Demographic Measures & Health Indicators PDF

Demographic Measures & Health Indicators objectives compute and interpret basic demographic measures; Enumerate and understand the uses of health indicators; discuss the advantages, and limitations of the various health indicators; and compute and interpret more commonly used heal...

Demographic Measures & Health Indicators objectives compute and interpret basic demographic measures; Enumerate and understand the uses of health indicators; discuss the advantages, and limitations of the various health indicators; and compute and interpret more commonly used health indicators. Demographic measures Demography - The scientific study of human population in which includes study of changes in population size, composition, and its distribution. Elements of demography Size: increase or decrease Composition: sex and age group Distribution: territory Population size ACTUAL VALUES are determined by conducting a population census CENSUS- a complete count of a population of a given place 1799 – 1,502,574 1877 - 5,984,727 2023 - 117,337,368 Two Methods of Population Allocation 1) DE FACTO METHOD 1) DE JURE METHOD The Philippine makes use of the DE FACTO method of population allocation when conducting a census, as well as in the registration of births and deaths. POPULATION COMPOSITION Determines the number or the percentage of the population according to the categories of important socio-demographic- economic variables. Factors Affecting Population Composition 1. Birth Rate Number of births per 1000 population Affected by factors such as fertility; societal value of children; government policies; culture, and religion 2. Death Rate Number of deaths per 1000 population Affected by factors such as disease, peace and order situation, medical technology, level of healthcare Factors Affecting Population Composition 3. Emigration Number of people leaving a country Affected by push factors – characteristics of a place that cause people to leave 4. Immigration Number of people moving into a country Affected by pull factors – characteristics of a place that attract people to it How to describe the age composition of a population 1. Median age The age below which we have 50% of the population The lower the median age, the younger the population Median age in the Philippines (2023) 25 One half of the population (50%) is aged 25 years old or over and the other half (50%) is below 25 years old. How to describe the age composition of a population 2. Age-Dependency Ratio An indicator of AGE-INDUCED ECONOMIC DRAIN on human resources Considers 2 dependent segment of the population: Children Elderly Computed as the ratio of the dependents to the economically active age-group of the population The resulting number is interpreted as the number of dependents that need to be supported by every 100 people in the economically active age-group Age-Dependency Ratio Number of persons 0-14 yrs old + Number of persons aged 65 years and over x 100 Number of persons 15 – 64 years old Age-Dependency Ratio Age Groups Number Percent 0 – 14 24,004,586 39.5 15 – 64 34,629,959 57.1 65 & over 2,063,445 3.4 Age-Dependency Ratio Age Groups Number Percent 0 – 14 24,004,586 39.5 15 – 64 34,629,959 57.1 65 & over 2,063,445 3.4 Age-Dependency Ratio Age Groups Number Percent 0 – 14 24,004,586 39.5 15 – 64 34,629,959 57.1 65 & over 2,063,445 3.4 How to describe the age composition of a population 3. Sex Ratio Computed by dividing the number of males by the number of females using a factor of 100 Interpreted as the number of males for every 100 females in the population Sex ratio at birth is generally about 105 and tends to decrease with age, eventually falling below 100 Sex ratio is generally higher in rural than in urban areas Sex-Ratio Sex-Ratio Sex-Ratio How to describe the age composition of a population 4. Population pyramid It is a graphical presentation of the age and sex structure of a population It answers the question, “What is the percentage, or how many men and women of every age-group are living in the population?” It is a special type of a histogram where: The male population is shown at the left and the females at the right The youngest age-group is the base and the oldest is at the top, with the age-groups chronologically arranged and represented by a horizontal bar Either the actual population count or the percentage of the population can be graphed. If percentages are used, the denominator must be the total population Health indicators What are HEALTH INDICATORS? Quantitative measures Describe and summarize various aspects of health status of the population Expressed as ratios, proportions, or rates Relative Measures discussed in the BioEpi Lec Ratio Proportion Rate How are health indicators used? 1. In determining factors that may contribute to causation and control of disease 2. In identifying public health problems and needs 3. In indicating priorities for resource allocation 4. In monitoring and evaluating health programs Common Health Indicators The most common health indicators are those related to birth and death Health indicator Frequency measures Fertility indicator Crude Birth Rate (CBR) General Fertility Rate (GFR) Mortality indicator Crude death rate Specific mortality rate Cause-of-death rate Infant mortality rate Maternal mortality ratio Proportional mortality ratio Case fatality rate Morbidity indicator* Incidence Rate and Proportion Prevalence Rate  BEFORE WE START! IMPORTANT NOTES: *K = some factors are not constant, hence, multiples of 10 are to be utilized (10,100,1000,1000~~~), the amount of factor depends on the case and population presented. *FOR HEALTH INDICATORS: when interpreting