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CHAPTER 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION The global interstate system is a system of competing and allied states around the world that interact in important ways. It is characterized by states governing themselves independently while also interacting diplomatically and through internat...

CHAPTER 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION The global interstate system is a system of competing and allied states around the world that interact in important ways. It is characterized by states governing themselves independently while also interacting diplomatically and through international organizations. It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of competing and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call this the international system, and it is the main focus of the field of International Relations. It is responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. Global interstate systems refer to the networks and relationships between different countries in the world. These systems involve the control, regulation, and financing of various aspects such as telecommunications, electronic media, and international security. GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Key Factors Behind the Emergence of Global Governance Declining Power of Nation-States: " Highly Contigent and in flux" (Cerny, 2002). This opens up the need for global governance to address issues beyond national control. Vast Transnational Flows: Information flows, especially digital, cross borders easily (e.g., the internet). Efforts to control these flows, such as China’s internet restrictions, have been met with internal and external criticism. Mass Migration and Criminal Networks: Illegal migration and cross-border crime (drugs, money laundering, human trafficking) challenge state control. Global governance is needed to manage these issues (Levy & Sznaider, 2006). Humanitarian Crises Within States:  Atrocities such as those in Darfur, Sudan, or even historical events like the Holocaust, demonstrate where global governance could intervene (Nordstrom, 2004; Bauman, 1998). Global Problems Beyond Individual Nations: Global financial crises, for example, are too large for any single nation to handle. Global governance could help manage these transnational economic challenges. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENT 1. Traditional Challenges These include the historical factors that have always influenced sovereignty, such as conflicts with neighboring states, security threats, and territorial disputes. Globalization has changed the nature of these threats. 2. Challenges from National or Identity Movements Globalization has led to the spread of ideas and cultural influences across borders. This sometimes fuels national identity movements, separatism, or demands for autonomy. 3. Global Economics Globalization is characterized by economic interdependence, where trade, investment, and financial markets are increasingly interconnected across borders. Governments must navigate this environment, which can reduce their control over national economies. 4. Global Social Movements Globalization has also fostered the rise of social movements that transcend national borders, influencing government policies. TRADITIONAL CHALLENGES External intervention can generally be described as invasion Invasion means an instance of invading a country or region with an armed force. an unwelcome intrusion into another's domain. Invasion by other countries. For example, when Saddam Hussein was the ruler of Iraq in 199c, he decided he was going to take over the oil fields of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it over. As a result, he was dislodged by an international coalition led by the United States. These days, we can see external intervention in other forms. Russia's external intervention into the affairs of Ukraine, a sovereign state in the post- Soviet era, is another instance of intervention in the autonomy of the state. Russia intervenes in the affairs of people in Crimes who want to become part of Russia again even though they are part of Ukraine. Crimes declared its independence from Ukraine and re-affiliated with Russia. This is a case of how there might be a national identity within a country that is assisted by a neighboring country. Ukraine argues to have autonomy to determine the case for Crimes. As a result, there is current conflict between Ukraine, not recognizing Crimea's sovereignty, and Russia, not recognizing Ukraine's sovereignty over Crimea. Internal political challenges can also happen. For example, after the Arab Spring in Egypt, a new constitution was created and a government was efected.That government was more fundamentalist and rejected the notion of a plural society that included religious diversity. The military staged a coup that deposed the government in order to restore stability. Other examples include the Taliban's efforts to control the government of Afghanistan. In Syria, the original rebellion against Assad came from the country's own internal dissenters who wanted to replace the government even though they were also Syrian nationals. There are also regional organizations challenging state autonomy. The United Nations intervened in Sudan because of the several years of civil war. More recently in Europe, specifically in Greece, it also interfered in the Greek debt crisis. CHALLENGES FROM NATIONAL/IDENTITY MOVEMENTS 1. Nation vs. State: Key Differences Nation - A group of people who share a common culture, language, history, and often seek self-determination. State - A political entity with defined geographic boundaries and recognized sovereignty. 