features in Indonesia such as the candi bentar gate, paduraksa (normally marks entrance to the most sacred precincts), and the sacred pyramidal roof was used for Islamic architecture. For centuries, Indonesian mosques lacked domes or minarets, both considered a Middle Eastern origin. Indonesian original mosques feature multi-layered pyramidal roofs and no minaret. Prayer are called by striking a prayer's drum known as beduk. The minaret of the Menara Kudus Mosque is a great example of Indonesian architecture. Indonesian mosque architecture also features strong influence from the Middle Eastern architecture styles.The architecture of Javanese Indonesian mosques had a strong influence on the design of other mosques in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.Today, with increasing Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, Indonesian-Malaysian mosques are developing a more standard, international style, with a dome and minaret.  Sahelian - In West Africa, Muslim merchants played a vital role in the Western Sahel region since the Kingdom of Ghana. At Kumbi Saleh, locals lived in domed-shaped dwellings in the king's section of the city, surrounded by a great enclosure. Traders lived in stone houses in a section which possessed 12 beautiful mosques (as described by al-bakri), one centered on Friday prayer. The king is said to have owned several mansions, one of which was 66 feet long, 42 feet wide, contained seven rooms, was two stories high, and had a staircase; with the walls and chambers filled with sculpture and painting. Sahelian architecture initially grew from the two cities of Djenné and Timbuktu. The Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu, constructed from mud on timber, was similar in style to the Great Mosque of Djenné.  Somali - The spread of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia, which stimulated a shift from drystone and other related materials in construction to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use 5|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 of limestone in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs such as mosques were built on the ruins of older structures, a practice that would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries. Concordant with the ancient presence of Islam in the Horn of Africa region, mosques in Somalia are some of the oldest on the entire continent. One architectural feature that made Somali mosques distinct from other mosques in Africa were minarets. 6|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 1 Cathedral/Mosque of Cordoba Figure 2 Muqarnas of Necropolis Shah-i-Zinda, Samarqand 7|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 3 Arabesque Figure 4 The Süleymaniye Mosque in Turkey has minarets reaching 70 meters. 8|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 5 Palace of Ardashir Figure 6 Hagia Sofia Pendentive Dome 9|PAGE  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 7 Dome of Rock, Jerusalem Figure 8 Qubbat al-Sulaybiyya Tomb 10 | P A G E  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 9 Shah-i-Zinda Figure 10 Great Mosque of Djenné 11 | P A G E  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 10 Taj Mahal 12 | P A G E  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 11 Ornaments 13 | P A G E  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 12 Mosque Plan View 14 | P A G E  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Figure 13 Diagram of a Mosqueby GFM Ministries Figure 14 Typical Parts of a Mosque (Kavuri Bauer, 2012) 15 | P A G E  ARCH 216: HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 REFERENCES  Ching, F.D.K. (2012). A Visual Dictionary Of Architecture 2nd Edition. Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons.  Ching;F.D.K., Jarzombek, M.; Prakash, V. (2017). A Global History of Architecture 3rd Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.  Curl, J.S. (2005). Dictionary of Architecture. UK: Magpie Books.  Espina, Kevin (2013) ‘History of Architecture’ [Powerpoint Presentation]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/joannaPG/history-of-arch  Fleming, J., Honour, H., Pevsner, N (1974). A Dictionary of Architecture. Great Britain: Richard Clay (The Chaucer Press) Ltd.  Fletcher, B., Sir; Cruickshank, D. (1996). Sir Banister Fletcher's A History Of Architecture 20TH Edition. Oxford; Boston: Architectural Press.  Gascoigne, Bamber (2001, ongoing). HistoryWorld. Retrieved from http://www.historyworld.net  Marvin Perry; Daniel F Davis; Jeannette G Harris; Theodore H Von Laue; Donald Jr Warren (1985). A History of the World Revised Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.  Neil Collins MA LLB (2008, ongoing). Architecture History. Retrieved from http://www.visual-arts- cork.com/architecture-history.htm  Stokstad, M. Collin, B.R., Addiss, S. (1999). Art History Revised Editon Volume One. New York: H.N. Abrams. 16 | P A G E