Telencephalon Past Paper PDF

Question Answer What are the protective membranes The protective membranes are called meninges, and the three layers in order from outermost to innermost are surrounding the brain and spinal dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. cord called, and name the thr...

Question Answer What are the protective membranes The protective membranes are called meninges, and the three layers in order from outermost to innermost are surrounding the brain and spinal dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. cord called, and name the three layers in order from outermost to innermost? What is the superficial layer of the Endocranium, which is actually the skull's inner periosteum. dura mater called? Where does the dura mater extend To about the second sacral vertebra. past the spinal cord? What are the two layers into which - The tentorium cerebelli the dura separates at dural folds? - The falx cerebri - the falx cerebelli - diaphragma sellae What is an epidural hematoma? A collection of blood between the dura and the inner surface of the skull, usually due to arterial bleeding. note : potential space. Normally it does not exist. What is a subdural hematoma? An abnormal collection of blood between the dura and the arachnoid, usually as a result of torn bridging veins secondary to head trauma. note : potential space. Normally it does not exist. Where is the arachnoid mater It surrounds the brain and spinal cord but does not line the brain down into its sulci (folds). located in relation to the brain and spinal cord? Where does cerebrospinal fluid flow Under the arachnoid mater in the subarachnoid space. in relation to the arachnoid mater? What fills the subarachnoid space? Cerebrospinal fluid and delicate fibres of the arachnoid that extend down to attach to the pia mater. What occupies the subarachnoid Spongy tissue consisting of trabeculae and intercommunicating channels containing cerebrospinal fluid. cavity? Where is the subarachnoid cavity On the surface of the hemispheres of the brain. small? Where are triangular spaces found In the sulci between the gyri, where the subarachnoid trabecular tissue is found. in the brain? What are the wide intervals at the Subarachnoid cisternae. base of the brain called? Which cistern is the largest of the Cerebellomedullary cistern (Cisterna magna). subarachnoid cisterns? What is another name for Pontine Prepontine cistern or cisterna pontis. cistern? What is the other name for Superior Quadrigeminal cistern or cistern of the great cerebral vein. cistern? What are the thin, sheet-like Ambient cistern (Cisterna ambiens). extensions of the superior cistern that extend laterally about the midbrain? What do the ambient cisterns Interpeduncular cistern. connect to? What is the name of the cistern Interpeduncular cistern (Cisterna interpeduncularis). located at the base of the brain, between the two temporal lobes of the brain? What does the pia mater join with to The ependyma. form choroid plexuses? note : choroid plexuses produce cerebrospinal fluid What does the pia mater attach to in The dura mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane. the spinal cord? What are the divisions of the brain? Forebrain (Prosencephalon), Midbrain (Mesencephalon), Hind-brain (Rhombencephalon). Question Answer What are the subdivisions of the Telencephalon (Cerebrum) and Diencephalon. forebrain? What are the subdivisions of the - Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum hind-brain? - Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata). What are the clinical divisions of the Cerebrum (tele-, diencephalon), Cerebellum, Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata). brain? Where does the insula lie? On the floor of the lateral cerebral fossa. In which direction is the pole of the Forwards and laterally towards the lateral sulcus. insula directed? What is the circular sulcus that Limen insulae. disappears gradually at the inferior surface of the insula called? What is the operculum formed by? Temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. What separates the insula and the Limen insulae - a small swelling. anterior perforated substance? What is the anterior part of the A few short gyri. insula characterized by? How is the posterior part of the It has only one long gyrus. insula characterized? Name the areas in the cortex. Motor area, Sensory area, Auditory area, Motor speech area, Visual area. -----NOTE----- : there are two auditory areas in the cortex. The first one is the primary auditory cortex, which is located in the temporal lobe and is responsible for processing basic auditory information such as pitch and rhythm. The second one is the auditory association cortex, which is also located in the temporal lobe and is involved in processing more complex auditory information, such as language and music perception. Where is the sensory In the parietal lobe. cortex(Postcentral gyrus) located? Where is the motor cortex located? In the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe. What is the Rhinencephalon? The oldest part of grey matter. lies underneath cerebellum What are the two parts of the Olfactory lobe (peripheral rhinencephalon) and Limbic lobe (central rhinencephalon). Rhinencephalon? What are the components of the Olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory pyramid, medial and lateral olfactory striae. anterior part of the olfactory lobe? Where does the middle part of the In the paraolfactory area (subcalosa), paraterminal gyrus, septum lucidum. olfactory lobe terminate? Where does the intermediate part of In the anterior perforated substance. the olfactory lobe terminate? Where does the lateral part of the In the hippocampal gyrus in the uncus (pass through the limen of insula). olfactory lobe terminate? What are the components of the Anterior perforated substance. posterior part of the olfactory lobe? What is the anterior perforated It is a perforated area behind the olfactory trigone, a place for small cerebral vessels. substance? Where does the part anterior of the Foramina. anterior