Abnormal Psychology 9th Edition Chapter 15 - Health Psychology PDF

5/29/24 Because learning changes ever...

5/29/24 Because learning changes everything.® Abnormal Psychology 9th Edition Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Yale University © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Chapter 15: Health Psychology © McGraw Hill LLC 2 1  5/29/24 Chapter Outline Psychological Factors and General Health. Psychosocial Factors in Specific Diseases. Interventions to Improve Health-Related Behaviors. Sleep and Health. © McGraw Hill LLC 3 Allostatic Load Physiological arousal that results from a chronic stressor when it lasts over a period of time. Result of persistent uncontrollable and unpredictable stress. Implicated in the link between psychological and physical problems. © McGraw Hill LLC 4 2  5/29/24 Introduction Health psychology—explores how biological, psychological, and social/environmental factors interact to influence physical health. Also called behavioral medicine. Biopsychosocial approach to understanding of physical health. © McGraw Hill LLC 5 Figure 1 Components in a Biopsychosocial Approach to Physical Health. Access the text alternative for slide images. Source: Baum, A., Perry, N. W., Jr., & Tarbell, S. (2004). The development of psychology as a health science. In T. J. Ball, R. G. Frank, A. Baum, & J. L. Wallander (Eds.), Handbook of clinical health psychology: Volume 3. Models and perspectives in health psychology (pp. 9–28). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. © McGraw Hill LLC 6 3  5/29/24 TABLE 1 Leading Causes of Death in the United States, 1900 and 2015 Source: Data for 1900: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office Table 1, 1975, 429; Data for 2015: Murphy, Xu, Kochanek, Curtin, & Aria. (2017). Deaths: Final data for 2015. National Vital Statistics Reports, 66(4), 2017. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 7 Psychological Factors and General Health Appraisals and Pessimism. Causes arousal of the body’s fight-or-flight response. Contributes to poor health. Leads to people engaging in unhealthy behaviors. Reduces positive coping strategies. Coping strategies. Avoidance coping—Denying that one is ill or is facing other obvious stresses. Talking about negative emotions and important issues appears to have positive effects on health. © McGraw Hill LLC 8 4  5/29/24 Gender Differences in Coping Women. Physiological changes associated with the fight-or-flight response are less prominent. Seek support from others and have large social networks. Emotionally, cognitively, and physiologically sensitive to marital conflict. Men. Have a much smaller network of people they turn to for support. Less likely to share personal issues and concerns with others. Less likely to benefit physiologically from relationships. © McGraw Hill LLC 9 Cultural Differences in Coping People from Asian cultures are generally reluctant to reach out to others for social support. Find ways to benefit from their social networks that don’t involve revealing personal concerns. European Americans benefit more from explicit forms of seeking social support than from implicit forms. © McGraw Hill LLC 10 5  5/29/24 Psychological Disorders and Physical Health Psychological disorders. Result in physical health problems. May share a common genetic cause with medical illness. May create medical disorders and vice versa. May lead to a person being more pessimistic. More likely to engage in negative health habits (e.g., smoking) and less likely to engage in positive health habits (e.g., exercise). © McGraw Hill LLC 11 Psychosocial Factors in Specific Diseases Immune system: Protects from disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. Innate immune system—Reacts quickly and nonspecifically to any microorganism or toxin. Specific immune system—Slower and specifically tailored response to pathogens. Affected by stress and negative interpersonal events. © McGraw Hill LLC 12 6  5/29/24 Cancer Some studies provide support that psychosocial factors may affect the course of cancer. Psychosocial factors—Sense of control and optimism. Coping behaviors—Seeking social support. Stress reduction. Other studies do not support these findings but do say that these factors may improve quality of life. © McGraw Hill LLC 13 HIV/AIDS Progression of HIV/AIDS is affected by: Antiretroviral drugs. Psychological factors. Chronic stressors. Stress both before and after infection. © McGraw Hill LLC 14 7  5/29/24 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Occurs when blood vessels supplying the heart are blocked by plaque. Complete blockage causes a myocardial infarction. Men are more prone than women. Major risk factors are lifestyle choices. Connected to stress and disruption of the social environment. © McGraw Hill LLC 15 Hypertension Condition in which blood flows through vessels with excessive force. Puts pressure on vessel walls. Can be traced to genetics or to specific organic causes. Most cases are essential hypertension, meaning that cause is unknown. Developed by chronically stressful conditions. © McGraw Hill LLC 16 8  5/29/24 Type A Behavior Pattern Components include: Sense of time urgency. Easily aroused hostility. Competitive striving for achievement. Risk factor for coronary heart disease. Hostility component is most significant. Men are more likely to have the Type A personality pattern and other risk factors. © McGraw Hill LLC 17 Modifying Hostility to Improve Cardiovascular Functioning Combination of cognitive and behavioral techniques improves cardiovascular health. Reduces Type A behavior. Helps hostile participants learn to express themselves. Helps reevaluate certain beliefs that might lead to urgent and hostile behavior. © McGraw Hill LLC 18 9  5/29/24 Depression and Coronary Heart Disease Depression doubles the risk of recurrent heart attacks and mortality. Associated with reduced heart rate variability. Less likely to engage in healthy habits and more likely to engage in unhealthy habits. Increasing physical exercise is an important target of intervention. Antidepressants or cognitive-behavioral therapy have limited effects. © McGraw Hill LLC 19 Improving Health Related-Behaviors: Guided Mastery Techniques Target self-efficacy beliefs. Provide information about how to engage in positive health- related behaviors. Increase skills related to positive health behavior. Participation is affected by cultural norms. © McGraw Hill LLC 20 10  5/29/24 Improving Health-Related Behaviors: Internet-Based Health Interventions Delivered to individuals who cannot access in-person programs. Provide low-cost exercise and nutrition programs to large segments of the population. Potential public health impact of these programs is great. © McGraw Hill LLC 21 Sleep and Health Consequences of sleep deprivation. Poor health. Psychological effects. Impairs memory, learning, logical reasoning, arithmetic skills, complex verbal processing, and decision making. Irritability, emotional ups and downs, and perceptual distortions, such as mild hallucinations. Death in certain cases. Affected by stress. © McGraw Hill LLC 22 11  5/29/24 Figure 4 EEG Recordings During Various Stages of Sleep. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 23 Sleep Disorders Disturbances in sleeping or staying awake. Causes. Psychological disorder. Physiological effects of a medical condition. Substance abuse. Substance-induced sleep disorder. © McGraw Hill LLC 24 12  5/29/24 Insomnia Insomnia disorder: Chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or sleep that does not restore energy and alertness and leads to clinically significant distress or impairment. Episodic insomnia—Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep. Lasts a few days and is an isolated occurrence. Tied to a specific stressor. Triggered by any major stressor. © McGraw Hill LLC 25 Treatment for Insomnia 1 Cognitive-behavioral interventions. Reduce worries about sleep and address maladaptive beliefs about sleep loss. Control conditions that interfere with sleep. Sleep restriction therapy. Restrict amount of time people with insomnia try to sleep. Includes relaxation exercises. Education on effects of diet, exercise, and substance use on sleep. © McGraw Hill LLC 26 13  5/29/24 Treatment for Insomnia 2 Drug therapy. Antidepressants. Antihistamines. Tryptophan. Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP). Melatonin. Benzodiazepines. © McGraw Hill LLC 27 Hypersomnolence Disorders and Narcolepsy Hypersomnolence disorders: Excessive sleepiness. Expressed as an excessive quantity of sleep or a low quality of wakefulness. Narcolepsy: Recurrent attacks of: Irrepressible need to sleep. Lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day. Cataplexy: Sudden loss of muscle tone lasting under 2 minutes. © McGraw Hill LLC 28 14  5/29/24 Biological Factors in Hypersomnolence Disorders and Narcolepsy Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Lacking cells in the hypothalamus that secrete the neurotransmitter hypocretin, which promotes wakefulness. Narcolepsy without cataplexy. Low levels of hypocretin. Biological factors implicated in hypersomnia and narcolepsy without cataplexy. Low levels of histamine. Genetic factors. © McGraw Hill LLC 29 Hypersomnolence Disorders and Narcolepsy: Treatment Stimulants. Sodium oxybate and selegiline. Antidepressants. © McGraw Hill LLC 30 15  5/29/24 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders Central sleep apnea. Complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time. Sleep-related hypoventilation. Episodes of decreased breathing associated with high carbon dioxide levels. Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. People snore loudly, go silent and stop breathing for several seconds at a time, and then gasp for air. © McGraw Hill LLC 31 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders 1 Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia due to a difference in person’s circadian sleep–wake pattern. Types. Delayed sleep phase type—Persistent pattern of delayed sleep onset and awakenings. Inability to go to sleep or wake up earlier if desired. Advanced sleep phase type—Persistent pattern of sleep onset and awakenings that are two or more hours earlier than desired. © McGraw Hill LLC 32 16  5/29/24 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders 2 Irregular sleep-wake type—Do not have a discernable sleep-wake rhythm. Non-24-hr type—Have a free-running sleep–wake cycle not calibrated with the light–dark cycle of the day. Shift work type—caused by working rotating shifts or irregular hours. Treatment. Behavioral interventions. Administering melatonin at prescribed times. © McGraw Hill LLC 33 Disorders of Arousal Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that seem to mix elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep. Sleep terror disorder: Sleeping child screams, appears to be awake and afraid. Sleepwalking disorder: Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about. Confusional arousals—Episodes of incomplete awakening during NREM sleep. Do not involve sleep terrors or sleepwalking. © McGraw Hill LLC 34 17  5/29/24 Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Complex, dangerous, or violent behaviors during REM sleep are frequent and impairing. Violent behaviors characteristic of REM sleep behavior disorder are comorbid with other sleep–wake disorders. Treatment. Clonazepam. Melatonin. © McGraw Hill LLC 35 Nightmare Disorder Frequent nightmares causing distress or impairment in functioning. For a diagnosis, the nightmares must be frequent enough to cause significant distress or impairment in functioning. Treatment. Cognitive-behavioral interventions—Desensitization. © McGraw Hill LLC 36 18  5/29/24 Restless Legs Syndrome Creeping, crawling, tingling, itching sensations in legs making it difficult to sleep. Resulting in fatigue, mental health problems, and difficulty functioning. Associated with: Increased rates of depression and anxiety. Specific genetic loci. Abnormalities in the dopamine system. Iron deficiencies. Treatment—Drug therapy. © McGraw Hill LLC 37 Figure 5 Reciprocal Effects of Psychological, Social, and Biological Factors in Stress-Related Disorders. Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill LLC 38 19  5/29/24 Because learning changes everything.® www.mheducation.com © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20