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LECTURE 1 physical world that involves Scientific Revolution observation and experimentation. Lesson 1: Understanding Science and Scientific Revolution (1543–1687) Scientific Revolution...

LECTURE 1 physical world that involves Scientific Revolution observation and experimentation. Lesson 1: Understanding Science and Scientific Revolution (1543–1687) Scientific Revolution Started early 16th century to the 18th century in Europe. SCIENCE Started with the invention of printing - an organized body of knowledge, machines that allowed the mass wisdom, and experiences production of reading materials and concerning the natural and physical flourished the intellects from different world that can be based on the places. attitudes, processes and skills as the Era of enlightenment and body of knowledge is formed intellectualization that nurtured the (Pawilen, 2006). fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. It Gribbin (2003) as historical perspective modernized the understanding and An intellectual as well as a social practices of science and gave birth activity carried out by humans in to scientific processes and their pursuit to have a better experimentations. understanding of the natural world. Major: Scientific Developments Science can be defined as: Astronomy: Shift from geocentrism a. It is an idea - it comprises ideas, to heliocentrism; development of beliefs, theories and all systematic telescopes and improved reasons and observations on the observational techniques. natural and physical world. Physics: Introduction of the scientific method; exploration of motion, b. It is a personal and social activity - it forces, and gravity. includes activities of human beings Biology: Advances in understanding to acquire better understanding of human anatomy through dissection, the world. notably by Andreas Vesalius, and the study of microorganisms initiated c. It is a courser or field of study - it is a by Robert Hooke and Antonie van subject in basic education, discipline Leeuwenhoek. or a field of study in higher education Chemistry: Transition from alchemy that deals with the process of to modern chemistry, including the teaching and learning about the identification of elements and the natural and physical world. This is study of chemical reactions. what we call as science. Technology d. It is an intellectual activity - it is a body of knowledge devoted to incorporates a methodical and creating tools, processing actions, applied study of the natural and and extracting materials.  is human knowledge that involves Spheres) 1543. Presented a model tools, materials, and systems. The of the universe everything moved application of technology typically around a particular center at results in products. consistent rate, the sun to be is machinery and equipment centerpiece of the universe while all developed from the application of the planets are orbiting the sun scientific knowledge. every year. The moon would be is dynamic; it keeps on improving seen orbiting the Earth. because our needs and demands for He positioned the planets in order of technology keep on changing. increasing distance from the sun. Roman Catholic Christ church Society prohibited and ignored the Is a kind of collective entity, as is a publication of the Copernican model nation, a state, an organization, and for the rest of the 16th century. a family. is a large social grouping that shares Charles Darwin the same geographical territory and A genius who came from a line of is subject to the same political intellectually gifted and wealthy authority and dominant cultural family. Johnson (2012) expectations. Student of Shrewsbury School Any group of people who have lived Endorsed by his professor to join a and worked together long enough to five-year expedition through HMS get themselves organized and to Beagle on the island of Galapagos think of themselves as a social unit Published the book “The Origin of with well defined limits. Species” which presented pieces of evidence on how species evolved Lesson 2: Intellectual revolutions and over time. Presented pieces of defined Society evidence on the traits and adaptations that are unique for Scientist that has notable contributions: different species. The Descent of Man - made a major Nicolaus Copernicus contributions on evolutionary biology “thought experiment” and physics of science. That adds appointed as a canon at From Bork value to evidence-based science. Cathedral in Poland after a Doctorate degree. Sigmund Freud influenced by the book Epitome famous in the field of psychology published by a exploring the complexities of the German Johannesburg Mueller in human mind. 1946 containing the observations of Psychoanalysis an excellent method the heavens and some commentary to study the human mind and on earlier works. neurotic illness scientifically. De revolutionibus orbiting coelestium Proposed that human behavior is (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly influenced by irrational forces,  desires, and conflicts. Suggesting numeral 20 and developed the that human beings are not fully concept of zero and positional aware of the motivations behind their value. actions. Lesson 3: Cradles of Early Science LATIN AMERICA: INCAN CIVILIZATION 1. Building roads covered with stones Development of