-Group-2-PPT-Report-.pptx.pdf

Importance of Global Interstate System The most important feature of the interstate system is that it is anarchic. Unlike politics within states, relations between states take place in a Hobbesian 'state of nature. ' Since an anarchic system is one in which all states co...

Importance of Global Interstate System The most important feature of the interstate system is that it is anarchic. Unlike politics within states, relations between states take place in a Hobbesian 'state of nature. ' Since an anarchic system is one in which all states constantly face actual or potential threats, their main goal is security.  Importance of Global Interstate System Economic – smootheraand faster access to financial aid – less costly in trading because of agreements and policies between countries making importation and exportation.  Importance of Global Interstate System Political – Establishing International Law that peoples abide, resulting into harmonious, peaceful, and orderly world. – a smoother resolved of disputes among countries that are under the same system. The Nation-State - The nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize themselves as countries. - Not all states are nations. Not all nations are states. The State - "An independent political communities each of which possesses a government and asserts sovereignty in relation to a particular portion of the earth's surface and a particular segment of the human population." (Hedley Bull) The Nation - "An imagined political community"—imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign (a conceptual definition by Benedict Anderson) - Emphasizing organic ties to hold groups of people together and inspire the senses of loyalty and belonging. (Schattle, 2014:933) Nationalism - A political movement to make nation the basis of a political structure, a national mindset that prioritizes its own nation above others and focuses on the promotion of interest. Internationalism - A political principle that places the interests of the entire world above those individual nations and argues for cooperation among nations for common good—Desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and people. Principles of Interstate System Sovereignty Territoriality Non-Interference Sovereignty - Sovereignty was originally meant to be the equivalent of supreme power. - The supreme authority of the state to manage its own domestic affairs, it has the authority to its management of the country itself. Territoriality -A term associated with non-verbal communication refers how people use space or territory to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possession. Non-Interference -the state cannot be interfered from the other state in the world with all due respect to the so-called Interstate system.  How does Globalization negatively affects local governments and local communities? Globalization impacts local governments and communities by bringing economic opportunities and pressures, influencing cultural dynamics, and requiring policy adjustments. It can lead to increased investment and competition, affect local traditions, and drive changes in infrastructure and services. Additionally, globalization can diversify local populations but may also limit local autonomy through international agreements and standards. The Global Interstate System - is a multinational complex web that joins countries from every corner of the world through which they interact, compete, and collaborate with other nations. This collaboration is aimed at safeguarding human rights, upholding the rule of law, and justice worldwide. Moreover, It addresses current global issues such as climate change and conflict, setting a course for a more balanced and interconnected world through shared human knowledge but at the same time having to deal with the risks related to having no global regulations. Political Globalization - the amount of political cooperation there between countries. Political globalization can lead to both positive outcomes, such as enhanced cooperation and collective action, and challenges, including the erosion of national sovereignty and the potential for unequal power dynamics among nations. CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Lesson Outline: 1. Global Governance 2. The Uncertainty of Sovereign Territorial State or Nation-State 3. The Rise of Non-State Actors 4. The United Nations Global Governance It refers to the way different countries, international organizations, and other actors on the world stage work together to solve global problems and challenges. It resembles a large group effort where everyone participates in finding solutions. Importance of Global Governance Because a single nation cannot effectively address many of the problems facing us today, such as terrorism, pandemics, and climate change which can also transcend national borders, having global governance is important. To solve these problems, it requires coordinated action and collective decision-making. The various actors Global Governance cooperates with: International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) - Entities established by treaties between sovereign states, consisting of member governments and operating at the international level to address global issues and coordinate policies. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - Private, non-profit organizations that operate independently from governments and work on a wide range of issues including humanitarian aid, environmental protection, and human rights. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) - Large multinational companies that operate in multiple countries, managing production, trade, and investment on a global scale. Benefits of Global Governance: Addressing Global Challenges Promoting Peace and Security Facilitating Economic Stability and Development Protecting Human Rights Fostering Innovation and Collaboration Challenges of Global Governance: Lack of Central Authority Geopolitical Tensions Inequality and Power Resource Limitations Imbalances Adapting to Rapid Change Complexity and Fragmentation Sovereignty vs Global Cooperation Accountability and Transparency The Uncertainty of Sovereign Territorial State or Nation-State Since the end of the Cold War, the world is heading toward a less centralized form of governance. As the United States is facing serious setbacks in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, many emerging powers such as China, Russia, and Brazil have formed regional alliances to create a multipolar and anti-hegemonic order. The Uncertainty of Sovereign Territorial State or Nation-State Multipolar – In a multipolar world, power is distributed among multiple influential nations or groups rather than being dominated by a single superpower. Anti-Hegemonic Order – is a system where power is distributed evenly among different countries or groups, promoting a more equal and cooperative approach, avoiding the dominance of one group. The Uncertainty of Sovereign Territorial State or Nation-State This is in stark contrast to the kind of political entity that determined our lives: the sovereign territorial state or “nation-state”. Most Western countries have lived under this kind of state since the late 18th century or possibly earlier. This kind of state has become the universal framework of social development. However, after centuries of serving as an example to most, if not all sovereign countries, this kind of state is entering a phase of uncertainty. The Uncertainty of Sovereign Territorial State or Nation-State The uncertainty arises because this model is being challenged by various factors, including globalization, regional integration, and the rise of non-state actors. As the international system evolves toward a multipolar world and new forms of governance emerge, the traditional concept of the sovereign state is facing new challenges and uncertainties. The notion of “Nation-state” has the following elements: Continuous and broken territory (preferred): This means that the land belonging to a nation-state is connected and not scattered. Sovereign territory: Refers to the idea that a nation-state has full control over its own land. A state that has clear and recognized territorial boundaries, a governing authority, and sovereignty over its territory. Monopoly on the Use of Force: This means that the nation-state is the only authority allowed to create and enforce laws within its borders. The notion of “Nation-state” has the following elements: Direct Rule: In a nation-state, the central government governs its people directly, without any other groups or organizations in between. Administration of Inhabitants: The central government manages all aspects of governance, including law enforcement, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. This centralization ensures uniformity in the administration of policies and services. The notion of “Nation-state” has the following elements: Representation and Sovereignty: In a nation-state, the government is seen as speaking for its citizens and derives its power and authority from them. And the ability to reflect and fulfill the collective will and needs of its citizens gives the state legitimacy. Homogeneity of the Population: The people living in the nation-state are expected to share common characteristics such as culture, language, or religion. This shared identity can foster a sense of unity and belonging among the citizens. Non-State Actors Includes organizations, is a group or individual who is not associated with, directed by, or supported by a government. Non-state actors could manage massive political and geographical power and participate in and act on international issues. Non-state actors have considerable power to influence, and effect change throughout the world. The Rise of Non-State Actors The increasing number of non-state actors has resulted in more diversity among potential stakeholders and partners. The growth of players genuinely representing stakeholders and making concrete contributions to current global issue resolution represents a shift away from the traditional state-centric approach to international relations. Common and Influential Classes of Non-State Actors Business Magnates - Wealthy individuals who have significant economic influence and power due to their ownership or control of major businesses and assets. Corporations - Large business entities that operate on a global scale and have substantial economic, social, and political influence. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) - Organizations that are governed by smart contracts and decentralized decision-making processes, typically using blockchain technology. The United Nations The UN is one important example of a non-state actor, an International Government Organization (IGO) playing a vital role in the world’s affairs. The UN seeks to maintain peace, protect human rights, provide humanitarian help, promote sustainable development, and acknowledge international law. The United Nations plays an important role in dealing with global issues and developing global relations. It has 193 member stats, and two observer states the Holy See and Palestine. Five Branches of The United Nations The UN General Assembly - The main decision-making and representative assembly and is responsible for upholding the principles of the UN through its policies and recommendations. The UN Security Council – Can authorize the deployment of UN member states’ militaries, can