Science, Technology & Society: Intellectual Revolutions (PDF)

Science, Technology and Society Image result for Ptolemy photos Related image Image result for Copernicus photos Related image...

Science, Technology and Society Image result for Ptolemy photos Related image Image result for Copernicus photos Related image Image result for Sigmund Freud Image result for Tim Berners-Lee photos Image result for Steve Jobs photos Image result for Machu Picchu photos Image result for Olmec photos Image result for Bill Gates photos  INTRODUCTION It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people. There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs. Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution. The idea of science revolution claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe. Intellectual Revolution  Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.  It explained the mergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned. Intellectual Revolutions as transformed by: FREUDIAN REVULOTION COPERNICAN REVOLUTION DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Intellectual Revolutions 1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION In the early times, people questioned what created days and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was actually out there. Intellectual Revolutions 1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets to explain the movements of heavenly bodies and their effects on the world as they knew it. Many of these philosophers agreed that planets moved around in circular motion and that these movements created days and nights, among others.  Image result for Ptolemy photos Intellectual Revolutions 1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION A famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth. The sun and the moon’s revolution explained the existence of days and nights. He believed that the Earth was at the center – a concept known as geocentrism. Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time. Intellectual Revolutions 1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the Earth but actually the sun. Copernicus was persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were against what was widely accepted by religion. Related image Intellectual Revolutions The Copernican theory caused the paradigm shift of how the Earth and the sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (Earth is the center of the solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the Earth revolving around it). In Copernicus book: ▪ Copernicus wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at varying rates. ▪ He placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. In this model: ▪ Copernicus outlines two kinds of planetary motion: 1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus closer to the sun. 2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the sun. ▪ Therefore, this model : 1. work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the Sun. 2. placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the sun. ▪ One of the great problems in the Copernicus model was the position of the stars. ▪ The stars cannot be placed in a fixed position like crystals in a distance sphere. ▪ Copernicus is also a courageous man. ▪ Copernican model makes sense now. ▪ During those times, it was judges to be heretic and therefore it was unacceptable idea taught to Catholics. ▪ The Catholic Church banned Copernican model and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16th century.  2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION The Darwinian revolution was one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. This theory became very controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator. The theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth’s creation. Related image 2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist published his book, On the Origin of Species. In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which posited that population passed through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution.  ▪ Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. ▪ This book is one of the most important works in scientific literature. ▪ Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with overwhelming evidence. ▪ Like many other scholars, Darwin accumulated many pertinent materials and data that he could ever possibly need to substantiate his theory. ▪ His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species. Charles Darwin ▪ Darwin’s observational skills as a scientists were extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of plants and animals into the realms of humans. ▪ In his book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial. ▪ He introduced the idea of all organic life, including human being, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. ▪ This replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a privileged position of having been created by God. ▪ Darwin’s theory of evolution scientifically questioned this view.  2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Eventually, Darwin’s theory created conflict, the people were divided – some believed that the theory explained the origin of life, but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it. It even sparked a massive debate between science and religion. It was only after some time that people came to understand that the Darwin’s theory of evolution was not in fact against the teachings of the church and both coexist.  Intellectual Revolutions 2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION In general, the Darwinian revolution has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology. This revolution provided a different than the “Theory of Creation.” The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book “The Origin of Species” that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution. Image result for Sigmund Freud Intellectual Revolutions 3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. Image result for Sigmund Freud Intellectual Revolutions 3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behaviour. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behaviour and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego.  Intellectual Revolutions 3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since its concepts were more philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it. Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders. Intellectual Revolutions 4. INFORMATION AGE The Information Age began around the 1970s and still going on today. It is also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily.  Intellectual Revolutions 4. INFORMATION AGE The Renaissance influenced the Information Age by creating the idea inventions, while too advanced for the time, the basic idea was used to develop modern inventions. There were many different inventions that came about because of the Information Age, one of which was the computer. The Internet allowed people to access information with touch of a button.  Intellectual Revolutions 4. INFORMATION AGE The Internet has turned society into homebodies, individuals who do everything from the comfort of their homes instead of venturing outdoors to complete tasks. Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates are several important people of the Information Age. Image result for Tim Berners-Lee photos Intellectual Revolutions 4. INFORMATION AGE Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web.  Image result for Steve Jobs photos Intellectual Revolutions 4. INFORMATION AGE Steve Jobs created the first effective personal computer called the Apple 1, a huge advancement in computer sciences and it carved the path for the computers we have now. Apple has created iPhone, iPod, iPad, iMac and Apple TV. Image result for Bill Gates photos Intellectual Revolutions 4. INFORMATION AGE Bill Gates is also a huge force in the Information Age. He founded Microsoft, which creates almost everything that has to do with computers. Microsoft develops programs like Microsoft Office, Windows, and many other influential products. Cradle of early science 5. Meso-Americans ▪ Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. ▪ There is no doubt that the Mesoamerica region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ One of the most famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years. ▪ These people are known for their works in astronomy. ▪ They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. ▪ This allows them to use their temples for astronomical observations. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time. ▪ As evidence by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. ▪ Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. ▪ These calendars were very useful for their life especially in planning their activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and buildings elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. ▪ Mayans built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans used various tools and adapt themselves to innovations especially in the field of arts. ▪ Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica. ▪ Mayans also believed to be the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844. Mesoamerican rubber ball A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. ▪ Mayans re also famous as one of the world’s first civilization to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Mayan Civilization ▪ Mayans are also skilled in Mathematics and created a number system based on the numeral 20. ▪ Mayans independently developed the concept of zero and positioning value, even before the Romans did. A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization ▪ Inca made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization. ▪ The following were scientific ideas and tools developed by the Incans to help them in everyday life: 1. Roads paved with stones. 2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disaster A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land. A.Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season A.Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 5. The first suspension bridge A.Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 6. Quipo, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret A.Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Inca Civilization 7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievement A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Aztec Civilization ▪ Contributions of Aztec to Science and Technology and to the Society 1. Mandatory Education ▪ The Aztec puts value on education, that is why their children are mandated to get educated regardless of their social class, gender, or age. ▪ It is an early form of universal or inclusive education. 2. Chocolates ▪ The Aztecs in Mexico developed chocolate during their time ▪ In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency ▪ The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods. 3. Invention of the Canoe ▪ A light narrow boat used for travelling in water system A. Development of Science in Mesoamerica ▪ The Aztec Civilization ▪ Contributions of Aztec to Science and Technology and to the Society 4. Antispasmodic medication ▪ They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscles which could help during surgery. 5. Chinampa ▪ It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals. 6. Aztec Calendar ▪ This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season. Aztec Chinampa and canoe Intellectual Revolutions 6. ASIAN Science and technology in Asia is varied depending on the country and time. In the past the Asian civilizations most notable for their contributions to science and technology were India, China and the West Asian civilizations. At present, probably the most notable country in Asia in terms of its technological and scientific achievement is Japan, which is particularly known for its electronics and automobile products. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders. The Indians creativity developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ India are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. ▪ Their steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire. Ancient Indian Metallurgy B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ India is also famous in medicine ▪ Example: Ayurveda- a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2,500 BC is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Indians also discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to developed medicines to cure various illnesses. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Some ancient Indian text, like Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Ancient India is also notable in the field of Astronomy. ▪ They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. ▪ The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written in 12th century covers the following topics: ▪ Mean longitude of the planets ▪ True longitudes of the planets ▪ The three problems of diurnal rotation ▪ Solar eclipses ▪ Rising and settings ▪ Conjunctions of the planets with each other ▪ Paths of the sun and the moon. ▪ Conjunction of the planet with the fixed stars B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. ▪ Earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. ▪ The people of this civilization tried to standardized measurement of length to a height degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-Daro ruler. B. Development of Science in Asia 1. India ▪ Aryabhata (476-550) Indian astronomer and mathematician ▪ Aryabhatiya ▪ Introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra. ▪ Brahmagupta (628 AD) ▪ Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, ▪ lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit  7. MIDDLE EAST Today, in almost every aspect of our daily lives we are indebted in many ways to the Arab contributions to the sciences. The vast contributions, scholarly achievements and innovations of the Arab/Muslim era to world civilization encompassed much of the previous knowledge of the ancient civilizations of the Middle East such as Mesopotamia, and Syria. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, known as Geber in the West, was the most famous scientist in early chemical research and was labelled as the “Father of Chemistry”. ▪ In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. ▪ His two most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and the Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century. ntellectual Revolutions 7. MIDDLE EAST Even more than mechanics and engineering, breakthroughs in mathematics were one of the main Arab contributions to western civilizations. The Arabs developed the concept of irrational numbers, founded analytical geometry and established algebra and trigonometry as exact sciences. Their development of computational mathematics surpassed all the achievements of the past. Intellectual Revolutions 7. MIDDLE EAST Without the simplicity and flexibility of the Arabic numerals and the decimal system, along with the concept of the zero, Western science would have been almost impossible. It was under the patronage of Arab caliphs that hospitals as we know them today were first established in the 8th century. From that era, they continued to improve upon the healing arts of the ancient world.  Intellectual Revolutions 7. MIDDLE EAST They added true hospitals with codified administration and wards, establishing these in ideal locations throughout the Islamic world. Added to these institutions were medical schools, medical libraries, apothecary shops, and pharmacies. In general, the intellectual revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth of individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region. Intellectual Revolutions 8. AFRICA Africa has the world’s oldest record of human technological achievement: the oldest stone tools in the world have found in the eastern Africa and later evidence for tool production by our hominin ancestors have been found across Sub-Saharan Africa. The history of science and technology in Africa since then has however, received relatively little attention compared to other regions of the world, despite notable African developments in mathematics, metallurgy, architecture and other fields. Intellectual Revolutions 8. AFRICA Another major achievement found in Africa was the advance knowledge of fractal geometry. The knowledge of fractal geometry can be found in a wide aspect of African life from art, social design structures, architecture, to games, trade, and divination systems. In astronomy, ancient Egyptians may have observed, for example, the positions of two stars in the Big Dipper which was known to the Egyptians as the thigh. Intellectual Revolutions 8. AFRICA Three types of calendars can be found in Africa: lunar, solar and stellar. Most African calendars are a combination of the three. African calendar include the Akan calendar, Egyptian calendar, Berber calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Igbo calendar, Yoruba calendar, Shona calendar, Swahili calendar, Xhosa calendar, Borana calendar and Luba calendar. Egyptians were the first to develop a 365- day 12 month calendar. It was a stellar calendar, created by observing the stars. During the12th century, the astrolabic quadrant was invented in Egypt. Intellectual Revolutions 8. AFRICA In the western desert of Egypt, a stone circle located in the Nabta Playa basin may be one of the world’s oldest known archeoastronomical devices. It was built by the ancient Nubians about 4800 BCE, the device may have approximately marked the summer solstice. Based on the translation of Timbuktu manuscripts, the following points can be made about Timbuktu astronomical science during the 12th – 16th centuries: 1. They made use of the Julian calendar. Intellectual Revolutions 8. AFRICA Based on the translation of Timbuktu manuscripts, the following points can be made about Timbuktu astronomical science during the 12th – 16th centuries: 2. Generally speaking, they had a heliocentric view of the solar system. 3. Diagrams of planets and orbits made use of complex mathematical calculations. 4. Scientists developed an algorithm that accurately oriented Timbuktu to Mecca. 5. They recorded astronomical events, including a meteor shower in August 1583. Intellectual Revolutions 8. AFRICA Today, South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project.