Science in 2. Constructing stone structures that Mesoamerica could survive earthquakes and other Mesoamerica - refers to the entire natural calamities area of Central America from 3. Developing QUIPU, a system of southern Mexico up to the boarder of knotted ropes to keep records that South America. only experts can interpret. Rich culture and indigenous 4. Inventing a calendar with 12 knowledge system. months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for LATIN AMERICA: MAYAN CIVILIZATION planting season. Is one of the prominent civilizations 5. Developing irrigation system and during the ancient period that lasted technique for storing water for their for approximately 2000 years. crops to grow in all types of land. Known for their works in astronomy 6. Creating Inca textiles. Advanced knowledge of astronomy in the design of their temples and LATIN AMERICA: AZTEC CIVILIZATION other religious structures allowing 1. Mandatory Education - the Aztec them to use these temples for puts value on education. Their conducting astronomical children are mandated to get observation. education regardless of their social Two Mayan Calendar Systems class, gender or age. Developed technology for growing 2. Antispasmodic medication - they different crops and for building used a type of antispasmodic elegant cities using ordinary medication that could prevent machineries and tools muscle spaces and relax muscles, Hydraulic system with complex which could help during surgery. waterways to supply water to 3. Chinampa - it is a form of Aztec different communities technology for agriculture in which Built looms for weaving clothes. the land was divided into rectangular Devised a rainbow of glittery paints areas surrounded by canals made from a mineral called MICA. 4. Invention of the canoe - it is a light First people to produce rubber narrow boat used for traveling in products water systems First civilization to use writing 5. Chocolates - the Aztec in Mexico system known as Mayan developed chocolates. The Aztec Heiroglyphics valued the cacao beans as part of Known in mathematics created a their offerings to the Gods number system based on the  6. Aztec Calendar - this calendar Decimal System: The place value enabled them to plan their activities, system and decimal notation were rituals and planting season. formalized in ancient India, providing a foundation for modern arithmetic. Astronomy: Aryabhata calculated the EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION length of the solar year and proposed Writing and Literature heliocentric theories long before they - Invention of the hieroglyphic writing were recognized in the West. system Ayurveda: This ancient system of - Development of papyrus as a writing medicine, documented by Charaka and material Sushruta, includes surgical techniques and - Creation of extensive literature holistic health practices that are still relevant including religious texts, legends, today. and scientific writings Surgery: Sushruta is often referred to as the "father of surgery," having performed EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION complex procedures including cataract Iconic architectural achievements surgery and plastic surgery. like the pyramids and temples Sanskrit Literature: The Vedas, Significant progress in mathematics, Upanishads, and epics like the geometry, and astronomy Mahabharata and Ramayana have had a Accurate mapping of the Earth's profound impact on literature and surface philosophy globally. Establishment of a 365-day solar calendar ASIA:CHINA Innovations in medicine and surgery Papermaking: The invention of Advancements in agriculture and paper during the Han irrigation techniques dynasty revolutionized Belief in the afterlife and record-keeping and education. mummification of the dead Silk Road: This network of trade Establishment of a highly organized routes facilitated the exchange of society and government goods, ideas, and culture between East and West, shaping global Development of Science in Asia commerce. Asia - largest continent in the world Cultural Influence: China's the home of several ancient civilization has significantly civilization influenced neighboring countries, spreading its language, governance, ASIA: INDIA and cultural practices. Concept of Zero: Ancient Indian Printing: Development of mathematicians particularly woodblock and movable type Aryabhata, were instrumental in printing facilitated the spread of developing the concept of zero, literature and knowledge. revolutionizing mathematics. Compass and Gunpowder: These inventions greatly influenced  navigation and warfare, respectively, The Philippine government impacting global history. introduced and implementedcseveral Confucianism and Daoism: These programs, projects, and policies to philosophical systems have shaped boost the area ofcscience and social structures, ethics, and technology. governance in East Asia and The goal is to prepare the whole beyond. country and its people to meet the Buddhism: The spread of Buddhism demands of a technologically driven from India through China influenced world and capacitate the people to spiritual practices and cultural live in a world driven by science. exchanges across Asia. AMBISYON NATIN 2040 MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES Abrahamic Religions: The Middle Government