Syllogism Class Notes PDF

# SYLLOGISM ## Statements - **Universal:** information is 100% - **Positive form:** All markers are Black - **Negative form:** No marker is Black - **Particular:** information is <100% - **Positive form:** Some markers are Black - **Negative form:** Some markers are not Black ## S...

# SYLLOGISM ## Statements - **Universal:** information is 100% - **Positive form:** All markers are Black - **Negative form:** No marker is Black - **Particular:** information is <100% - **Positive form:** Some markers are Black - **Negative form:** Some markers are not Black ## Statements 1. All A are B 2. No A is B 3. Some A are B 4. Some A are not B. ## Example: - All markers are Black - No marker is Black - Some markers are Black - Some markers are not Black ## All students are Doctor. - **Each:** used in place of All. They give the complete information - **Every:** used in place of All. They give the complete information - **100%** ## Some students are Engineer. - **Many:** - **Most of:** - **Few:** - **at least:** - **More:** - **70%, 80%, 90%:** These do not give complete information and are used in place of Some # # ## Universal = 100 ## Particular = 50 ## Statement | Statement | 100 | 50 | |---|---|---| | All A are B | + | object | | NO A is B | - | object | | Some A are B | + | object | | Some A are not B | - | object | - If statement is +ve, then object is 50. - If statement is -ve, then object is 100. ## RULE 1: - If statement is positive, then conclusion must be positive. - If statement is negative, then conclusion must be negative. ## RULE 2: | Statement | Conclusion | |---|---| | All 100 | Some 50 | | Some 50 | All 100 | | Some 50 | Some 50 | # # ## All (100) can be written as some (50) But some (50) cannot be written as All (100). ## Ques-1 **Statement:** - All mangoes are Apples. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Apples are mangoes. 2. Some Mangoes are Apple. 3. All Apples are Mangoes. 4. Some Apples are not Mango. 5. Some Mango are not Apple. 6. No Mango is Apple. 7. No Apple is Mango. ## Ques-2 **Statement:** - Some Dogs are cats. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some cats are Dogs. 2. All Cats are Dogs. 3. All Dogs are Cats. 4. No Cat is Dog. 5. No Dog is cat. 6. Some Dog are not cat. 7. Some cat are not Dog. ## Ques-3 **Statement:** - No Chair is Table. (-) **Conclusion:** 1. No Table is chair. 2. Some Table are not chair. 3. Some chair are not Table. 4. Some chair are Table. 5. Some Table are chair. 6. All Table are chair. 7. All Chair are Table. ## Ques-4 **Statement:** - Some Cars are not Buses. (-) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Buses are not cars. 2. No Bus is car. 3. No car is Bus. 4. Some cars are Buses. 5. Some Buses are cars. 6. All Buses are Cars. 7. All Cars are Buses. ## Ques-5 **Statement:** - All Rains are Water. (+) - All Water are Blue. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Blue are Water. 2. Some Water are Rain. ## Ques-6 **Statement:** - All Raing are water (+) - All Water are Blue. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Rain are Water. 2. Some Water are Blue. ## Ques-7 **Statement:** - All trees are plants. (+) - All plants are green. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Green are plants. 2. Some Plants are green. ## **(iii)** Conclusion: 1. Some tree are plant. 2. Some plant are Green. ## **(iv)** Conclusion: 1. All plant are tree. 2. All green are plant. ## Statement: - All Rains are water. (+) - All water are cloud. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some clouds are water. 2. All water are Rain. 3. Some cloud are not water. ## Conclusion: 1. All Rains are cloud. 2. Some Rains are cloud. 3. Some cloud are rain. 4. All cloud are rain. 5. No cloud is rain. 6. No Rain is Cloud. 7. Some Rain are not cloud. 8. Some cloud are not Rain. ## For the combination of two terms, one term must be common from both statement and 100 must have from one of the statement. ## Conclusion from two positive terms is always true. ## RULE 3: | + | + | |---|---| | | 100 common | ## Statement: - All Cars are Buses. (+) - All Cars are Trains. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Buses are Trains. 2. Some Train are Buses. 3. All Bus are Train. 4. All Train are Bus. ## Statement: - All Trees are Plants. (+) - All forest are Plants. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. All trees are forest. 2. Some Trees are forest. 3. All forest are Trees. ## Statement: - All Books are Pens. (+) - All Pens are Copies. (+) - Some Pen are Test. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Book are Copies. 2. Some Copies are Book. **Conclusion:** 1. All Book are Test. 2. Some Test are Books. ## Statement: - All Engineer are Doctor. - All Doctor are Act. - All Act are Li. **Conclusion:** 1. Some Er are Li. 2. Some Li are Er. ## Statement: - Some students are Actor. (+) - All Actors are Fools. (+) - All students are Boys. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Boys are Fools. 2. Some fools are Boys. ## Statement: - No chair is Table. (-) - No Table is Desk. (-) **Conclusion:** 1. No Table is chair. 2. Some desk are not table. ## Conclusion: 1. No Chair is Desk. 2. No desk is chair. 3. All desk are chaus. 4. All chaves are desk. ## RULE 4: - Two or more than two -ve statement on combination do not form any conclusion. ## RULE 5: - + -ve Conclusion ## Statement: - All Locks are keys. (+) - No key is window. (-) **Conclusion:** 1. Some windows are not key. 2. Some keys are not lock. ## Conclusion: 1. No lock is Window. 2. Some lock are not Window. 3. Some Window are not Lock. 4. No Window is lock. ## Statement: - All Cars are Buses. (+) - No Train is car. (-) **Conclusion:** 1. Some Buses are not Train 2. No Bus is Train. 3. Some Train are not Buses. 4. No Train is Bus ## RULE 6: - + - Conclusion - When two tue statement are connected through -ve statement. ## Statement: - All Apples are Mangoes. (+) - All Oranges are Grapes. (+) - No Apple is Grape. (-) **Conclusion:** 1. All Orange are Mango. 2. Some Mangoes are not Orange. 3. No Orange is Mango. ## RULE 7: Either - or (option) - **Conditions for Either - or option:** - Both Conclusion must be wrong. - Subject and object are Same. - One should be tve and another should be -ve. - All & No either-or option is not used. ## Statement: - Some Dogs are animals (+) - Some Animals are Cats. (+) **Conclusion:** 1. No Dog is Cat. 2. Some Dogs are Cats. **Conclusion:** 1. Some Dogs are 2. All Dog are Cats. ## Conclusion: 1. All Dogs are cats. 2. No Dog is cat. ## Conclusion: 1. Some Dogs are Cats. 2. Some Animals are Dog. 3. No Dog is Cat.