mandate a cease-fire during conflicts, and can enforce penalties on countries if they don not comply with given mandates. Five Branches of The United Nations The International Court of Justice – Can settle, according to international law, legal disputes between States and give opinions, mostly advisory, on legal questions brought to it by UN organs and agencies. The Economic & Social Justice – Assists the UN General Assembly in promoting economic and social development, as well as cooperation of member states. The Secretariat – Headed by the Secretary-General, provides studies, Information, and other dates when needed by other UN branches for their meetings. Global Divides: The North and the South ORIGIN OF THE GLOBAL DIVIDES During the Cold War, the global divide was made official with the East & WestPower. WEST POWER EAST POWER - United States - Soviet Union - Allied Countries - China They divide the world into three(3) categories that embodies 3 types of countries along the globe: the first world , the second world, and the third world. First World Second World Third World Composed of Industrialized and Former communist countries that Non- aligned world and as the democratic countries, which most aren’t quite in poverty but aren’t global realm of poverty and members were assumed to be prosperous either ( East Germany under-development.(Afghanistan, allied with United States against , Georgia, Poland, Ukraine , etc.) Latin America, Asian Soviet Union. (Canada, countries,etc.) Australia,Japan, Western Europe. The Brandt Report (1983) was published by a commission chaired by the former German Chancellor Willy Brandt. The Brandt Line is a visual depiction of the North-South divide. It encircles the world at a latitude of approximately 30 degrees North, passing between North and central America, north of Africa and the Middle East, climbing north over China and Mongolia, but dipping south so as to include Australia and New Zealand in the “Rich North”. It was proposed in the 1980s as away of showing how the world was geographically split into relatively richer and poorer nations. According to this model: Richer countries are almost all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. Poorer countries are mostly located in tropical regions and in the Southern Hemisphere. The Rich North The Poor South Global North The Global North (comprises one quarter of the world population) refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which are characterised by established democracy, wealth , technological advancement, political stability, aging population, zero population growth and dominance of world trade and politics. Global South The Global South ( are the developing countries) (comprises three quarters of the world population) represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, China, Latin American and others that are not as economically sound and politically stable as their global north counterparts and tend to be characterised by turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny (Odeh, 2010).  Global North Global South North America South Korea Malaysia Western Europe Hongkong Somalia Canada Macau Haiti Japan Lebanon Singapore India Australia Philippines New Zealand The terms the North and, when used in a global context, are alternative designations for “developed”and “developing” countries. The North-South divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. The Global North refers to the First World Countries. The Global South refers to the Third World Countries or the Developing Countries  Characteristics of the North Characteristics of the South ¼ of the world’s people ¾ of the world’s people 4/5 of word’s income 1/5 of world’s income Average life expectancy more than 70 years Average life expectancy of 50 years Most people have enough to eat 1/5 or more suffer from hunger and malnutrition Most people are educated ½ of the people have little chance of any education Over 90% of the world’s manufacturing industry Less than 10% of the world’s manufacturing industry About 96% of the world’s spending on research 4% of the world’s research and development and development THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL DIVIDES The impact of global divides is profound, leading to significant disparities between nations in terms of wealth, education, healthcare, and overall quality of life. Economically, wealthier countries enjoy higher income levels, access to advanced technologies, and robust infrastructures, while poorer nations struggle with poverty, unemployment, and lack of resources. 1. Economic Impact The wealth gap limits opportunities for trade and growth, with poorer nations facing poverty, unemployment, and reliance on foreign aid. 2. Educational Impact Unequal access to quality education in developing regions perpetuates poverty and hinders economic development. 3. Healthcare Impact Health disparities lead to higher mortality rates in poorer nations due to inadequate medical services and limited access to healthcare. 4. Social and Political Impact Global divides intensify social inequality and political instability, limiting opportunities and exacerbating conflicts in less-developed regions. 