Policies Pertaining to East is the birthplace of major world Science and Technology religions, including Judaism, A. Republic Act 10055 - known as Christianity, and Islam, which have the Philippine Technology shaped moral and ethical Transfer Act of 2009. It aims to frameworks globally. provide a framework and support Philosophical Thought: The region system for the ownership, contributed significantly to management, use and philosophical discourse, particularly commercialization of intellectual during the Islamic Golden Age, property resulting from R&D funded which preserved and expanded by the government. upon ancient Greek and Roman B. Republic Act 2067 - known as knowledge. Science Act of 1985. It focuses on the integration, coordination, and AFRICAN COUNTRIES intensification of scientific and Trans-Saharan Trade: This network technological research and facilitated the exchange of goods, development and fostering such as gold and salt, an contributed inventions to provide funds for other to the rise of powerful empires like purposes. Mali and Songhai. Nubia and Kush: These civilizations contributed to trade, cultural exchanges, and the spread of ironworking technology. LECTURE 2 Science Education in the Philippines Philippine Government Science and Basic Education Technology Agenda  PH Science Education - R.A. 7722 MIMAROPA Campus (Romblon) lead by CHED, DEPED and Bicol Region Campus (Camarines Sur) Kagawaran ng Edukasyon. Western Visayas Campus (Iloilo City) Science as one of the focus of K+12 Central Visayas Campus (Cebu) program. Eastern Visayas Campus (Leyte) Presents importance of science and Central Mindanao Campus (Lanao del technology Norte) Provides learners with a repertoire of Southern Mindanao Campus (Davao City) competencies important in the world SOCCSKSARGEN Region Campus and in knowledge-based society. (South Cotabato Philippine Science High School - Caraga Region Campus (Butuan City) problems like Teacher - student Zamboanga Peninsula Campus (Dipolog ratio, lack of facilities, Lack of City) teaching materials and equipment The Problem in Science Education a. Teacher - student ratio Tertiary Education b. Lack of teaching materials and refers to all formal post-secondary equipment education, including public and private universities, colleges, DOST and its Existing Programs technical training institutes, and vocational schools. There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine government R.A. 7722 through the Department of Science and Commission on Higher Education Technology (DOST) was created to oversee the system Providing funds for basic research of higher education in the country and patents related to science and and to formulate policies, plans, and technology programs for the development of Providing scholarships for public and private higher education. undergraduate and graduate studies in the field of science and Philippine Science High School is a technology specialized public high school system in the Establishing more branches of the Philippines which operates as an attached Philippine Science High School agency of DOST. It has 16 System campuses located in the following areas nationwide: DOST Projects Main Campus (Quezon City) Balik Scientist Program to Ilocos Region Campus (Ilocos Sur) encourage Filipino scientists abroad Cagayan Valley Campus (Nueva Vizcaya) to come home and work in the CAR Campus (Baguio City) Philippines Central Luzon Campus (Pampanga) Developing science and technology CALABARZON Campus (Batangas City) parks in academic campuses to  encourage academic and industry Selected Indigenous Science and partnerships. Technologies The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Indigenous Science Engineering Complex within the is a product of indigenous University of the Philippines campus knowledge perfected by people in Diliman. through life experiences. It may connote traditional and non- Philippine Government and DOST scientific knowledge because it - With the agency's elevation to full includes superstitious beliefs and cabinet stature by virtue of Executive practices which maybe products of Order 128 signed on 30 January human imagination. 1987, the functions and responsibilities of DOST expanded Examples of indigenous science include: correspondingly to include the Traditional health habit practices following: Use of herbal medicines Knowledge on preserving foods Pursue the declared state policy of Building irrigation system supporting local scientific and Making wines and juices from fruits technological effort Classifying different types of soil for Develop local capability to achieve planting technological self- reliance. Local method of growing vegetables in the Encourage greater private sector yard participation in research and Method of calculating and estimating development. Knowledge on mineral resources in the community Balik Scientist Program Making products such as vinegar, cheese On June 15, 2018, President and nata Rodrigo R. Duterte institutionalized de coco the program with RA 11035 "Balik Scientist Act" also known as the Balik Scientist Act. Then after three Philippine Indigenous Technologies (3) months, the DOST crafted the implementing rules and regulations Pedro Flores - Yoyo (IRR) and MC No. 006 of the Balik - a toy consisting of an axle Scientist Law. It aims to: connected to two disks