2. National Identity Movements National movements challenge state sovereignty by advocating for self-rule or independence based on shared cultural or historical identity. These movements often arise when groups feel that their identity is distinct and not adequately represented or protected within the larger state. Examples: Kurds - An ethnic group spread across Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria, seeking autonomy or independence. Catalans - A region in Spain with its own language and culture, advocating for independence or increased autonomy. Scots - Scotland held a referendum in 2014 to decide on independence from the United Kingdom but voted to stay. However, Scottish nationalism remains strong, pushing for greater autonomy. 3. Global Identity Movements: Al-Qaeda and ISIS Al-Qaeda and ISIS represent a different kind of identity movement, centered around a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam rather than ethnicity or cultural identity. These groups seek to establish a caliphate or Islamic state that transcends national borders, further challenging traditional notions of state sovereignty. GLOBAL ECONOMICS The third major source of challenge comes from global economics. Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism. Government austerity comes from developments of organizations that cooperate across countries, such as WTO and regional agreements, such as NAFTA, the European Union (EU), and the Association of Southeast, Asian Nations (ASEAN). Neoliberal economics or neoliberal capitalism started in the 1980’s. It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers. Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general, because a state cannot protect its own economic interest as a sovereign state. To expand global economic influence is the use of IMF and the World Bank in forcing government reforms in poorer country. The regional economic development efforts focused on expanding free trade and market liberalization. Greece is one example that explains how neoliberal economics can threaten the sovereignty of a state. It began in 1981 when Greece joined the EU. As a larger alliance, the EU broke down all kinds of barriers among its member states, including Greece, like passports, visas, and license plates. Twenty years later, Greece adopted the euro as its own currency and got rid of the drachma. The government of Greece borrowed money for infrastructure improvements, largely linked to their hosting of the 2004 Olympics. In 2007 and 2008, the worldwide financial crisis made Greece's economy to collapse. IMF bailed them out from the crisis in exchange for more austerity. GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Global social movements are large-scale, coordinated efforts to address specific social, economic, political, or environmental issues that transcend national borders. These movements often involve a wide range of stakeholders, including activists, organizations, governments, and individuals from diverse backgrounds. 1. Anti-War Movements - Global anti-war movements have emerged in response to various conflicts, such as the Vietnam War, the Iraq War, and the War on Terror. 2. Environmental Movements - Global environmental movements, such as the climate change movement, aim to address pressing environmental issues like climate change, deforestation, and pollution. 3. Human Rights Movements - Global human rights movements have focused on issues like racial justice, gender equality, disability rights, and LGBTQ+ rights.. 4. Labor Movement - Global labor movements have sought to promote workers' rights, fair labor practices, and economic justice. 5. Feminist Movements - Global feminist movements have aimed to promote women's rights, gender equality, and reproductive justice. 6. Disability Rights Movements - Global disability rights movements have sought to promote accessibility, inclusion, and human rights for people with disabilities. 7. Immigration Rights Movements - Global immigration rights movements have focused on issues like border control, refugee rights, and migrant workers' rights. 8. Indigenous Rights Movements - Global indigenous rights movements have sought to promote self-determination, land rights, and cultural preservation for indigenous peoples. 9. Education Rights Movements - Global education rights movements have aimed to promote access to quality education, education for all, and critical thinking skills. 10. Democracy Movements - Global democracy movements have sought to promote democratic values, free speech, and accountability in government. These global social movements often employ various strategies to achieve their goals, including: 1. Protest marches and demonstrations 2. Online activism and social media campaigns 3. Lobbying and advocacy work 4. Direct action and civil disobedience 5. International cooperation and networking 6. Mass mobilization and community engagement 7. Research and policy analysis THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMID GLOBALIZATION The state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and practices and that is more or less separate from other communities. FOUR ELEMENTS OF THE STATE: 1. PEOPLE (A PERMANENT POPULATION) - A state is an organization of human beings living together as a community. The population of a state comprises all individuals who, in principle, inhabit the territory in a permanent way. It may consist of nationals and foreigners. 2. TERRITORY (A DEFINED TERRITORY) - the functions of the State, a political and legal community of human beings, must first of all be exercised in a given territory - Territory is a geographical area that is owned and controlled by a government or country to exercise such state sovereignty. 