perforated substance lie? Where does the part posterior of the It lies at the optic tract and continues with the paraterminal gyrus. anterior perforated substance lie? What are the components of the Subcallosal area, cingulate sulcus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal sulcus, hippocamus, grey matter of the peripherial portion of the limbic lateral part of the parahippocampal gyrus (without the fornix). Question Answer lobe? What are the components of - pes hippocamus? - fimbria - subiculum - alveus What are the components of the Indusium griseum, gyrus fasciolaris, dentate gyrus. internal portion of the limbic lobe? Where is the preoptic area located? On the lateral side of the third ventricle. What fibers form the anterior wall of Lamina terminalis (primary commissure), the third ventricle? The fibers from the optic chiasma to the rostrum of corpus callosum. What are the components of the I) anterior commissura II) corpus callosum III) fornix commissure. Commisure of telencephalon? What are the central parts of the Rostrum, genu, body (trunk), Splenium. corpus callosum? What are the lateral parts of the Radiation (forceps minor and major). corpus callosum? What is the origin of the fornix? Fimbriae of the hippocampus. Where does the fornix run along? The inferior margin of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. What forms the body of the fornix? The crura fornicis running anteriorly and medially behind the corpus callosum. What forms the fornix commissure? Transverse fibers in the triangle between the right and left crura and body. How is the body of the fornix Into two columnae fornicis at the beginning of the septum pellucidum. divided? Where do the columnae fornicis The hypothalamus, forming the anterior arch. descend into? What are the two parts of the inferior Part libera (free part) and part tecta (hidden part) inside the hypothalamus. part of the body of the fornix? Where does the fornix end? In the mamillary body. What are the four parts of the lateral The central part, the anterior horn, the posterior horn, the inferior horn. ventricles? Where is the central part located? In the parietal lobe, above the thalamus, and beneath the corpus callosum. What is the extent of the central It extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of the corpus callosum. part? What forms the roof of the The inferior surface of the corpus callosum. structure? What forms the floor of the Body of caudate nucleus, Stria terminalis, and Choroid plexus. structure? What is the anterior horn? The front portion of the gray matter in the spinal cord. Where is the anterior horn of lateral In the frontal lobe. ventricle located? What is the anterior horn of lateral The interventricular foramen (of Monroe). ventricle continuous behind? What are the three walls of the The roof (anterior surface of the corpus callosum), the medial wall (septum pellucidum), and the lateral wall anterior horn of lateral ventricle? (head of the caudate nucleus). Where is the posterior horn of the In the occipital lobe. lateral ventricle located? What are the three walls of the The roof (tapetum), the lateral (fibres of tapetum), and the medial wall (Calcar avis and bulb of the posterior Question Answer posterior horn of the lateral horn). ventricle? What is the Calcar avis in the It is the internal expansion of the calcarine sulcus. posterior horn of the lateral ventricle? What causes the enlargement of the Fibres of the splenium. bulb of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle? Where is the inferior horn of the In the temporal lobe. lateral ventricle located? What are the components of the Collateral eminence, collateral sulcus, pes hippocampi, fimbria of the hippocampi, and choroid plexus. inferomedial wall of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle? What forms the superolateral wall of Tapetum, tail of the caudate nucleus, and stria terminalis. the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle? What is the location of the collateral Between the inferior and posterior horn. trigone in relation to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle? What are the two parts of the Putamen (lateral portion) and globus pallidus (medial portion). lentiform nucleus? Where is the head of the caudate Anteriorly in the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, forming its lateral wall. nucleus located? Where is the body of the caudate Above the thalamus; in the central part of the lateral ventricle. nucleus located? Where is the tail of the caudate In the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. nucleus located? What is the location of the Between the external and internal capsule. claustrum? Where is the amygdaloid body Between the temporal pole of hemisphere and the inferior horn of lateral ventricle. located? What separates the globus pallidus External medullary lamina. and putamen? Which white matter bundle Internal medullary lamina. separates the medial and lateral parts of the globus pallidus? What are the components of the Lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus. Corpus striatum? What makes up the Striatum? Caudate nucleus and putamen. What is the Pallidum composed of? Globus pallidus. What are the components of the Striatum and pallidum. Corpus striatum? What are the functions of the They separate the basal nuclei. capsules in the white matter of the hemispheres? What does the internal capsule look It looks like a mathematical symbol < for the right side or > for the left one. like on a horizontal section? What does the anterior limb of the The head of the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. internal capsule separate? What does the genu of the internal The thalamus and the head of the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. capsule separate? Question Answer What does the posterior crus of the The thalamus and hypothalamus (inferiorly) and lentiform nucleus. internal capsule separate? What does the external capsule The putamen and claustrum. separate? What does the extreme capsule The claustrum and insula. separate?