and a string looped around the axle. Reverse the effect of the brain drain Strengthen S & T capabilities Accelerate flow of technologies Promote knowledge of sharing Dr. Fe del Mundo - Medical Incubator  - This tool was purposely invented to TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF regulate the body temperature of LIVING newbworn babies. “Technē” - Greek word for art or Dr. Abelardo Aguilar - Erythromycin craft - Antibiotic erythromycin produced by Martin Heidegger is a German the bacterium Streptomyces philosopher known for his essay erythreus found in the soil from his “The Question Concerning own province in Iloilo. Technology” Martin Heidegger’s defined techne in relation to technology as a skill Ruperta David - Patis related to both craftsmanship and - Accidentally discovered patis in art. 1940s when she noticed that some Technology is the application of that of the salted fish she stored in a jar scientific knowledge to create turned into fragments that turned devices that solve problems and into liquid. carry out tasks. Maria Orosa y Ylagan - Banana Catsup Heidegger’s Main Criticisms: - She focused on creating another Technology is not purely flavor of catsup, the banana catsup. technological - solving problems Filipinos love to use this condiment caused by technology cannot be for every fried food. solved by simply improving technology Rolanda de la Cruz - Anticancer cream Modern technology turns the - Developed from cashew nuts and world into a "standing-reserve" - It other local herbs to treat basal skin reduces nature to a tool for human carcinoma (BSC). exploitation the world's resources are seen as "good for" something Rolanda de la Cruz - Mole remover else rather than inherently valuable. - Another invention in 2000 and it Modern technology challenges remove warts and moles on the skin. nature to provide energy - it unlocks and transforms energy from Diosdado Banatao - 16-bit microchip natural resources for human - This chip allows the computer users purposes to make graphical presentation using The essence of modern graphics and commands. technology is not technological - the parts that make up technological devices belong to the technological, but the activity of assembling them is what truly defines modern technology. LECTURE 2 Functions of Technology 1. Instrumental Function - Technology is a Heidegger's concept of "revealing means to an end. It is used as a differ from the modern tool to solve problems and accomplish understanding of technology's tasks. purpose: Revealing is focused on understanding nature, while modern 2. Anthropological Function - Technology is technology exploits it human activity. It involves the advancement of scientific knowledge and the use of different technical The Concept of Enframing processes to complete a task. In Martin Heidegger's philosophy, the concept of enframing (gestell) is Heidegger’s Four Causes central to understanding the a. Material Cause essence of modern technology. b. Formal Cause Enframing refers to the mindset or c. Efficient Cause "frame of mind" that drives humanity. d. Final Cause Heidegger questions the role of Heidegger's Four Causes VS Aristotle humanity in the process of challenging nature through ***Aristotle's causes are focused on enframing. creation, while Heidegger’s are about uncovering truth Challenging nature for Energy - Idea of "challenging forth" in modern Bringing-Forth in Technology technology alter humanity's relationship with nature: It forces Poiesis and Physis nature to serve humanity's purposes, Poiesis: is revealing through depleting its potential technology or the act of bringing forth an object through creation or Question: art. It is practiced by craftsmen and What are the potential consequences of artists who utilize their skills (techne) enframing on society’s view of the to create meaningful objects. natural world? - It turns nature into a series of Physis: is revealing through nature; resources to be exploited. This is the natural emergence of things, where objects come into Challenging Nature for Energy being without human intervention. - The windmill is used to exemplify how modern technology. The wind, In Martin Heidegger's philosophy, which is a natural resource, is aletheia refers to the concept of challenged by the windmill to provide unconcealment or truth, which plays energy. This process exposes the a crucial role in understanding the wind's potential for manipulation by nature of technology. technology. Heidegger’s criticism of  modern technology to today’s digital First domesticated animals were landscape: Digital technology goats, sheeps, and chickens. enframes human creativity, treating it Large animals like oxen and horses as a standing-reserve known as the “beasts of burden” were used in plowing and LECTURE 4 transportation activities. HUMAN FLOURISHING 4. Changes in human body Humans The change in the diet of humans Humans scientifically known as led to the evolution of the body Homo sapiens are the backbone of shapes to help them adapt to hot today’s society. and cold climates (Aiello, 1997). Aristotle described humans as rational thinkers capable of thinking The following are the changes that and reasoning. happened to the human body. a. Short bodies and long guts (6 Characteristics of Humans that Evolved million years ago) Over Time b. Tall