3. GOVERNMENT - the government is the executive branch of the state and has the role to administer the state informly in the following aspects: economic, social, cultural, use of natural resources, environmental protection, national defense and security, and foreign affairs. 4. SOVEREIGNTY - sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely explanation can be provided. It is important to differentiate the idea of nation and state. Nation refers to a people rather than any kind of formal territorial boundaries or institutions. It is a collective identity grounded on a notion of shared history and culture. State refers to the Philippine government, the Philippine territory, and its internal and external sovereignty. This brings us the concept of the nation-state. It is a territorially bounded sovereign institution that governs individuals sharing a collective history, identity and culture. Gilpin, 2001 - variety of arguments are made including that nation-states continue to be the major players on the global stage. Conley, 2002, pp. 378-399 – “retain at least some power in the face of globalization Mann, 2007, p. 472 – “their efficacy in the face of globalization” and that the rumors of the demise of the nation-state are greatly exaggerated. Beland, 2008 – argued that “the role of the state is enduring – and even increasing – in advanced industrial societies” (p. 48). Glassner, 2000 – the state does not only respond to these threats, but may also exaggerate or create dangers, thereby making its citizens more insecure. Isikoff and Corn, 2006 – the United States even claimed that Iraq could kill millions by using offshore ships to lob canisters containing lethal chemical or biological material into American cities. INSTITUTIONS THE GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS International institutions are organizations that govern interactions between nations. They provide frameworks for cooperation, dispute resolution, and the establishment of global standards. Examples include the United Nations (UN), which promotes peace and security; the World Trade Organization (WTO), which regulates international trade; and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which oversees global financial stability. These institutions play a vital role in shaping the international system and addressing global challenges. PEACE TREATIES AND MILITARY ALLIANCES Global politics entails the relationship of the countries and different governments and non-government organizations. NATO and UN share a commitment to maintaining international peace and security. The two organizations have been cooperating in this area since the early 1990s,in support of peace-support and crisis-management operations. The UN is one of the leading political-organization in the world where nation-states meet and deliberate. However, it remains as independent actor in global politics. The premise for it's establishment was the restructuring of the world devastated after the second world war. The United Nation has four areas of functions 1. Military issues - where in they maintain the peace and security by working to prevent conflict, helping parties in conflict make peace; peace keeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish.  2. Economic issues - the main focus of UN is the reducing of global inequality. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) cover a range of concern for improvement of all aspects of life such as climate change, disaster risk reduction and gender equality. 3. Environmental issue - Pollution and hazardous wastes, are addressed through UN Environmental Program(UNEP).The increasing rate of greenhouse gas emissions, rising sea levels and occurance of extreme weather patterns are the effect of climate change. 4. Human Protection - UN promotes and protects Human Rights through different organizations and mechanism. A variety of UN sponsored Human Rights treaties and agreements have been done for human protection. The UN also believes in democracy and that it is interdependent with development and respect for all human rights. The UN is being criticized as being weak and unable to stop wars. Because of this NATO continues to play a big role in foreign conflicts. It is a defensive treaty or military alliance between the United states, Canada, and 25 European countries. The countries in this organization basically agreed to combine their militaries and announce to the world that if a country messes with one of its members, the other countries will come to their defense. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONAL Non-governmental organization (NGO) Another example of an international organizations that was developed out of war is the Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim Countries). It is considered as a non-governmental organization (NGO). This allows them to operate freely throughout the world. They provide emergency relief such as food, water and medicine supplies for those whose homes or towns have been destroyed by disaster or war. They also monitor the treatment of prisoner of wars and go to conflicts to make sure that no war crimes are taking place. In fact, the Red Cross began as an organization to help those who were wounded during wars. The big Red Cross worn by NGOs is the identification that they are not soldiers. Why it is important for the Red Cross to be an NGO is that they remain neutral and would help the wounded from both sides of war. Since they are neutral, governments are more likely to let them come into their countries to help. While the headquarters of the International Red Cross is in Geneva, Switzerland, they have branches all around the world.  - In addition to the Red Cross, there are many NGOs dedicated to helping people around the world. Doctors Without Borders provides free emergency healthcare in disaster areas; Oxfam fights famine and disease; Amnesty International speaks out for human rights and political prisoners; and Save the Children helps kids get health care and education. GLOBAL ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION: THE WTO AND NAFTA WTO is made up of 162 countries around the world and was created with the goal of increasing free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and sell goods from one another without placing taxes on imports or tariffs. In addition, tariffs are used to protect businesses and companies inside their country. NAFTA is an economic treaty between the United States, Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries trade freely without taxing each other. GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM What is Globalization? We can simply define globalization as the spread of technology, products, information, and jobs across nations. Globalization is a multidimensional economic and social process that began in the late 1970s. It involves a variety of interlinked economic, social communicational, political, and environmental phenomena. Moreover, globalization is characterized by the interconnection of local private and public markets in one global arena, with respect to globally accepted rules and regulations. What is Globalism? Globalism is a broad term we can generally define as an ideological commitment in favour of globalization. It's a view that considers globalization as entirely positive. Moreover, the ideology of globalism is based on the belief that people, information, and goods should be able to cross national borders unrestricted. It places the interests of the entire globe above the interests of individual nations. Globalism can also refer to a socio economic system that is dedicated to free trade and free access to markets. The main difference Between globalism and globalization is that globalism is an ideology based on the belief that people, information, and goods should be able to cross national borders unrestricted, while globalization is the spread of technology, products, information, and jobs across nations. INFORMATIONALISM Informationalism refers to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the previous paradigm of industrialism (Castells 1996). Globalism is tied to the notion of networks. For Castells (2000), "networks constitute the fundamental pattern of life, of all kinds of life". Since the world is connected because of globalization, it continues to intensify connections between people in different places. The growth of information as the binding force among people, things, and places around the globe. This technological paradigm, associated with computer science and modern telecommunication, that replaces industrialism is called informationalism. Three of the most cutting-edge aspect of the social world: ✓ Technology ✓ Media ✓ Internet Technology (Notable example of technological advancement is the founding of) "Federal Express" (FedEx), 1970s. It makes use of computer technology in it's deliveries New Media Age Televisions, radios, and newspapers have been shaping. Internet-an electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. Uses of internet: It allows us to be connected with the rest of the world. We can gain information by accessing different websites e.g. Facebook and Wikipedia GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP The idea of global citizenship goes beyond the usual thoughts about citizenship that are tied to local or national borders. Usually, being a citizen means having rights (like the right to vote) and responsibilities (like paying taxes) connected to a specific state. But global citizenship opens up a wider view of what it means to be part of the world. It’s about being aware of global issues, understanding different cultures, and seeing how local and worldwide contexts are linked up. Caecilia Johanna van Peski's definition sees global citizenship as a "moral and ethical disposition," which encourages people to understand and act responsibly in various communities, both near and far (Baraldi, 2012). She believes that global citizens act as bridges connecting local communities in our increasingly globalized world. They go beyond physical and cultural lines to make sense of the big issues affecting us all. Now, global citizenship doesn't mean everyone has to share the same views or values on globalization, since it’s really complex. Globalization shows itself in different ways. Some see it as good, while others push back against it. According to Jeremy Cohen (2006), globalization hasn’t exactly delivered for everyone. Critics point out that it often leaves behind the "bottom billion." These individuals don't have what they need to benefit from being part of this global mix, leading to resistance against ideas like **global capitalism and Westernization. When it comes to economic resistance against globalization, there are a few paths: 1. There's trade protectionism, where governments set up tariffs and barriers to help local businesses compete against foreign ones (McAleese, 2007). Even if it's often seen as not efficient, many still support protectionism because it helps local economies handle external problems. 2. Then we have fair trade, which goes against the usual free-trade ideas by pushing for a fairer economic system. It aims for clear conversations between producers & consumers to make sure prices are fair (Nicholls & Opal, 2005). Yet, fair trade struggles with getting widespread acceptance, especially among producers (Ritzer, 2015). So, embracing global citizenship means dealing with these tricky parts of globalization. We need to recognize that there are many possible futures for our planet and that individuals have responsibilities not just locally but also globally.