5. Environmental Impact Poorer countries face the greatest environmental risks from climate change, despite contributing the least to environmental degradation. DEVELOPMENT GAP The development Gap refers to the difference in levels of economic development between the world’s richest and poorest countries of regions. This gap is characterized by significant disparities in income , wealth ,health,education, and living standards. It highlights inequalities in access to resources, opportunities, and services across different parts of the world. There are many causes for these inequalities including: Availability of natural resources Different levels of health and education Conflict within and between countries and etc. CLOSING THE GAP The North-South Divide is criticized for being a way of segregating people along economic lines and is seen as a factor of the widening gap between developed and developing economies. However, several measures have been put in place to contact the North-South Divide including the lobbying for international free trade and globalization. The United Nations has developed a program dedicated to narrowing the divide through its Millennium Development Goals. This includes improving education and health care, promoting gender equality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. World Health Organization (WHO): WHO supports global public health initiatives, improves access to healthcare, and addresses health inequalities, particularly in developing countries, to ensure good health and well-being for all. UNICEF: UNICEF focuses on reducing inequalities faced by children in developing regions through initiatives in child rights, health, education, and welfare, aiming to close educational, health, and social divides. UN Women: UN Women works to achieve gender equality and empower women by addressing disparities in access to education, economic opportunities, and political participation for women and girls globally. World Food Programme (WFP): WFP fights hunger and improves food security by providing emergency food aid and supporting long-term programs in areas affected by poverty and conflict. Climate Action Initiatives: The UN’s climate programs, including the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, help nations transition to low-carbon economies and adapt to the impacts of climate change, particularly in vulnerable developing countries.  Asian Regionalism Objectives: Differentiate between regionalization and globalization. Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.  What is Region? Region is an area of land that has common features. Regions can be a combination of two or more than two regions organize to regulate and oversee flows and policy.  Asian Regionalism Defined as political, ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area. It usually results due to political separations, religions geography, cultural boundaries. Linguistic regions, and managerial divisions.  Evolution of Asian Regionalism In August 8, 1967, the ASEAN was born with five original members: Indonesia, The Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. ASEAN – Association of Southeast Asian Nations 1976 ASEAN’s first summit meeting What is Regionalism? The theory or practice of coordinating social, economic or political activities within a geographical region comprising a number of states. What is Globalization? The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across worlds pace and world-time. Differences between Regionalization and Globalization  Globalization Regionalism Nature Promote integration of economies across Divides an area into smaller segments. state borders all around the world. Market Allows many corporations to trade on Monopolies are more likely to develop. international level; it allows free market. Monopoly means one producer controls supply of a good or service, and where the entry of new producers is prevented or highly restricted. Cultural & Societal Relations Acceleration to multiculturalism through Does not support multiculturalism. free and inexpensive movement of people. AID Globalized international communities are A regionalized area does not get involved more willing to aid countries stricken by in the affairs of other areas. disasters. Technological Advances Globalization has driven great advances Advanced technology is rarely available in technology. in one country or region. Regional Integration Is the process by which two or more nation-states agree to co-operate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth.  Why do countries form regional associations? Military Defense – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to protect Europe from the threat of Soviet Union; and as a response, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact. Economic Crisis – The ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and South Korea established an emergency fund that stabilized Asian economies after the rippling effect of the Thai economy collapse. Resources – Countries need to pool their resources together to make themselves more powerful. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose in power when they took over domestic production and controlled crude oil prices across the globe. Protections of Independence – The countries under the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) refused to side with the capitalists (Western Europe & North America) or the communists (Eastern Europe).  Challenges to Regionalism Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism – this involves the conflict between the NATO, the United States, and Vladimir Putin’s Anti-NATO movement. Continuing financial crisis – The continuing crisis in the European Region continues to lead the United Kingdom into exiting the European Union. Conflict between sovereignty and regional stability – The Philippines had a difficulty in letting some countries support its condemnation of China’s occupation of the West Philippine Sea because China had given great investments and economic aid to these countries. Differing visions of Regionalism – Developed countries like the US may only see regionalism as a toll for political democratization, but developing countries see regionalism as an obstacle to economic globalization because public inquiry slows down its implementations.