computed results, we round-up. Ex: 1.23 is 2, 3.56 is 4, 0.19 is 1 *If midyear population is not given → just compute the SUM of total population of females and males CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) Measures how fast people are added to the population through births Affected by fertility/marriage patterns, age-sex composition, accuracy of registration Availability of data allows for international comparisons  CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR) CBR = no. of registered livebirths in a year x 1000 midyear population Number Midyear population 94,083,200 Midyear population of women 15-44 years old 23,171,002 No. of registered births 1,782,981 No. of registered deaths 488,265 CBR = 18.95 or 19 livebirths per 1,000 residents GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR) More specific than the CBR since birth are related to the segment of the population deemed capable of giving birth. GFR = no. of registered livebirths x 1000 midyear population of women 15-44 years of age Number Midyear population 94,083,200 Midyear population of women 15-44 years old 23,171,002 No. of registered births 1,782,981 No. of registered deaths 488,265 GFR = 76.9 or 77 livebirths per 1,000 women age 15-44 years CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR) Measures how fast mortality occurs in a given population Affected by age-sex composition, adverse environmental and occupational conditions, peace and order conditions Should be interpreted with caution when used for comparing 2 or more populations Does not take into account the age composition of the population CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR) CDR = total deaths in one year x 1000 midyear population Number Midyear population 94,083,200 Midyear population of women 15-44 years old 23,171,002 No. of registered births 1,782,981 No. of registered deaths 488,265 CDR = 5.18 or 6 deaths per 1,000 population Specific Mortality Rates (SMR) Rates which measure the force of mortality in specific subgroups of the population Age specific Sex specific no. of deaths in a specified group in a calendar year x F midyear population of the same specified group Specific Mortality Rates (SMR) Group Midyear population Midyear Deaths 0-14 years old 14,101,980 846 15-29 years old 30,084,224 6,716,113 30-44 years old 16,992,376 3,098,005 45-59 years old 18,802,640 5,832,200 60-74 years old 9,401,320 2,690,078 75 years old and up 4,700,660 1,005,123 Males 47,181,500 8,173,044 Females 46,901,700 7,985,618 For this case, use 100,000 as the factor Specific Mortality Rates (SMR) SMR age: 5.99 or 6 deaths of 0-14 years old per 100,000 of population 22,324.37 or 22,325 deaths of 15-29 years old per 100,000 of population 18,231.74 or 18,232 deaths of 30-44 years old per 100,000 of population 31,017.98 or 31,018 deaths of 45-59 years old per 100,000 of population 28,613.83 or 28,614 deaths of 60-74 years old per 100,000 of population 21,382.59 or 21,383 deaths of 75 years old and up per 100,000 of population SMR sex: 17,322.56 or 17,323 Male deaths per 100,000 of population 17,026.29 or 17,027 Female deaths per 100,000 of population Cause-of-Death Rate Mortality rate from specified diseases or conditions Crude rate Affected by completeness of registration of deaths, composition of the population, and level of disease ascertainment in the community Used in determining the leading causes of mortality Cause-of-Death Rate = no. of deaths from a certain cause in a calendar year x F midyear population Cause-of-Death Rate Number Midyear population 94,083,200 No. of cases of acute watery diarrhea 59,373,261 No. of deaths due to acute watery diarrhea 23,467 No. of cases of tickborne rickettsial disease 47,781,269 No. of deaths due to tickborne rickettsial disease 14,879 No. of cases of cardiovascular disease 47,654,312 No. of deaths due to cardiovascular disease 20,675 No. of deaths in a year 104,256,012 For this case, use 10,000 as the factor Cause-of-Death Rate 2.49 or 3 deaths from acute watery diarrhea per 10,000 of population 1.58 or 2 deaths from tickborne rickettsial disease per 10,000 of population 2.19 or 3 deaths from cardiovascular disease per 10,000 of population Case Fatality Rate (CFR) Measures how much afflicted die from the disease High CFR indicates that disease is fatal Time element not annual but usual duration of the particular disease Affected by the nature of the disease, diagnostic ascertainment, and level of reporting in the population CFR = no. of deaths from a specific cause x F no. of cases of the same disease Case Fatality Rate (CFR) Number Midyear population 94,083,200 No. of cases of acute watery diarrhea 59,373,261 No. of deaths due to acute watery diarrhea 23,467 No. of cases of tickborne rickettsial disease 47,781,269 No. of deaths due to tickborne rickettsial disease 14,879 No. of cases of cardiovascular disease 47,654,312 No. of deaths due to cardiovascular disease 20,675 For this case, use 10,000 as the factor Case Fatality Rate (CFR) 3.95 or 4 deaths from acute watery diarrhea per 10,000 cases 3.11 or 4 deaths from tickborne rickettsial disease per 10,000 cases 4.33 or 5 deaths from cardiovascular disease per 10,000 of cases Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Sensitive and useful indicator of a country’s level of health and development Included in IMR: Poor maternal and child health care Malnutrition Poor environmental sanitation Deficient health service delivery Infant Mortality Rate = deaths under 1 year of age in a calendar year x 1000 number of livebirths in the same year Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) No. of registered births 1,782,981 No. of deaths