Power and Authority in the Modern World (1919-1946) PDF

Syllabus Revision: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919–1946 Use your class notes, the textbook and other research if necessary to write study notes for the topic. For each syllabus point, make 5-8 dot points. (approx) Syllabus Area Study notes Survey period (3 hours...

Syllabus Revision: Power and Authority in the Modern World 1919–1946 Use your class notes, the textbook and other research if necessary to write study notes for the topic. For each syllabus point, make 5-8 dot points. (approx) Syllabus Area Study notes Survey period (3 hours only)- brief notes an Treaty of Trianon- June 1920 overview of the - Hungary lost territory to romania and yugoslavia peace treaties - Military reduced to 35,000 standing army which ended World War I and Treaty of Saint- Germain- september 1919 their - Austria lost territory to Czechoslovakia, Poland and Italy consequences - Military reduced to 35,000 standing army Treaty of Versailles - June 1919 Military: army reduced to 100 000 soldiers, no tanks or air force, u-boats and navy restricted. Effect: The honor of the german military was destroyed Economic: pay 6.6 billion pounds in reparations Effect: causing germany to admit sole responsibility for causing war, reparations crippled economy Territory and colonies: lost significant territory to poland, gave up claim to all of overseas colonies Effect: forbidden to unite with austria, humiliated from colony loss War criminals: Article 231, listed germans responsible for war including kaiser Wilhelm II and his general chefs Effect: leaders labelled as criminals League of nations: was established in 1920 Effect: not attempted as a member of League of nations Focus of study: The rise of dictatorships after World War I the WWI and Treaty of versailles: conditions that Both contributed to extreme economic, political and social hardship: enabled dictators - Germany had war reparations 6.6 billion pounds and there war cost was 37 to rise to power in billion for damages, treaty of versailles continued to demonise various the interwar groups such as jews for the blame of the war ‘stab in the back’ myth heavily period propagated by hitler - Russia had the treaty of brest-litovsk resulted in them losing 62 million people as result in loss of colonies, one third of agricultural land and sic billion marks in reparations - Italy had 3,400 civilians killed on the homefront and 650,000 soldiers killed out of 5 and a half million soldiers deployed, Italians believed they were short changed by terms of the treaty as they had been promised land to build their country such as part of the ottoman empire but they never received it. - Japan was less affected but still lost soldiers contributed 800,000 men to allied war effort but lost 300 and 907 were wounded. However, the  Japanese government claimed more than 4000 missing or dead over 4000. Growth of extreme ideologies: Germany had nazisim Russia had socialism and communism later stalinism Italy had Facism Japan had imperialism All had nationalism this was used in a conjunctions with their other ideologies Effects of nationalism for all: - The impression that their race was suprior to others this caused almost nationwide development racist and xenophobic attitudes - Produced a national attitude to “fight for their countries” - Used the concept scapegoat to justify racism - Lead to negligent attitudes towards league of nations Great depression: The great depression included - inflation, wage depreciation, unemployment, under and over production. - Hitler used the GD to grow as the middle-class standard of living collapsed, many turned to nationalism and hitler used this to promise Germany he would save them, resulting in an increase of party seats in government. - Mussolini had Italy being self-sufficient as a component of his ultra- national fascism ideology. Causing Italy to be less affected by the GD but he reacted fast and had plans for major building jobs and increased employment during GD. - Japan was hit hard as it relied heavily on trade of silk which caused the considered motive of invading Manchuria in China this caused a validation of tojo's imperialist aims. These factors were significant in the post-war years as they allowed dictators to capitalize on these hardships by promising their people that if they followed them they would be liberated. Causing their demoralized citizens to pin their hopes and dreams to the concept of a dictator. an Russia overview of the A ‘left-wing’ regime. features of the - Sought to implement a specific ideology of Marxism to achieve a classless dictatorships that communist society. emerged in - Conditions: Compared with Western Europe, Russia was still socially and Russia, Italy, economically backwards. Like the other European powers, Russia suffered from Japan the effects of WW1, but because of its economic isolation from 1917, it did not encounter the same kinds of hardships from the Great Depression. - By creating a cult of personality around the former ruler Lenin, Stalin claimed to be Lenin’s chosen successor, promoting greater support for his leadership as compared to Trotsky who was inclined to present himself as Lenin’s equal. - After rising to power by the late 1920s, Stalin manufactured a high degree of popularity through the use of propaganda, whereby his image came to dominate everyday life in the Soviet Union, lauding him as an inspirational figure. - Writers, artists, filmmakers, and composers now had to work within the framework of ‘Social Realism’ which demanded that all efforts should be didactic. → Instrumental in developing Stalinist cult of personality. - Further, there was an application of terror structure in order to maintain total control. → E.g. NKVD (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) had become a permanent part of the regime, affecting every facet of Soviet life. - Show trials were a political tactic employed by Stalin, whereby alleged enemies would be tried for crimes against the state in public. → It would be A theatrical display of ‘justice’ seving to instill fear amongst society. - Any possible sources of opposition were removed through purging. Also gulags were used as instruments to punish rivals of the Stalinist regime. that “... Soviet citizens at all levels of society were subjected to intense Historian Theda Skocpol comments secret police surveillance, vulnerable to possible arrest for real or imagined infractions.” - Five Year Plans were created which dictated the