Political Globalization Unit 3 PDF

Political Globalization Unit 3 Henry John Prio Course Facilitator Table of Contents Unit Three: Political Globalization Lesson 8: Globalization of Politics Lesson 9: The Global Civil Society Lesson 10: Issues and Challenges VIII. Globalization of Politics Global Politics International...

Political Globalization Unit 3 Henry John Prio Course Facilitator Table of Contents Unit Three: Political Globalization Lesson 8: Globalization of Politics Lesson 9: The Global Civil Society Lesson 10: Issues and Challenges VIII. Globalization of Politics Global Politics International relations – the study of political, military and other diplomatic engagements between two or more countries. Internationalization – exploration of the deepening of interactions between states. Interstate System Groups of independent states held together by a web of economic and strategic interests and pressures so that they are forced to take account of each other. those which make a conscious social contract by instituting rules and machinery to make their relations more orderly and predictable and to further certain shared principles and values.  The Concept of System International System and World System(s)  The Concept of System International System World System(s) A concept for analysis or description of A concept with which to analyze or international politics or relations describe mainly politico-economic global situations With a sense of prescription for Implications for political action are diplomatic or military action derived but only indirectly An analytical term, it is predicated Outward-looking and exploratory upon a definite notion of system Came to be accepted as an academic Began to be discussed in the 1970s, term in the late 1950s, soon becoming still maintaining popularity in the fashionable, but more or less obsolete academia. in the late 1990s. On elaborating the distinction between international system and society International System A system of states (or international system) is formed when two or more states have sufficient contact between them, and have sufficient impact on one another’s decisions, to cause them to behave—at least in some measure—as parts of a whole. -Hedley Normann Bull International Society A society of states (or international society) exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society, in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions. -Hedley Normann Bull Brief History of the International System States engage with one another in an environment known as the International System. All states are considered to be sovereign, and some states are more powerful than others. The system has a number of informal rules about how things should be done, but these rules are not binding. International relations have existed as long as states themselves. Overview of the Great Power System (1500-2000) Goldstein (2014)  The Peace of Westphalia (1684) Ended the Thirty Years’ War between Catholic and Protestant states in western and central Europe, established our modern international system. It declared that the sovereign leader of each nation-state could do as she or he wished within its borders and established the state as the main actor in global politics.  Balance of Power (1600-1800) The nation-state emerged as the dominant political unit of the international system. A series of powerful states dominated Europe, with the great powers rising and falling. Weaker states often banded together to prevent the dominant power from becoming too strong, a practice known as preserving the Balance Of Power. Frequent wars and economic competition marked this era.  Emergence of Nationalism (1800–1945) Nationalism emerged as a strong force, allowing nation-states to grow even more powerful. Italy and Germany became allied countries, which altered the balance of military and economic power in Europe. Goldstein (2014)  New World Orders (1945–Present) System Number Of Nations With Power Dates Nations With Power Unipolar One United States Post-1989 Bipolar Two United States and the Soviet Union 1945–1989 Multi- Several United States, United Kingdom, France, Pre–World War I Polar Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan United States, European Union, China, Post-1989 India A Plethora of Politics Political scientists usually use the terms international politics and global politics synonymously, but technically the terms have different meanings. International Politics, relationships between states. Global Politics, relationships among states and other interest groups, such as global institutions, corporations, and political activists. Comparative Politics seeks to understand how states work by comparing them to one another.  International Organizations Created either by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality. The role of international organizations is helping to set the international agenda, mediating political bargaining, providing a place for political initiatives and acting as catalysts for the coalition- formation. They facilitate cooperation and coordination among member nations. Characteristics of an International Organization The international organization is always based on a treaty The international organization is an association of States The international organization has its own organizational structure Legal Personality Two Types of International Organizations International Governmental Organizations formed when governments make an agreement or band together. Only governments/nation -states belong here International Non-Governmental Organizations INGOs are made up of individuals and are not affiliated with governments.  