bodies and short gut (9 million years ago) 1. Walking upright c. Compact bodies (400,000 Ancestors of humans gradually years ago) evolved over millions of years to d. Bones were smooth and become bipedal beings. weaker (50,000 years ago) Bipedalism allowed our ancestors to climb trees, walk on the ground, and 5. Complexity of brains move around to different habitats for Larger and complex brains survival. Change due to challenges they encountered in the environment 2. Use of different tools Humans forage, hunt, and fish for Physical environment- climate, diet food consumption. and food availability Used stones, wood, bone, ivory Social environment- group size, metals and learned to produce and parental care use fire. Practiced metal smelting which led 6. Social life to the use of bronze. Humans are social beings. Interactions led to the formation of a 3. Domestication of animals society. Hunters and gatherers started Society came from the Latin word domesticating animals. “societas” meaning friendly Humans started to settle association with others. permanently. Raised animals for clothing, Being part of the society is important medicine and shelters. because:  a. Mutual support Eudaimonia from the Greek word b. Formation of social groups “well” and daimon or daemon c. Cultivation of culture meaning ”spirit”. d. Regulation of policies and Eudaimonia is defined as a standards contented state of being happy, e. Pursuit of common goal healthy and prosperous. It is an objective state that 7. Use of language and symbols characterized the well-lived life as Used different languages, symbols an individual’s ideal emotional and sounds to communicate. state. Paintings convey and store e.g., some people believe that the information. ultimate satisfactions is meeting God Used jewelries and other in heaven. adornments to reflect their age, sex Virtue ethics- normative ethical and social status. theories developed by ancient Greek Improvement continued to modernity philosophers. and now uses printing press, These virtues ethics are linked to computers etc. arete “excellence of any kind that is necessary in order for one individual Human Flourishing to flourish and attain the good life”. “Aristotle teaches that each man' life has a purpose and that the junction of one’s life is History of Eudaimonia to attain that purpose. He explains that the purpose of life is earthly happiness or Human flourishing according to Aristotle flourishing that can be achieved via reason Eudaimonia is explained in his and the acquisition of virtue." Nichomachean Ethics back in the 4th century BC. Human Flourishing Happiness is conditional for it is It is defined as an effort to achieve dependent on other conditions. self-actualization and fulfillment Individual’s worldly conditions are within the context of a larger important in his or her pursuit of community of individuals, each with eudaimonia. the right to pursue his or her own Eudaimonia is not instrumental good efforts. but rather, the ultimate good for it is It is the highest good of human intrinsically good or good in its own endeavors. sake. It is the ability to live a good life. Community is important for Humans need to satisfy their individual to flourish as a human needs and demands which lead to being. inventions, technologies, and Friendship is a contributing factor in research. attaining eudaimonia. According to Aristotle, when humans Human flourishing in the Christian desire ends, we reach eudaimonia, perspective flourishing, or happiness.  St. Augustine of Hippo and St. 1. Positive emotion Thomas Aquinas proposed that Positive emotion is joy, interest eudaimonia or human flourishing contentment and love contrary to requires one to have knowledge of negative emotions. God. It contributes to a pleasant life. John Locke stressed that happiness is pursued through prudence. 2. Engagement Perform everything with enthusiasm. Human Flourishing Conscious with what they are doing. Flourishing is equal to a positive mental health; thus, it leads to: 3. Relationships Relationship is formed through Positive emotional and physical interactions or connections with well-being other people. Positive psychological and social When there is relationship there is functioning shared feelings and experiences Resilience and faster recovery with one another. from stress Positive relationship is believed to be part of the evolution of humans. In Martin E. P. Seligman’s well-being theory, human 4. Meaning flourishing goes beyond individual Meaningful life is felt with happiness; it also encompass belongingness. psychological well-being. It proves your meaning or purpose with other people and reflect man’s Well-Being Theory by Martin E. P. value or worth. Seligman Philosopher Thomas Nagel believes in cosmic insignificance- that man There are five pillars under the Well-Being does not affect the universe, but only Theory: man’s immediate environment. 1. Positive emotion 2. Engagement 5. Accomplishment 3. Relationships Accomplishment denotes success or 4. Meaning achievement. 5. Accomplishment It happens when you successfully finished tasks after a lot of hard PERMA MODEL work. Attained goals bring happiness and satisfaction to humans as they are admired and adored by other people for their achievement. There are five pillars under the Well-Being LECTURE 5 Theory: THE GOOD LIFE