direction in which the economy was to take, emphasising the importance of collectivisation and industrialisation in transforming Russia from a backwards country to a global superpower. However, whilst Stalin was successful in doing so, it came at a huge cost in human life. Italy - Italian Facisim was unlike other European dictatorships. Although there was suppression of individual freedom, Benito Mussolini’s dictatorship was nowhere near as brutal as Hitler’s or Stalin’s regimes. - - Conditions: Even though it was on the winning side, Italy left the Paris Peace Conference a deeply dissatisfied nation. It had lost over 500 000 men in the war. The future fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, would make revision of the post-war settlement as his prime goal after rising to power. - - ^ Further, Italy’s political system and economy were in severe distress. → By the end of 1919 there were more than two million unemployed men in Italy. At the same time, the value of the Italian currency plummeted and the cost of living rose dramatically. - - It was against this background of chaos that the Facist Party of Benito Mussolini made its move towards taking power. - - By February 1921, the party had 100 000 members. In October 1922, Mussolini led the famous March on Rome which was a powerful public display of the strength of the movement. - - Ideology: The core of Mussolini’s Fascism was the assertion of nationalism. Beyond that, it was defined more by what it opposed than by what it stood for. → Fascists were primarily anti- communist and anti-democratic, with their movement emerging from the widespread disillusionment and discontent in the aftermath of WW1. - - Features: Press freedom disappeared, with all efforts turning towards developing a personality cult around the figure of Mussolini. Great emphasis on the indoctrination of young people to ensure that the Fascist regime was to last in the future. Similar to Germany’s ‘Hitler Youth Movement’ and Russia’s ‘Komsomol’, Italy’s youth was placed into the ‘Avanguardia’ and the ‘Giovani Italiane’ for boys and girls respectively. - - Aim: Having consolidated his domestic position, Mussolini’s attention centered on foreign policy in order to achieve a revision of the 1919 Paris Peace Settlement. - According to Historian Mark Mazower, the trigger for the rise of Mussolini - and his Fascist Party had been the introduction of universal male suffrage - as part of the 1919 reforms, meaning that every male over 21 could vote. In - other words, real democracy had created fears among the more - conservative sections of the community. Japan By the early 20th century, Japan could be ranked among the leading industrial powers in the world. - Japan had come out of WW1 in good economic shape. → However, this did not last as a recession began to take hold when Western powers  raised their tariffs on Japanese products, with the effects of the downturn being compounded by Japan’s rapidly increasing population. - Japan made gains from the Paris Peace Conference. It gained control of German concessions in China were granted mandates over Germany’s former North Pacific colonies including the Mariana, Caroline and Marshall Islands. However, its failure to achieve the inclusion of a racial equality cause in the Covenant of the League of Nations was a slight that was never forgotten by the Japanese. - Following the Wall St Crash, the worldwide depression in October 1929 significantly impacted Japan due to its reliance on exports. Many began to believe that Japan’s problems of over-population, food shortages, and economic stagnation could only be solved by expansion overseas. - Against this background, in September 1931, members of the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria concocted an explosion on the south Manchurian railway. In retaliation, the city of Mukden was occupied. - ^ Why? → Japan wanted to acquire living space by exploiting its weaker neighbors. - Dictatorship in Japan took a different form. On the surface, the civilian government seemed to continue to operate. However, in reality, it was the military that was in control of the country. - In the years following the invasion of Manchuria, violence afflicted Japanese politics on a daily basis. The military were not united, with many various factions existing. The two main ones were called the ‘Control Group’ and the ‘Imperial Way’, with the letter wanting to stage an Army revolution. - Propaganda and education were of utmost importance, with Emperor Hirohito being given divine status. - After a long military career, Hideki Tojo (1884-1948) became Prime Minister of Japan in October 1941, paving the way for his dictatorship in the following months when he eventually took over the posts of Minister for War, Minister for Armaments, Minister for Education, and Chief of the Imperial Army General Staff. - Tojo prompted people personally loyal to him, exiling those who were not. - Tojo was a member of the Control Faction. - In 1933, Tojo was chosen to take command of the Kempeitai, the Japanese military police, and to control and ultimately crush the influence of the Imperial Way. The Nazi regime to 1939 the Collapse of weimar republic: rise of the Nazi - Had structural issues such as a bad voting system known as proportional party and Hitler in representation caused difficulty in getting laws passed Germany and the - The Treaty of Versailles caused the republic to have a rough start because collapse of the of the harsh terms of the treaty which caused economic and social Weimar Republic problems that threatened the strength of the republic. Later in 1922, they announced they couldn't pay the reparations due to rising debt. - ^ nazis took advantage of issues by showing there nationlism and strength - Kapp putsch contributed to the decline of the confidence and support of the republic, supports of the kapp were natural supporters of the nazi party later. - The Rhur crisis (france seized land from germany) contributed to hyper inflation which the nazis exploited to a great extent. - The government's response to Hyperinflation was heavily criticized as they reacted by printing more money decreasing value even more. - The middle class saw their money burn before their eyes this cause a deeper resentment to the government as foreigners were getting richer at their expense. this caused a spread raidcal and nationlisict need by the community which nazi party captilaised on for support. - The munich putsch was an overall throw of government hitler and assoictes