Important International Organizations Name Type Date Members As Of 2006 Founded Amnesty International NGO 1961 1.8 million members in 150 countries European Union (EU) IGO 1992 25 states, including the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Estonia International Olympic NGO 1894 115 individuals, who represent the Committee (IOC) IOC in their home countries Organization of Petroleum IGO 1960 11 states, including Venezuela, Qatar, Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Indonesia Salvation Army NGO 1878 Runs programs in more than 100 countries; has 3.5 million volunteers Save the Children NGO 1932 Helps children in poverty around the world, including the United States and Nepal United Nations (UN) IGO 1946 191 states, including Burkina Faso, Denmark, the United States, and Jamaica World Bank IGO 1945 Offers loans to more than 100 states, including Cameroon and Senegal Types of Organizations INGO: International Nongovernmental Organization BINGO: Business-oriented Nongovernmental Organization RINGO: Religious-oriented Nongovernmental Organization ENGO: Environmental nongovernmental Organization GONGO: Government-operated Nongovernmental Organization QUANGO: Quasi-autonomous Nongovernmental Organization Three fundamental principles on the powers of international organizations they are alternative in the sense that each of them can form the basis for power, a capacity for action. Specialization Implicit/ Subsequent of involvement Competences/ Practice powers Allocation of competences The UN’s Contribution to Law-making Taking the United Nations as The contribution of the the main organization at the United Nations to the global level, we can codification of international distinguish three aspects: law. The contribution of the United Nations to international development through resolutions. The contribution of the United Nations in the creation of binding standards for States. Global Governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of the planet. Its goal is to provide global public goods, particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry. One crucial global public good is catastrophic risk management. North-South Divide North - comprised of countries which have developed economies and account for over 90% of all manufacturing industries in the world. Although they account for only one-quarter of the total global population, they control 80% of the total income earned around the world. South - comprised of countries with developing economies which were initially referred to as Third World countries during the Cold War. relatively low GDP and the high population. The Third World accounts for only a fifth of the globally earned income but accounts for over three-quarters of the global population. IX. Global Civil Society The role of individuals and groups in globalization is viewed through collectivism Has some coordinated pressure in public policy  Four Primary Drivers for the Rising of Civil Society Increasingly transnational due to the spread of liberalism and democracy in societies around the world. Advances in communications and transport technology have reduced the costs and difficulties of organizing transnational political activity.  Four Primary Drivers for the Rising of Civil Society The growing numbers of IGOs can be a location which can generate the political agendas and spaces which cultivate a specific focus for civil society activity to engage with. Contemporary globalization has changed the moral landscape of political action with greater awareness of injustices occurring in various parts of the world and greater recognition of global problems which require globally coordinated action. Dynamics of Global Civil Society The “for” and the “against” Many forms of civil society activity are practical in nature, which attempt to reform specific policies or problems, and thus are not forms of activism that are attempting to initiate revolutionary change which aims to transform the underlying political structures of world politics. For some groups and causes, direct forms of civil society activism are the only hope for initiating social change that can realize justice.  The Influence of Global Civil Society Understanding the power of CSOs and global civil society requires a nuanced view of power evident in Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall’s typology of “compulsory power,” “institutional power,” “structural power,” and “productive power”  The Influence of Global Civil Society Transnational activists sometimes develop forms of “institutional power” where they are able to exercise indirect forms of control via formal or informal institutions, which set the policy agenda. The “structural power” of transnational activists is evident in direct efforts to influence the capacities of other actors by creating particular forms of incentives to act in ways which correspond with the agenda of certain CSOs.  The Influence of Global Civil Society Transnational activists can be seen to have “productive power” where they are able to indirectly influence and produce particular social capacities of governments and other actors. Compulsory power exists in the direct control of one actor over the conditions of existence and/or the actions of another Political Consequences of Global Civil Society A shift away from the conventional “Westphalian” image of interstate cooperation where states are the only significant political actors the emergence of “complex multilateralism” where states and IGOs are routinely overlayed by non-state actors considerable impact on the official processes of global decision-making. Activities of CSOs in global civil society offers a key way to promote various forms of transparency and accountability  X. Issues and Challenges New challenges of global governance for realizing the right to development. 1. The changing character of global governance and where it is located; 2. The geopolitics of the right to development stemming from the rise of the “Rest”, including BRICS, and the transformation of the global development agenda due to their rise; 3. The reorientation of the third world—the traditional constituency of the right to development—and the emergence of a more counter-hegemonic form of the third world; 4. The global crisis of ends and means, most visibly seen in the global financial and economic crisis that burst forth in 2008 and which strongly suggests that the right to development can no longer rest on a conception of development that is merely rights- friendly, humane and participatory and otherwise neoclassical, but must reckon with the limits to development itself and with the implications of such an approach for human rights.