General Concepts And Historical Events In Sts PDF

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS IN STS Prepared by: Dycyn T. Alvaro  Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society Scientific Revolution Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where science began. From genesi...

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS IN STS Prepared by: Dycyn T. Alvaro  Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society Scientific Revolution Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where science began. From genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven with the society.  DEFINITION OF SCIENCE 1. SCIENCE AS AN IDEA. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world. 2. SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation. 3. SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science. 4. SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY. This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.  Scientific Revolution The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe. Why Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities done in various fields of human interests.  Scientific Revolution Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in scientific activities in order to know and understand everything around them. They have developed noble ideas, later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena. Humans also used religion to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless forms.  Scientific Revolution was … the period of enlightenment It explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned. The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and re-examine their beliefs and their way of life. the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and theological views. significantly improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations. led to the creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern science  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Nicolaus Copernicus He is considered as one of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of science. His ideas were example of what is presently called as a thought experiment. By the time he finished his doctorate degree, Copernicus had been appointed as canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland. His duty as a canon and as a doctor affected his time to formally publish his work and advance his  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Nicolaus Copernicus The publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is oftencited as the start of the scientific revolution. In this book, he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at unvarying rates. Copernicus placed the Sun to be centerpiece of the universe. Although the Copernican model makes a sense now,  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Nicolaus Copernicus The publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is oftencited as the start of the scientific revolution. In this book, he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at unvarying rates. Copernicus placed the Sun to be centerpiece of the universe. Although the Copernican model makes a sense now, during those times, it wasjudged to be heretic and therefore it was unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. The Catholic Church banned theCopernican model and was  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary 1. motion The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the sun. 2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the Sun  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Charles Darwin He is famous for his theory of evolution. Darwin is a genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family (Johnson, 2012). Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. This book is considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature.  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Charles Darwin He is famous for his theory of evolution. Darwin is a genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family (Johnson, 2012). Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. This book is considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature. His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate  SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Charles Darwin His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial. He introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. Darwin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major contributions: evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Sigmund Freud He is a famous figure in the field of psychology. He is a towering literary figure and a very talented communicator who did his share to raise the consciousness of the civilized word in psychological matters (Rosenfels, 1980). SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Sigmund Freud Freud also made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s inner life. This method is popularly known as the method of psychoanalysis. For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study human mind and neurotic illness. SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Sigmund Freud His method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at that time.  CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE Development of Science in Mesoamerica Development of Science in Asia Development of Science in Middle East Development of Science in Africa  Development of Science in Mesoamerica  Mayan Civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years. Contributions 1. These people are known for their works in Astronomy. For example, the pyramid in Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun during the fall and spring equinoxes. 2. Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. 3. The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems.  Development of Science in Mesoamerica 5. They used various tools and adapt themselves to innovations especially in the field of arts. Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from mineral called mica. 6. They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years before Good year received its patent in 1844. 7. They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. 8. They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system  Development of Science in Mesoamerica  Inca Civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitationsas an old civilization. Contributions 1. roads paved with stones; 2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters; 3. irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land; 4. calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season;  Development of Science in Mesoamerica the first suspension bridge; quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements  Development of Science in Mesoamerica  Aztec Civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole. Contributions Mandatory Education. Chocolates Antispasmodic medication Chinampa - It is a form as Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular area sand surrounded by canals. Aztec calendar Invention of the canoe - A light narrow boat used for traveling in  Development of Science in Asia  Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural,economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders. Contributions They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.  Development of Science in Asia Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, thespherical self- supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each. Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. The people of this civilization, tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler. Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra  Development of Science in Asia  China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy,science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others. Contributions Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese In terms of technology, Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools that became known in the West only bythe end of the Middle Ages.  Development of Science in Asia They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller, among others.They also developed a design of different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and developed a drydock facility. Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets,. Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities  Development of Science in Asia  Middle East Countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th century. Contributions of famous Muslim Scientists Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to concept the algorithm while the term algebra is derived fromal-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as the Arabic Numeral System originallycame from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as theintroduction of  Development of Science in Asia Jabir ibn Hayyan- considered to be the “Father of Chemistry” Ibn Sina- pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century. Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.  Development of Science in Africa  Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in thispart of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The Ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. For example, the development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile River. Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These components displayed strong  Development of Science in Africa Astronomy was also famous in the African region. For instance, documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of the three. Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times. They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent architectures. Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six- month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from35,000 BCE.  NEXT TOPIC Science, Technology, and Nation-building