Syllogismo Universal - Forma Positive e Negative

Study Notes

### Género e Número

In Hindi, the concept of "gender" is used for words that refer to masculine or feminine beings.
Most words fall into either masculine or feminine gender, with only a few exceptions.
Masculine gender (पुल्लिंग): Refers to male or masculine entities.
Feminine gender (स्त्रीलिंग): Refers to female or feminine entities.

### Classifying Words by Gender

Masculine gender examples:
- Words for boys, men, animals, countries, and objects like buildings.
- Examples: लड़का (boy), रमेश (a masculine name), देश (country), मोर (peacock), भवन (building).
Feminine gender examples:
- Words for girls, women, animals, and some objects.
- Examples: लड़की (girl), सीमा (a feminine name), शेरनी (lioness), िचिड़या (sparrow).
Common gender words: Do not change gender and are used for both masculine and feminine, referring to professions and titles.
- Examples: चांसलर (Chancellor), डॉक्टर (doctor), मैनेजर (manager), राजनीतिज्ञ (politician).

Rules for Determining Gender

Masculine gender rules*:
Days of the week: सोमवार (Monday), मंगलवार (Tuesday), etc.
Months: चैत्र (Chaitra), वैशाख (Vaisakha), etc. (Exceptions: जनवरी (January), फरवरी (February), मई (May), जुलाई (July) are feminine).
Gems: हीरा (diamond), पन्ना (emerald), मोती (pearl), etc. (Exceptions: सीपी (shell), रूबी (ruby), मिण (mineral) are feminine).
Substances: रक्त (blood), घी (clarified butter), पैट्रोल (petrol), etc.
Metals: सोना (gold), पीतल (brass), लोहा (iron), etc. (Exception: चाँदी (silver) is feminine).
Animals: कौआ (crow), मढ़क (frog), खरगोश (rabbit), भेड़िया (wolf), उल्लू (owl), etc.
Trees: नीम (neem), पीपल (peepal), जामुन (jamun), etc.
Mountains: कैलाश (Kailash), अरावली (Aravalli), हिमालय (Himalaya), etc.
Grains: गेहूँ (wheat), बाजरा (millet), चावल (rice), etc. (Exceptions: दाल (lentils), वार (rice), अरहर (pigeon pea), रागी (finger millet) are feminine).
Planets: रवि (Sun), चंद्र (Moon), etc. (Exception: पृथ्वी (Earth) is feminine).
Body parts: पैर (foot), पेट (stomach), गला (throat), etc.
Letters of the alphabet: Most letters, except इ (i), ई (ee), ऋ (ri), ए (e) and ऐ (ai), are masculine.
Seas: शांत महासागर (Pacific Ocean), अंध महासागर (Atlantic Ocean), etc.
Places: वाचनालय (library), शिवालय (temple), भोजनालय (dining hall), etc.
Professions: उपन्यासकार (novelist), कहानीकार (storyteller), नाटककार (playwright), etc.
Collective nouns: समाज (society), दल (group), संघ (association), etc.
Abstract nouns ending in “-पणा” or “-वा” which indicate a state of being and are often used in the singular.
Sanskrit words (तत्सम words): Usually masculine.
Words ending in “-श” or “-व”: usually masculine.
Words ending in “-ख” or “-ज”: usually masculine.
Large or bulky objects: usually masculine.
Abstract nouns: often masculine.
Words ending in “-एरा”, “-दान”, “-वाला”, “-खाना”, “-बाज”, “-वान”, or “-शील”: usually masculine.
Words ending in “-अथ” and “-दाता”: usually masculine.
Feminine gender rules:*
Scripts: देवनागरी (Devanagari), रोमन (Roman), etc.
Rivers: गंगा (Ganga), यमुना (Yamuna), सरस्वती (Saraswati), etc.
Languages: हिंदी (Hindi), संस्कृत (Sanskrit), अरबी (Arabic), etc.
Dates: थमास (1st), ितिथया (2nd), तृतीया (3rd), etc.
Vines: जूही (jasmine), चमेली (jasmine), मिल्का (milkwort), etc.
Animals: कोयल (cuckoo), चील (eagle), मैना (myna), etc.
Female animals: When the word for a male animal is followed by the word “नर”, the female version is feminine. For example: नर मैना indicates a male myna, while मैना alone indicates a female myna.
Letters of the alphabet: इ (i), ई (ee), ऋ (ri), etc.
Sanskrit words ending in “-इ”, “-ई”, “-ऋ”, “-उ”, “-ऊ”, “-ए”, “-ऐ”, “-ओ” and “-औ”.
Words ending in “-िका” and “-णी”: usually feminine.